Wheel Position Research Articles

Experimental study of double-sided face grinding machine tool

The work considers the methodology of experimental studies of double-sided face grinding machines on the criterion of heat stability. The proposed methodology includes: procedure of grinding process simulation; procedure of temperature measurement; procedure of determining the mutual angular position of the grinding wheels due to thermal deformations; procedure of machining error measurement. The described techniques allow you to fine-tune the machine under production conditions. Preliminary full-scale test of a double-sided face grinding machine showed that excess temperatures were distributed nonuniform over the elements of the load-bearing structure of the machine tool when grinding an industrial batch of cylindrical rollers. When idling the end face of the spindle headstocks and bed had the highest excess temperature. When grinding the surface of the machine units, located in the immediate vicinity of the grinding zone, had the highest temperature. The experiments carried out confirmed the coordination of the nature of the change in excess temperatures at characteristic points and cutting coolant when simulating the grinding process on a machine with the corresponding experimental data obtained on a working machine.

Multifractal Analysis of the Common Crossing Track-Side Measurements

Abstract The deterioration common crossing elements increase the need for the maintenance of crossings and significantly reduce the reliability, availability and safety of railway traffic. The present paper introduces the results of experimental investigation of common crossing monitoring while its deterioration during the lifecycle of crossing. The conventional methods of common crossing condition estimation with time-based features like maximal accelerations, etc. are low appropriate as statistically significant condition indicators. The proposed multifractal analysis enables to extract the significant features from acceleration measurements. The extracted features are fused together with information about the train velocities and longitudinal position of wheels impact with the Lasso regularisation and multivariate linear regression. A ranking of feature importance is done and the redundant features are identified. The developed condition indicator has good correlation to the crossing lifetime and is simple for interpretation.

Prediction of Driver Behaviour in Different Driving Path by using Electric Buggy Car

Each human has the capability to make decisions and respond to situations completely on its own based on their intelligence level and experience. During driving, ability makes the driver alert and know what they need to do in a certain situation. This paper aims to investigate human behaviour while driving the electric vehicle at the desired path. The electric buggy car is used and set up with equipment and sensor as an Electric Vehicle (EV). Several sensors used to collect data and certain criteria subjects are selected with the purpose to study their driving pattern. The speed, steering wheel angle, heading, and position of the buggy car is collected throughout the human navigation experiments. The behaviour of the human while driving in the straight path, turn left and turn right will be collected at the end of experiments.

Method for Adaptive Robust Four-Wheel Localization and Application in Automatic Parking Systems

Positioning accuracy and stability are crucial for automated parking systems used in vehicles. A new adaptive robust four-wheel calculation positioning method is proposed to address the problems of low precision and poor stability of the traditional positioning method based on two-wheel driven wheel speed sensors. The method is based on the local outlier factor detection algorithm, in which adaptive diagnosis and compensation are made for data anomalies of four-wheel speedometers. Hence, two-wheel driving wheel positioning and four-wheel positioning methods are designed. The priority is ranked according to the diagnosis results, and the traditional two-wheel driven wheel positioning, two-wheel driving wheel positioning, or four-wheel positioning is selected in turn. The flow chart and the detailed derivation process of the new method are provided. Two vehicle models, Zhongtai E200 and Jianghuai S2, were randomly selected, and hundreds of automatic parking experiments were carried out. Compared with the traditional method, the experimental results indicate that the positioning accuracy of the new method is improved by ~ 51.9%, and the reliability of data transmission is increased by 5.1%.

Development of a Novel Piezoelectric Sensing System for Pavement Dynamic Load Identification.

In order to control the adverse effect of vehicles overloading infrastructure and traffic safety, weight-in-motion (WIM)-related research has drawn growing attention. To address the high cost of current piezoelectric sensors in installation and maintenance, a study on developing a low-cost piezoceramic sensing system is presented in this paper. The proposed system features distributed monitoring and integrated packaging, for calculating vehicle’s dynamic load and its wheel position. Results from the laboratory tests show that the total output of the sensing system increases linearly with the increase of the peak load when the loading amplitude is 5–25 kN (equivalent to the half-axis load of 20–100 kN); when the loading frequency is between 15 Hz and 19 Hz (equivalent to a speed of 17.8–23.2 km/h), the total output of the system fluctuates around a value of 1.305 V. Combined with finite-element simulation, the system can locate load lateral position with a resolution of 120 mm. Due to the protection packaging, the peak load transferred to the sensing units is approximately 4.36% of the applied peak load. The study indicates the proposed system can provide a promising low-cost, reliable and practical alternative for current WIM systems.

