Steel In Hydrochloric Acid Research Articles

Corrosion kinetics of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid and its inhibition by recycling Salbutamol extracted from expired Farcolin drug

ABSTRACT Salbutamol, which has nontoxic properties, was effectively extracted from expired Farcolin and was evaluated as an inhibitor against carbon steel (CSt) dissolution in 1.0 M HCl solution. Some technologies were applied to determine the inhibition efficacy of Salbutamol such as weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, FTIR, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy were used to clarify the structure of Salbutamol. The findings indicate that CSt can profit significantly from the recycling of Farcolin medicine and that Salbutamol may be extracted and employed as a CSt corrosion inhibitor. The efficiency of the inhibition improved with an increase in the dosage of salbutamol, polarization resistance and lowering corrosion current density, WL, and temperature. It’s reached 89.65% at a dose of 200 ppm using the EIS technology. The inhibition impact of Salbutamol was interpreted due to its spontaneous adsorption on the CSt/electrolyte interface, in accordance with Langmuir isotherm. Salbutamol was classified as a mixed inhibitor. In addition, how temperature affects the corrosion rate is considered by calculating and discussing some thermodynamic parameters.

Innovative 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid: a quantum chemical and experimental study

ABSTRACT This study explores the inhibitory action of two novel organic compounds, namely diethyl 1-((8hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)methyl)−2,6-dimethyl-4-(p-tolyl)−1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (PR1) and diethyl 1-((8-hydroxyquinoline-5-yl) methyl)−2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)−1,4dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (PR2), on mild steel (MS) corrosion in 1M HCl. Using a combination of quantum chemical and experimental methodologies, the study evaluates the performance of these inhibitors through electrochemical techniques, including potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), complemented by surface analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray electron microscopy (EDX). Key findings reveal that both PR1 and PR2 exhibit a significant rise in protection performance with concentration, reaching an impressive peak of 95.3% at 10−3 M for PR2. The inhibitors demonstrate mixed-type inhibition properties and adhere to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Detailed surface analysis confirms the creation of a defensive film on the metal surface, correlating with the observed electrochemical results.

Experimental and theoretical simulations to examine the influence of nonionic surfactant on the corrosion control of mild steel in hydrochloric acid

The increasing demand for corrosion prevention strategies that are both effective and sustainable is part of the research the background. Nonionic surfactants offer a potential replacement for traditional corrosion inhibitors. These surfactants are well-known for their low toxicity and biodegradability. The research involved conducting experimental tests (such as weight loss, polarization and impedance spectroscopy) and theoretical computations to investigate the role of nonionic surfactant (polyoxyethylene (7) tribenzyl phenyl ether) (PETPE) in controlling the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid (1.0 M HCl) environment. The results of the study demonstrated that PETPE exhibited significant corrosion inhibition properties for mild steel in HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency of PETPE was found to increase with increasing PETPE concentration. PETPE is an excellent corrosion inhibitor because it significantly reduces the rate of corrosion, as seen by the notable inhibition efficiency result (95.4%) at a relatively low dose of PETPE (100 ppm). Thermodynamic studies were used to discuss the fundamental mechanisms that control PETPE-acid interactions. The adsorption process followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating a monolayer adsorption of the PETPE on the mild surface. Theoretical computations confirm the strong inhibition behavior of PETPE. The innovative feature of this research is its comprehensive strategy, which integrates experimental studies and theoretical simulations to evaluate the impact of PETPE on the corrosion control of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. The combined effort has the ability to supply valuable knowledge into the mechanisms of corrosion that will lead to the establishment of powerful corrosion control strategies.

