Steel Wire Research Articles

Experimental Study on the Degradation of Mechanical Properties of Galvanized High-Strength Steel Wires for Bridge Cables Considering Prefatigue Effect

Experimental Study on the Degradation of Mechanical Properties of Galvanized High-Strength Steel Wires for Bridge Cables Considering Prefatigue Effect

Flexural performance of the negative moment region in bonded steel-wire-rope-strengthened reinforced concrete T-beams at different prestressing levels

This work examines the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened using bonded steel wire rope (SWR) at various prestressing levels. The strengthening approach has, however, been applied to the flexural strengthening of RC T-beams in the negative moment region, in order to determine its advantages. For this purpose, four RC T-beams were fabricated and tested under monotonic four-point bending: one control beam (S00), one beam strengthened with non-prestressed SWR (S20), and two beams strengthened with SWR (prestressed at 10% and 20% of their ultimate tensile strength: S21 and S22). The results indicate that the strengthened beams exhibit higher load-carrying capacities. Specifically, the cracking load, yield load, and ultimate load of S20, S21, and S22 increase by 10%–30%, 30%–50%, and 50%–90%, respectively, compared to S00. Additionally, there is an improvement in stiffness and energy absorption capacity. However, these strategies may have a dual effect on the specimens, resulting in a reduction in their ductility index. Finally, the tested beams were replicated using a three-dimensional finite element model, which has proved effective in predicting the behavior of such structures and, therefore, was found to be appropriate for use in future studies.

Space management using Transpalatal arch in mixed dentition phase: A case report

Introduction: The early exfoliation of primary molars during the mixed dentition phase often results in disruptions to the normal development of occlusion. An alternative option for space management in the maxillary arch besides the commonly used Nance palatal holding appliance is the transpalatal arch which allows some amount of space regaining. Case report: A 9 year old female reported with a complaint of missing tooth in the upper right back tooth region since 2 years. On examination, there was premature loss of the right primary maxillary first molar causing space deficiency in the arch form. A treatment plan was made for space regaining and distalization with transpalatal arch custom made with 0.9mm stainless steel wires and soldered to the molar bands. The treatment spanned for 10 months with the eruption of the permanent successor in correct arch form. Conclusion: Although the use of transpalatal arch is limited in pediatric dentistry, it can be used for correcting minor space discrepancies of the maxillary arch. More number of cases need to be studied for extending the use of the appliance in interceptive orthodontics.

Reconstruction of patella fractures with the tension band technique: A review on clinical results and tips and tricks

IntroductionThe goals of surgical treatment of patellar fractures are a biomechanically stable joint and congruent restoration of the retro patellar joint surface. Surgical treatment strategies for patellar fractures have evolved from tension band in combination with wire cerclages to new devices. MethodsThe modified anterior tension band (MATB) technique for fixation of patellar fractures consists of two longitudinal 1.8 mm Kirschner wires (K-wires) and an 18-gauge stainless steel wire looped in a figure-of-8 pattern over the anterior aspect of the patella. The K-wires should be inserted 5 mm from the anterior cortical surface of the patella, parallel in the coronal and sagittal planes. For mechanical reasons, the wire should be the closest to the anterior aspect of the bone. This construct converts the anterior tensile forces generated by the extensor mechanism and knee flexion into compressive forces on the anterior aspect of the fracture site. The MATB is the most widely accepted method of internal fixation for transverse and comminuted patellar fractures.Only a careful implementation of the MATB in all its phases will provide the best mechanical construct and the least aggressive construct for the soft tissues, allowing early re-education without complications. ResultsGood to excellent clinical results (64–100 %) have been reported with MATB for fixation of patellar fractures. Good to excellent range of knee motion and satisfactory results have been reported despite a high percentage (up to 60 %) of secondary procedures, mainly for removal of symptomatic hardware. ConclusionThis article provides an overview of the use and results of the MATB technique for patellar fractures and the means to improve results with this technique.