Using Naturalistic Vehicle-Based Data to Predict Distraction and Environmental Demand

This research utilized vehicle-based measures from a naturalistic driving dataset to detect distraction as indicated by long off-path glances (≥ 2 s) and whether the driver was engaged in a secondary (non-driving) task or not, as well as to estimate motor control difficulty associated with the driving environment (i.e. curvature and poor surface conditions). Advanced driver assistance systems can exploit such driver behavior models to better support the driver and improve safety. Given the temporal nature of vehicle-based measures, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) were utilized; GPS speed and steering wheel position were used to classify the existence of off-path glances (yes vs. no) and secondary task engagement (yes vs. no); lateral (x-axis) and longitudinal (y-axis) acceleration were used to classify motor control difficulty (lower vs. higher). Best classification accuracies were achieved for identifying cases of long off-path glances and secondary task engagement with both accuracies of 77%.

Mode control of electro-mechanical suspension systems for vehicle height, levelling and ride comfort

This paper proposes a mode control algorithm of electro-mechanical suspension for vehicle height, attitude control and improvement of ride quality. The proposed control algorithm consists of mode selector, upper-level and lower-level controllers, and suspension state estimator. The mode selector determines the present driving mode using vehicle signals, such as longitudinal speed, steering wheel angle, accelerator pedal position, brake pedal position and vertical acceleration of wheels. The upper-level controller determines the desired suspension state using the present driving mode. The lower-level controller derives the desired stroke speed of the actuator in each suspension by linear quadratic control theory. The suspension state estimator has been designed using accessible sensor measurement by discrete-time Kalman filter theory. The control and estimation algorithms have been developed based on a novel reduced-order vehicle model that includes only the vehicle body dynamics. The model enables the observer to completely remove the effect of unknown road disturbance on the estimation error. The performance of the proposed control algorithm has been evaluated via computer simulation study. The simulation results show that the proposed control algorithm is effective at controlling the electro-mechanical suspension systems. The paper also shows that the considered actuator is suited for vehicle height and levelling control, but not for improvement of ride comfort, due to voltage input constraints.

Evaluation of Induced Circular Dichroism via Through-Space Chirality Transfer in α-Cyclodextrin-Based Rotaxanes Directed toward Fine Tuning

Abstract α-Cyclodextrin (CD)-based rotaxanes showed induced circular dichroism (ICD) from the α-CD to the axle component via a through-space chirality transfer. The chirality induction was evaluated in detail to clarify the induction mechanism. The ICD sign and pattern were largely dependent on the coverage of the axle end groups by the rotaxane wheel. The observed ICD sensitively reflected the wheel position on the axle, suggesting the possibility of easy chirality transfer and applications toward various functional materials.

Analysis of Human Behaviour while Controlling the Steering Wheel of a Buggy Electric Vehicle (EV)

Human ability to make a decision and recognize pattern are based on their intelligence level and experience. This ability makes the driver alert and knows what they need to do at certain situations. This paper aims to study human behavior while driving the vehicle at the desired path. Certain criteria subjects are selected with the purpose to study their driving pattern. The subjects must own a driving license and driving experience less than 10 years. The subject then drives the vehicle at the designed paths, which is straight and right turn. The drive pattern for the subjects shows a similar pattern but different characteristics. The experiments used to create a fuzzy controller that imitate human behavior while controlling the steering wheel. The steering wheel angle, position, heading and speed of the vehicle are recorded during the experiments. This paper only focus on the analysis of human behaviour based on steering wheel angle recorded.

Comparison of two paddle wheel geometries within the filling chamber of a rotary tablet press feed frame with regard to the distribution behavior of a model powder and the influence on the resulting tablet mass

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of two different paddle wheel geometries on the distribution behavior of a model powder within the filling chamber of the modified feed frame of a rotary tablet press. Moreover, both paddle wheels were compared regarding their influence on the resulting tablet mass during the tableting process.Significance: Insights are provided regarding the influence of the paddle wheel geometry on the powder distribution to optimize the die filling process.Materials and methods: Avicel PH 102 served as model powder. A laser triangulator was used to scan the powder surface level within the feed frame and, combined with the determination of the angle position of the paddle wheel, an in-house written software was used to calculate the powder surface profiles and filling levels. Two experimental setups, one based on the filling chamber filled with a defined amount of powder (offline) and one using the filling chamber during tableting (inline) were applied.Results: Both paddle wheel geometries caused a significantly different distribution behavior of the powder within the filling chamber. The tablets obtained with the round rod filling wheel showed significantly higher tablet masses and significantly lower standard deviations. The inflow of powder into the filling chamber appeared to be improved with the round rod filling wheel.Conclusions: Under the applied experimental conditions, the round rod filling wheel showed obvious advantages compared to that with flat rods in terms of the uniformity of tablet masses and the extent of die filling.