A combined experimental and theoretical study into the effect of new heterocyclic compound containing β-lactam ring as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid

In this study, a new corrosion inhibitor termed 2-(3-chloro-2-(4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4(5H)-one (COMI) has been synthesized, diagnosed, and tested as a potential candidate for mild steel corrosion prevention in 1M HCl. The research combined experimental and theoretical approaches. Experimentally, weight loss, electrochemical tests, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, EDS, surface morphology analysis, hardness assessments, thermal stability studies, and contact angle measurements were conducted. Computationally, density functional theory (DFT) and an inhibitory mechanism were proposed to explain the inhibitor–metal surface interactions. The study demonstrated that COMI significantly reduced corrosion rates in 1M HCl, achieving an inhibition efficiency of 98.42% at a concentration of 80 ppm and a temperature of 60 °C. The inhibitor was found to form a protective layer on the mild steel surface, influencing both anodic and cathodic corrosion processes. This protective layer formed spontaneously, consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The Gibbs free energy (ΔGads) was calculated to be −28.81 kJ/mol, indicating that COMI adsorbed spontaneously onto the mild steel surface through both physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images confirmed the existence of this protective layer. The addition of 80 ppm COMI reduces the surface roughness from 2.12 to 0.28 μm. Computational studies further validated the experimental findings, confirming the formation of bonds between COMI and the mild steel surface.

Exploration of modified β-cyclodextrin compounds as enhanced eco-friendly and easily accessible corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid

β-CD was esterified independently with two distinct ionic liquids to evaluate their potential as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in a 1.0 M HCl solution. Experimental and computational methods were used to assess the inhibitors’ efficiency regarding temperature and concentration effects and to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Both inhibitors acted as barriers, with a maximum inhibition efficiency of about 94 % at 200 ppm. There was a direct relationship between the inhibitor's concentration and their efficiency, while increasing the temperature reduced the inhibitors’ effectiveness. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were evaluated and studied. DFT calculation revealed the electronic structure and reactivity of the inhibitors. Molecular dynamic simulation provided insight into the optimal configuration and binding energies of inhibitors on the Fe (110) surface.

Corrosion behaviour of 110SS steel in hydrochloric acid and blended acid system at 200°C

The influence of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid) on the corrosion behaviour of 110SS steel, a hydrogen sulphide corrosion resistant alloy steel, in hydrochloric (HCl) acid environments was studied. The corrosion rates of 110SS steels in HCl acid and blended acid were measured using the high-temperature and high-pressure corrosion tester. Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to observe the morphology of corrosion products on steel samples corroded by different acid systems, and the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used to analyse the elemental composition of the corrosion products. The corrosion morphology was observed using a 3D laser scanner. The results indicated that the corrosion rate of 110SS steel in HCl acid at 200 °C was an exponential function of HCl concentration. Reducing the HCl concentration significantly decreased the corrosion rate of 110SS steel. Organic acids and corrosion inhibitors synergistically reduced the corrosion of 110SS steel in HCl acid. Adding 3 wt.% organic acid to the 15 wt.% HCl acid system further reduced the corrosion rate, with a more pronounced effect observed in the HCl–formic acid system compared to the HCl–acetic acid system. Organic acids chemically adsorbed onto the steel surface and decomposed to produce CO, which hindered the attack of hydrogen ions on the metal. The added corrosion inhibitor and intensifier Sb2O3 resulted in the formation of a compact adsorption film on the steel surface, further inhibiting corrosion. The optimal mass ratio of HCl acid to organic acid was found to be 15% to 3%.

Lawsonia inermis as an Active Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid

Corrosion is a pervasive issue affecting metallic materials, with significant economic losses and safety risks in various industries. Mild steel, extensively used in construction and infrastructure, faces corrosion challenges, needing continuous research to effectively tackle them. Natural compounds, because of their eco-friendliness and corrosion inhibition potential, are attracting increasing interest for corrosion control. Lawsonia inermis (LI), or henna, a plant native to North Africa and South Asia, has bioactive compounds exhibiting corrosion inhibitive properties. This study comprehensively explores Lawsonia inermis’s effectiveness as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, filling a gap in the existing research. Various concentrations of Lawsonia inermis extract were tested in acidic solutions to evaluate corrosion inhibition. Experimental results indicate a significant reduction in the corrosion rate with increasing inhibitor concentration. Langmuir adsorption isothermal analyses reveal the adsorption mechanism as being an interplay between physisorption and weak chemisorption. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate Lawsonia inermis’s capability to alter both cathodic and anodic reactions, leading to improved corrosion resistance. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a more even surface morphology in the presence of the Lawsonia inermis, indicating corrosion inhibition. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses identified organic compounds in Lawsonia inermis extract responsible for corrosion inhibition. Overall, Lawsonia inermis emerges as a promising corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, offering excellent inhibition efficiencies. This study sheds light on its adsorption behaviour and provides insights into its mechanism of action. These findings underscore Lawsonia inermis’s potential as a green corrosion inhibitor, paving the way for its practical application in industrial corrosion protection strategies.

Correlation between molecular structures and performance of corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by some imidazole analogs in HCl 1 M: Integrating practical and theoretical aspects

Two types of imidazole analogs, namely 1-((4RS,5SR)-2,4,5-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-one (TOIE) and (4SR,5RS)-2,4,5-tri(furan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazole (TFMI), were probed as corrosion-inhibiting substances for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) milieu by dint of potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (Uv-visible), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), together with theoretical approaches. The findings reveal that anticorrosion performance depends on both temperature and concentration; it reached 94.9 % for TOIE and 89.2 % for TFMI at 0.001 M under 303 K, respectively, but it was 90.2 and 79.4 %, respectively, at 0.001 M under 333 K. Examination of PDP revealed that all imidazole analogs perform as mixed-type inhibitors. Additionally, the adsorption mode of imidazole analogs on carbon steel complies with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and includes a chemisorption process. The surface (SEM) and milieu (UV–visible) analyses substantiate that corrosion protection happens as a result of imidazole molecules' adsorption at the carbon steel interface. The obtained quantum chemical indices, such as global softness, electron transfer fraction, and energy gap, together with Fukui indices, can give a good interpretation of the effectiveness of inhibition. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) discovered that the TOIE and TFMI molecules, in a flat manner, are adsorbed on carbon steel orbitals, thus giving rise to more effective adsorption and corrosion inhibition.

Onion Peel Extract/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid: Extraction, Characterization, Electrochemical Study, and Theoretical Explorations

The effectiveness of onion peel extract (OPE) as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in a 1 M hydrochloric acid solution was investigated using weight loss (WL) techniques, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and surface morphological examination. Additionally, this process was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to weight loss measurements, the protective efficiency of OPE increases with rising OPE concentration and decreases with increasing temperature of the corrosive solution. Polarization curves indicate that OPE acts as a mixed-type inhibitor in hydrochloric acid. The adsorption mechanism, supported by EIS results, shows that charge-transfer resistance increases and double-layer capacitance decreases with higher inhibitor concentration. The adherence of OPE to carbon steel follows the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a physical adsorption process, and the spontaneous adsorption of the inhibitor molecules is evidenced by the negative values of Gibb’s free energy of adsorption. The synergistic effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO–NPs) in combination with OPE on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel was also evaluated. The results demonstrated that the inhibition efficiency of OPE is enhanced in the presence of CuO–NPs due to synergistic interactions between OPE extract molecules and CuO–NPs. The electron-donating capacity of the chemical components in OPE was confirmed through theoretical studies employing quantum chemistry methods.