A data-driven model for predicting fatigue performance of high-strength steel wires based on optimized XGBOOST

Fatigue damage to high-strength steel wires in cable-stayed bridges can significantly compromise bridge reliability. Previous studies have primarily focused on isolated factors such as corrosion rate or stress ratio, failing to capture the complex interactions among multiple variables. Consequently, a few researchers have developed data-driven models using machine learning methods. However, these unoptimized models exhibit limited prediction performance and convergence speed, and lack in-depth analysis of feature effects on the models. To address these shortcomings, this study combines the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm with the XGBoost model to create a data-driven approach for predicting the fatigue performance of high-strength steel wires under multiple influencing factors. The model is validated using both journal and experimental datasets. Results demonstrate that the proposed GWO-XGBoost model achieves high prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.94) and strong generalization ability, and exhibits rapid convergence in optimizing hyperparameters, outperforming BP neural networks and ridge regression models. Additionally, the study highlights the primary effects of wire mass loss, stress range, and average stress on fatigue life prediction, emphasizing the importance of preventing corrosion and managing stress levels to enhance wire fatigue performance. Analysis of model parameters reveals that alpha and colsample_bytree are critical for maintaining model stability and minimizing error rates, while maximum depth and learning rate significantly impact model complexity and convergence. This suggests that proper tuning of these parameters is essential for ensuring model robustness, efficiency, and generalization ability.

Accuracy of lingual fixed retainers fabricated using a CAD/CAM bending machine.

Lingual fixed retainers, made from 0.0175-inch 3-strand twisted stainless steel wire (TW) and 0.016 × 0.022-inch straight rectangular wire (RW), are generally used in clinical practice. This study aimed to calculate their accuracy by comparing the discrepancy between computer-aided customized retainers made from these two types of wires. Eleven orthodontic patients were selected, resulting in 22 maxillary and mandibular three-dimensional printing dental models. Two types of lingual fixed retainers were bonded from canine to canine. To determine the accuracy, five points were chosen for each model, resulting in 110 selected points. The absolute values of the distances on the x-, y-, and z-axes were measured to compare the accuracy of the two types of computer-aided retainers. The accuracy of the two types of retainers did not differ significantly in the x- and z-axes, but only in the y-axis (P < 0.01), where RW-fixed retainers exhibited a slightly but significantly increased distance compared to the TW. Both types of retainers showed high accuracy; however, RW had a slight but statistically significant difference along the y-axis compared with TW. This type of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing bending machine is limited to two dimensions, and the dental arch is curved. Therefore, RW may require slight manual adjustment by the practitioner after manufacturing.

Effects of Grout Condition on Galvanic Coupling and Hydrogen Absorption in Post-Tensioned Bridge Tendons Constructed with Galvanized Steel Ducts

There has been concern that prestressing structural steel contained within galvanized bridge tendon ducts may become embrittled due to excessive galvanic coupling with the duct which may be exacerbated by deficiencies within the grout fill. This work strives to quantify the level of galvanic coupling achievable as a function of grout conditions and assess whether such conditions may promote water reduction and hydrogen absorption. Experimental tendon assemblies were used to quantify galvanic coupling considering a single prestressing steel wire and various grout conditions. The results were related to more realistic geometric configurations by simulations considering a range of possible kinetic boundary conditions. A model is used to estimate the amount of hydrogen that may be absorbed as a function of time considering the coupling current density.

Synergistic solid–liquid composite and rapid solidification preparation of aluminum-clad steel wires

Solid-liquid composites and rapid solidification were synergistically employed to improve the interfacial-bonding and mechanical properties of prepared aluminum-clad steel wires. The effects of the process parameters on the performance of the wires were studied. The experimental results showed that good metallurgical interfaces can be prepared because of the synergistic strengthening effects between the solid–liquid composite and rapid solidification. The interfacial diffusion zone composed of FeAl3 and Fe2Al5 increased the bonding strength of the wires by 13 % compared with that of wires prepared by using the rolling process. The equiaxed fine crystal tissue morphology of the cladding aluminum and twin crystal organization resulted in good mechanical properties. Compared with LB35 and LB40, the conductivity and tensile strength were increased by 14 % and 22 %, respectively.