The experimental study on influence of turbine wheel position and mass on rotor critical speed

The rotor critical speed of turbine generator unit when the amplitude of the rotor increases sharply, bring to unit certain harm, rotor critical speed calculation method often results with the actual error is bigger. Through Bode diagram method and frequency spectrum analysis method, the rotor critical speed measurement was carried out. Through the experimental results it was concluded that two methods the test results are basically identical, and bode diagram was determined the selection method of measuring rotor critical speed more accurate. By changing the rotor on the quality of the wheel and position change, the use of Bode diagram method for rotor critical speed measurement. It was concluded that with the increase of the quality of the rotor critical speed decreased, the impact is not big in the center of the deviation from the rotor position far; The same quality case, the farther wheel deviating from the center of rotor, the rotor critical speed increases faster. The test results can guide the engineering practice, for the calculation of the rotor critical speed, the simulation and experiment have certain reference function.

Experimental study of metal ceramic (WC-Co) micro-tool fabrication by controlled inclined grinding (CIG)

As a kind of metal ceramic material, cemented carbide (WC-Co) has attracted attentions of many scholars for its excellent material property. In this paper, a new method named controlled inclined grinding (CIG) is proposed to fabricate a micro-substrate of cemented carbide. The machining mechanism during CIG was investigated; a lot of micro-substrates, whose diameter is from 8 to 120 μm, had been successfully fabricated; and the critical parameters for obtaining the suitable machining result are given. Two ultra-small micro-tools, with a diameter of 8 μm and 20 μm, respectively, and an aspect ratio (for both) of bigger than 50, had been fabricated by the CIG method. The relationship between tool contour and inclined angle (θ) was revealed, and the optimal inclined angle was found to be 0.5°. Differences when grinding at different wheel positions were studied and compared, and an optimal grinding position was found. A contrast experiment was designed and carried out by using the CIG method and traditional grinding method, and machined workpiece surface was observed by a profilometer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM); it is found that the machined surface of the CIG method was comparatively gentle and even, while the machined surface of the traditional method was violent and uneven. A surface roughness model for the CIG method was built, the corresponding expression was derived, and the surface roughness model was finally validated experimentally. The CIG method proposed in this study is not only a simple device but also cheap and efficient, and it is anticipated to be an optional method to fabricate micro-tool.

Inline monitoring of the powder filling level within a rotary tablet press feed frame

The filling level within feed frames and the uniformity of the powder supply by feed frames for die filling have not been monitored so far during tableting processes. This study was intended to investigate if the powder filling level inside a rotary tablet press feed frame is affected by the feed frames' paddle wheel speed and/or by the turret speed. Furthermore, it was examined whether the filling level affects the resulting tablet masses while filling the respective dies. Two tableting excipients one with poor flowability and one with excellent flowability were selected as model powders.For inline analysis within the feed frame, a laser triangulator was used, which at a particular position scans the powder surface level within the filling chamber of the feed frame and, combined with the recognition of the angle position of the paddle wheel by a rotary encoder, calculates the filling level and the uniformity of the powder supply by an in-house written software.Results show that the turret speed, the paddle wheel speed and the powder characteristics may all affect the filling level within the filling chamber. The presented method is suitable for inline monitoring of the filling level in the filling chamber of the feed frame and the homogeneity of the powder supply for die filling during tableting. Moreover, a decrease of the filling level during tableting and/or a sudden refill effect of the filling chamber can be detected as well, which may occur under certain process settings at the end of the tablet production and may influence the tablet mass. The results also showed that initial deviations of the filling levels of the individual paddle wheel interspaces persisted until the end of the tableting runs, which might be one of the reasons for tablet mass deviations during production.

Event Data Recorder Performance during High Speed Yaw Testing Subsequent to a Simulated Tire Tread Separation Event

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents event data from the Sensing and Diagnostic Module (SDM) of a 2004 Chevrolet Malibu during high speed yaw testing. Yaw tests were performed using tires that were intact and tires that had the tread removed. The tires that had the tread removed were placed at various wheel positions on the vehicle (e.g. leading side - front, leading side -rear, trailing side - rear). This testing simulates the loss of control phase subsequent to a tread separation. Speeds up to 117 km/h (72.9 mph) were achieved. A simple electro-mechanical device was incorporated to the dynamic testing to simulate a low-severity non-deployment event that triggered the recording of pre-crash data by the SDM. The SDM data from the tests was imaged and compared to reference data from vehicle-mounted instrumentation recording wheel speed, steering angle, measured vehicle sideslip angle and GPS calculated over the ground speed. This paper examines the dynamic effect of high sideslip angles and changes to tire rolling radius, as a result of a tread separation, as it pertains to the accuracy of EDR reported vehicle speed.</div></div>