Corrosion Inhibition Effect of Quinoxaline Derivative on Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations

Corrosion Inhibition Effect of Quinoxaline Derivative on Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations

Optimization and Predictive Modelling of Gravimetric Corrosion Characteristic of Irvingia Gabonensis Leaves Extracts as Anti Corrosion Inhibitor of Mild Steel in HCl Solution

In this research, the optimization and predictive modeling of gravimetric corrosion characteristics of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts (IGLE) as an anti-corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in hydrochloric acid were investigated. Design expert software version 11 were used to analyze the corrosion inhibition-related process characteristics, such as inhibition efficiency, corrosion rate, and weight loss, and their relationships. An effort were made to obtain the optimal conditions for these corrosion inhibition-related process characteristics. Weight loss measurement and design methodology were used for the evaluation of the inhibition efficiency of IGLE for mild steel in HCl. The corrosion inhibition process variables were optimized and predictive regression models were developed using Box-Behnken tool of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The findings showed that there were a good fit between the model predictions and the experimental results. The quadratic models developed were significant with P value less than 0.05. The research established an inhibition efficiency of 88.9%, a corrosion rate of 0.143mm/yr, and a weight loss of 0.02 g, which were obtained at the optimum conditions of an extract concentration of 0.6 g/L, an immersion time of 16 hrs, and a temperature of 298K.Therefore, the models were considered ideal for prediction with a confidence level of 95%, and the optimal combination is suitable for the corrosion inhibition process design. Hence these models can be recommended for applications such as oil well acidizing and pickling pipelines.

Design of New Ecofriendly Schiff Base Inhibitors for Carbon Steel Corrosion Protection in Acidic Solutions: Electrochemical, Surface, and Theoretical Studies.

Corrosion poses a significant problem for several industrial sectors, inducing continuous research and development of corrosion inhibitors for use across a wide range of industrial applications. Here, we report the effectiveness of three newly developed Schiff bases derived from amino acids and 4-aminoacetophenone, namely, AIP, AMB, and AImP, as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for Q235 steel in hydrochloric acid using electrochemical and surface analyses, in addition to theoretical techniques. The electrochemical findings of potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) demonstrated that the explored compounds serve as mixed-type inhibitors and can effectively suppress steel corrosion, with maximal protection efficiencies of 93.15, 96.01, and 77.03% in the presence of AIP, AMB, and AImP, respectively, at a concentration of 10 mM. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization results confirmed the growth of a durable protective barrier on the steel surface in the existence of the inhibitors, which is responsible for decreasing the metallic dissolution. Results were further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-vis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), which ascribed the development of inhibitor-adsorption films on the steel surface. The results of EDS and XPS analyses demonstrated the existence of the distinctive elements of the inhibitors on the metallic surface. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations showed the electronic structure of the examined inhibitors and their optimized adsorption configurations on the steel surface, which helped in explaining the anticorrosion mechanism. Finally, the theoretical and experimental findings exhibit a high degree of consistency.

Insights of 2-(Benzoxazol-2-ylthio)-N-(4-phenyl-5-phenylazo-thiazol-2-yl)-acetamide as a novel corrosion inhibitor for J55 carbon steel in hydrochloric acid: Experimental, Spectroscopic analysis, and theoretical studies

The inhibitory efficacy of 2-(Benzoxazol-2-ylthio)-N-(4-phenyl-5-phenylazo-thiazol-2-yl)-acetamide (BNP) was systematically explored through weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in relation to the corrosion mitigation of J55 carbon steel (J55CS) within hydrochloric acid (HCl) environments. This research employs a combination of experimental techniques, including gravimetric analysis, electrochemical tests, and theoretical considerations. It has been determined that BNP has an inhibitory effect on the corrosion of J55CS in strong HCl, reaching 91.8% at 18 × 10−6 M at 298 K. The inhibitory efficiency displays a notable enhancement as the concentration of the BNP is elevated within the range of 3–18 × 10−6 M. Conversely, the IE% experiences a raised when the temperature is raised. This augmentation can be attributed to the inherent ability of BNP to facilitate the formation of inhibitory films on the surface of J55CS. An analysis of Tafel plots reveals that the BNP adheres to a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of BNP obeyed the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The investigated isotherm plots revealed that the adsorption process for BNP on the metal surface was endothermic, spontaneous, and chemical adsorption. Theoretical modeling [density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC)] revealed the correlation between the BNP molecular chemical structure and its anticorrosive property.