Blast-resistance characteristics and design of steel wire reinforced ultra-high performance concrete slabs

Steel wire reinforced ultra-high performance concrete (SWRUHPC) offers exceptional resistance to impacts and blast, making it a promising construction material for infrastructure with blast-resistance demands. However, limited research has been conducted on the blast-resistance characteristics and design of SWRUHPC elements under blast loading, particularly in considering multiple influencing parameters and levels. Therefore, this study employed finite element simulation methods to investigate the influence of scaled distance (Z), reinforcement ratio (ρ) and slab thickness (D) as well as slab length (L) on the failure mode and maximum deflection of SWRUHPC slabs. Range analysis and variance analysis methods were used to quantitively analyze the effects of various factors on the blast resistance performance, culminating in the proposal of a design formula for SWRUHPC slabs. The results demonstrated that SWRUHPC exhibits superior blast resistance compared to ordinary concrete, effectively reducing the occurrence of concrete spalling and splashing, thus enhancing overall structural resilience in blast scenarios. Among the four factors analyzed, their influence on maximum deflection follows this order: D > Z > ρ > L. Notably, the maximum deflection decreases by 82 % when the slab thickness increases from 40 mm to 90 mm. Additionally, the established design formula for SWRUHPC slabs under different scaled distances shows good agreement with the numerical simulation results, offering valuable design guidelines for SWRUHPC slabs in protective engineering structures.

Experimental Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Zinc–Aluminum Alloy-Coated High-Strength Steel Wires under Stress Condition

Experimental Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Zinc–Aluminum Alloy-Coated High-Strength Steel Wires under Stress Condition

Influence of refractories on cleanliness in high-purity C96V saw wire steel

ABSTRACT Four kinds of refractories, MgO, Y2O3, ZrO2 and MgO–CaO, were selected to smelt C96V saw wire steel to choose a suitable crucible material. In detail, the effect of refractory on number, size, composition and morphology of inclusions in steel samples has been studied. The results indicated that all of the steel samples can obtain the target composition of all the elements by using these refractories as a crucible. Both Y2O3 and ZrO2 refractory can also produce excellent steel samples; this is mainly because the order of stability of the four oxides from high to low at steelmaking temperature is CaO > Y2O3 > ZrO2 > MgO. In addition, both Y2O3 and ZrO2 have extremely high stability in the steelmaking process and are difficult to be reduced by any elements in molten steel. Nevertheless, MgO–CaO refractory still has obvious advantages in terms of smelting effect, mainly in the following aspects: the steel samples can obtain the lowest content of T. O (total oxygen content in steel), S and [Al]s, and the lowest value of Al2O3 content in composite inclusions. However, the most troublesome for MgO–CaO refractory is its tendency to absorb moisture in air and become invalid.

The effect of strain lag for the flexural enhancement of RC beams strengthened by HMRE under secondary load

This paper presents experimental, numerical and theoretical studies on damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with high-strength stainless steel wire rope (HSSSWR) meshes reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC), in order to evaluate the influence of strain lag caused by secondary load on the strengthening effect. Four-point bending tests were first performed to investigate the failure mechanism of HSSSWR meshes reinforced ECC (HMRE) strengthened RC beams under secondary load. Then the parameters were comprehensively studied by finite element (FE) simulation. The results show that even under secondary load, the HMRE can still exhibit good crack-control capacity on concrete and gave significant enhancement in the flexural performance of RC beams. The strain lag of the strengthening layer, which resulted in inadequate utilization of its strength, was intensified with an increase in the initial load level or reinforcement ratio of the longitudinal steel bars, but was mitigated as concrete strength, ECC thickness, reinforcement ratio of HSSSWRs, or HSSSWR ultimate strength increased. Finally, a calculating model was proposed for predicting the bearing capacity of the damaged RC beams strengthened with HMRE, considering strain lag caused by secondary load.