터보차저 압축기 내 유동특성에 관한 연구

This research is to numerically investigate the flow characteristics of the turbocharger compressor. Research concentrates on the flow factors on possible flow noise with local positions with five different rotating speeds. The fluid model of turbocharger compressor which is designed by CATIA V5R21 is analyzed by ANSYS FLUENT V18.0 with SST turbulence model. Flow characteristics are accomplished for four flow factors. The flow velocity increased with rotating speeds of compressor wheel. And total pressure data at outlet was compared with experimental data at same design conditions. The error of two data are 9.94% at 120,000 RPM, 4.09% at 150,000 RPM, 2.05% at 180,000 RPM, 1.90% at 200,000 RPM and 0.95% at 220,000 RPM. Maximum value of vorticity existed locally at almost same positions of wheel with five different rotational speeds, and is also located at tip of blade. Higher value of pressure coefficient also existed at high rotating speeds. And maximum value of pressure coefficient is located at end of wheel. Therefore, the flow noise can possibly generate at tip of blade and end of wheel.

Concrete block pavements in urban and local roads: Analysis of stress-strain condition and proposal for a catalogue

Abstract Although the construction of block pavements has grown fast in the last decades, there is still a need for simple tools that could be applied to design them. This paper analyzed and verified concrete block pavements for urban and local roads composed of rectangular concrete pavers with plane side surfaces (no interlocking effect). The examined blocks were laid on a bedding sand layer, a cement treated base layer and a granular unbound foundation layer. The commercial finite element (FE) software ANSYS® was used to calculate the response of the pavement when subjected to different loading, construction configurations. Three wheel positions, five blocks patterns, three bedding sand thicknesses and joints gaps have been considered to evaluate stress-strain condition on pavement materials. Fatigue and rutting verification was performed respectively for bound and unbound pavement materials using analytical curves available in the literature. At the end of this study, a proposal for a catalogue is presented. It has nine pavement sets, because it takes into account three values of subgrade capacity (30, 90, and 150 MPa of resilient modulus) and three levels of traffic (400,000, 1,500,000, and 4,000,000 passages of commercial vehicles during the service life). The obtained results provide an inexpensive procedure for the preliminary design of concrete block pavements.

Efficient Technological Control of the Processing of Bearing Rollers

In the article the strategy and algorithm of technological control of the process of bilateral abrasive processing of cylindrical bearing rollers are considered. The main variable control parameters of the process are the parameters of the angular position of the grinding wheels, the size of the removed allowance and the feed rate of the workpieces. As a result of complex theoretical and experimental research, control principles, criterial conditions, functional and parametric constraints are formulated. The solution of the problem of synthesis of control parameters is given. The effectiveness of the technological control is confirmed by production tests and is expressed in increasing the accuracy and productivity of processing rollers.

<b>Improvement of Method for Locating Position of Wheel / Rail Contact by Means of Thermal Imaging</b>

<b>Improvement of Method for Locating Position of Wheel / Rail Contact by Means of Thermal Imaging</b>

Indirect quality estimates of the vehicle movement response to the control step input

The transient performance caused by step change of steering wheels position of a vehicle with oversteering is studied in this paper. The performance was assessed basing on indirect integral estimate widely applied in automatic control theory. Impact analysis on integral quadratic estimate of design parameters of a vehicle and its speed has been carried out.

P.1.12 Intellectual disability-related genes increase ADHD risk and locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Searching for and adjusting to the appropriate wheel positions for designed grooves are among the key issues in the manufacturing of the end mill, drill and other integral cutting tools. Along with the increasing requirements of product categories and quality, a large number of non-traditional and customized grooves continuously appear. However, as multivariable, nonlinear and multiple target problems, it is difficult to obtain the desired wheel position. Therefore, we introduce an intelligent method to search for the optimum wheel position for the designed groove with the known wheel geometry. According to practice, the basic parameters of the groove and wheel geometries are introduced, and the problems studied in this paper are explained. As a foundation, a robust algorithm is built to predict machined grooves with a series of equal distribution points and three parameters: the rake angle, core radius and groove width. The influence that the wheel positions have on groove geometries is then analyzed. Then, an objective function considering different machining requirements is built, and the optimum wheel positions are searched for while the function is solved. Furthermore, an enhanced niche particle swarm optimization (NPSO) algorithm is developed to solve the problem. Finally, 6 experiments are carried out to verify and analyze the algorithm. The results show that the algorithm can effectively find the desired wheel positions according to different machining precision requirements.