Acoustic measurement of super-small-particle-filtering stainless steel wire cloths

The super-small-particle-filtering stainless steel (SSPFSS) wire cloth can serve as a front cover on resonators in mufflers, offering a broader noise reduction bandwidth compared to the resonators themselves. Like micro perforated panels (MPP), the SSPFSS wire cloth provides flexibility in resonator design and manufacturing. In this study, we conduct measurements of the transfer impedance of SSPFSS cloths and sound absorption coefficients of absorbers covered by SSPFSS cloths. For comparison purposes, we also calculate the sound absorption coefficient of foam and various absorbers covered by MPP, traditional perforated panels, and fabric using referenced empirical equations.

Seismic response of RC short columns strengthened by high-strength stainless steel wire rope meshes reinforced ECC jacket

A novel strengthening scheme of high-strength stainless steel wire rope (HSSSWR) meshes reinforced engineering cementitious composite (ECC) jacket was used to strengthen the reinforced concrete (RC) short columns in this paper. The seismic performance of short columns after being strengthened was investigated, considering the changes in the strengthening scheme, and the spacing of lateral HSSSWRs. The failure mode, hysteresis behavior, envelope curve, ductility, energy dissipation, stiffness degradation, and strength degradation were introduced specifically based on the analysis of six full-scale short columns. The test results show a significant enhancement in the seismic performance of the strengthened short columns, especially in ductility and energy dissipation, which were increased by 49.4–98.4 %, and 149.3–713.2 %, respectively. The placement of HSSSWRs in ECC jacket proved to be effective in enhancing the strengthening effect of the jacket. A prediction model for the shear capacity of the strengthened columns was proposed using the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT), and the predicted results were in good agreement with the test results presented in this paper and in relative study.

Analysis of Strain Transfer Efficiency Coefficient of a Novel High-strength Steel Wire FBG Sensor

Analysis of Strain Transfer Efficiency Coefficient of a Novel High-strength Steel Wire FBG Sensor

The Micromechanical Properties and Surface Roughness of Orthodontic Retainer Wires-An In Vitro Analysis.

Despite the large variety of retainer wires available, no studies could be found comparing the micromechanical properties and surface roughness of different retainer wires. Such characteristics affect the survival of the fixed retainer in terms of both fracture resistance and resistance to debonding from the tooth. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine and compare those characteristics in popular retainer wires. six different popular orthodontic retainer wires were subjected to instrumental indentation based on the Oliver and Pharr method. The geometric surface structure was analysed using a non-contact profilometer. stainless steel wires had a higher hardness and a higher elastic modulus compared to titanium wires and white gold chain. The titanium wire and the white gold chain showed much more roughness than other wires. stainless steel wires are the most resistant, considering both the shape retention capacity and the ability to resist abrasive wear. The titanium wire showed the lowest hardness and, thus, the highest susceptibility to deformation. Bond-a-braid, Retainium and Orthoflex white gold are more resistant to fracture than other steel wires. Titanium wire and chain retainer wires have more roughness, which is a great advantage in terms of mechanical adhesion to composite materials.

A Fatigue Damage Model for Corroded Steel Wires Based on Cellular Automata and Continuum Damage Mechanics

A Fatigue Damage Model for Corroded Steel Wires Based on Cellular Automata and Continuum Damage Mechanics

Investigating the Anticancer Potential of Zinc and Magnesium Alloys: From Base Materials to Nanocoated Titanium Implants.

In this work, we show the in vitro anticancer potential of surgical wires, obtained from zinc (ZnMg0.004) or magnesium (MgCa0.7) alloys by spatial technology comprising casting, extrusion, and final drawing processes. We also present the selective anticancer effects of applied soluble multilayer nanocoatings of zinc and magnesium onto titanium surfaces using the pulse laser deposition method. In the latter, the titanium samples were produced via 3D printing using the selective laser melting method and coated with various combinations of zinc and magnesium layers. For cytotoxicity studies, human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) and human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cell line were used as representatives of healthy and cancer cells. Cells were examined against the 0.3-3.0 cm2/mL material extract ratios obtained from experimental and steel surgical wires, the latter being the current clinical industry standard. The MgCa0.7 alloy wires were approx. 1.5 times more toxic to cancer cells at all examined extract ratios vs. the extracts from steel surgical wires that exhibited comparable toxicity towards healthy and cancer cells. The ZnMg0.004 alloy wires displayed increased toxicity towards cancer cells with decreasing extract ratios. This was also reflected in the increased anticancer effectiveness, calculated based on the viability ratio of healthy cells to cancer cells, from 1.1 to 4.0 times. Healthy cell viability remained at 80-100%, whereas cancer cell survival fluctuated at 20-75%, depending on the extract ratio. Furthermore, the culture of normal or cancer cells on the surface of Zn/Mg-coated titanium allowed us to select combinations of specific coating layers that yielded a comparable anticancer effectiveness to that observed with the experimental wires that ranged between 2 and 3. Overall, this work not only demonstrates the substantial anticancer properties of the studied wires but also indicates that similar anticancer effects can be replicated with appropriate nanocoatings on titanium samples. We believe that this work lays the groundwork for the future potential development of the category of new implants endowed with anticancer properties.

Electricity-driven dealkalization of bauxite residue based on thermodynamics, kinetics, and mineral transformation.

High alkalinity content of bauxite residue is a major factor that hinders resource reutilization and pollutes the environment. Although acid neutralization is a direct and effective method, the amount of acid and secondary waste of sodium salt are still difficult problems to solve. Herein, we innovatively integrated an electric field into the acid neutralization dealkalization of bauxite residue and analyzed the dealkalization behavior by thermodynamics, kinetics, and mineral transformation. The results show that the pH of the anode chamber was maintained at the acidic levels of 3-6 after 30min of galvanostatic electrolysis, and bauxite residue can realize dealkalization by acid neutralization. In the anode chamber, Na+ was released into the leachate via the reactions of Na3Al3Si3O12 and the removal of encapsulated soluble alkali. The stainless steel wire mesh anode exhibited its superiority and decreased the Na2O content in bauxite residue from 9.48 to 3.13% through convective mass transfer driven by the electric field and steady-state diffusion under stirring. This research provides a promising method for the electricity-driven dealkalization of bauxite residue, thus facilitating the development of multifield coupling theory and the application of electric fields in the alumina industry.

Upcycling process of mill scale waste into high-value ceramic products

Ceramic industry consumes large amounts of raw materials, including costly and environmental impact iron based-pigments. Steel rolling (SR) and wire drawing (WD) waste, rich in iron (>67 wt %), present a viable alternative. This study aims to develop high value stoneware pastes for tableware products by substituting commercial pigments with SR and WD. The influence of incorporation content (3, 5 and 10 wt %) and pre-treatments (sieving at 250, 150 and 63 μm, and grinding followed by sieving at 63 μm) on the samples properties was assessed including weight loss, firing shrinkage, apparent density, flexural resistance, and water absorption. The laboratory scale results revealed that darker hues, ranging from grey to reddish, were obtained when SR and WD were incorporated in the stoneware paste (beige colour). The smaller the particle size, more homogeneous is the developed colour, which is intensified as higher is the incorporation level.The prototypes (plates) were characterized in terms of thermal shock, edge impact, cracking and microwaves resistance, water absorption, and leaching behaviour, demonstrating that they met the industrial requirements. Thermal shock resistance was enhanced and the levels of leached Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Zn, and Cu, were below permissible limits (EU Ceramic Directive 84/500/EEC, Decree-Law n°152/2017, Decree-Law n°236/98 and WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality) confirming their effective immobilization. Concluding, this work shows the viability of using mill scale waste as a valuable secondary raw material in stoneware pastes acting as a chromophore agent. Dark colours are obtained while preserving the product technical characteristics, promoting sustainable production and reducing landfilled waste.