Soybean and Glycine as Potential Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Hydrochloric Acid: Electrochemical and Morphological Studies

The potential of soybean and glycine as organic corrosion inhibitors for steel in acid solution was examined through weight loss tests and potentiodynamic polarization. Both soybean and glycine were characterized via FTIR and UV-visible. The result shows that the soybean and glycine contain isoflavone and nitrogen bonds respectively as a beneficial element in inhibiting the corrosion of steel. Corrosion tests were performed with and without the presence of soybean and glycine for 3 days of immersion in the acidic medium. Corrosion inhibition efficiency measured via electrochemical test found that both soybean and glycine give an excellent corrosion inhibition efficiency at 1.5 g/L in 0.5 M HCl up to 96% and 94% respectively. Tafel analysis reveals both inhibitors perform mixed types inhibitors which predominantly anodic inhibition. Pseudo-passivation was observed in the Tafel curve indicating the capabilities of both inhibitors to passivate the corrosion at anodic potential. Observation of the steel samples through an optical microscope shows that the corrosion of the steel surface was inhibited in the addition of soybean and glycine in HCl. The roughness of the steel surface affected by the combination of uniform and pitting corrosion was also reduced. In overall, soybean and glycine exhibit excellent anticorrosive properties due to the presence of significant chemical structures and active functional groups. Analysis of the inhibition mechanism through isotherm showed that soybean and glycine followed Langmuir isotherm, indicating the adsorption type for both inhibitors is chemisorption. The results obtained from this study could be a good reference in diversifying the study of amino acids as metal corrosion inhibitors to benefit metal-based industries.

Enhancing corrosion resistance of mild steel in hydrochloric acid with Chiquita banana sap extract.

The corrosion of metals is still a huge challenge for various industries, and the pursuit of effective treatments ensures environmental sustainability. In this study, we utilized Chiquita banana sap-water extract (BSWE) to prevent mild steel from electrochemical corrosion in a 0.1 M HCl at room temperature. Corrosion resistance was assessed using various electrochemical methodologies, combining with surface characterization techniques. The results showed a high level of effectiveness when the corrosion current density decreased from 3292.67 μA cm-2 (for the sample immerged in the blank solution) to 187.33 μA cm-2 after 24 hours of immersion in the solution containing BSWE at a 2000 ppm concentration, equivalent to corrosion efficiency of 94.32%. Surface characterization revealed diminished corrosion on the inhibited steel surface due to the formation of a protective layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results demonstrated the presence of BSWE ingredients combining with iron oxides and hydroxides to form a smooth protective layer. Furthermore, theoretical calculations also indicated that the addition of BSWE can reduce steel surface damage when exposing to corrosive environment. The inhibitor based on banana sap extract can be referred to as a sustainable protective coating since it is biodegradable, abundantly available in banana plants and free of other harmful substances.

Unleashing the power of polymer surfactants: novel corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid

Unleashing the power of polymer surfactants: novel corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid

Sustainable Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Using Extracts of Phaseolus Vulgaris and Vicia Faba

Sustainable Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Using Extracts of Phaseolus Vulgaris and Vicia Faba

Corrosion Behavior of Fe-P Binary Alloys in Low-pH Solution

Phosphorus is well known as an element which is difficult to be completely removed from steels and affects workability, welding property, and corrosion resistance. In atmospheric corrosion of steels, phosphorus improves the corrosion resistance by the formation of compact and high-density rust. In contrast, phosphorus increases the corrosion rate of steels in hydrochloric acid, but the precise reason is still unclear.In this research, the effect of phosphorus on corrosion behavior of Fe-P binary alloys was investigated by electrochemical measurements and immersion test in a low-pH solution, and corrosion morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy.

Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Ghars Date Extract on API 5L X70 Pipeline Steel in Hydrochloric Acid

Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Ghars Date Extract on API 5L X70 Pipeline Steel in Hydrochloric Acid

Corrosion inhibition of extracts from the expired traditional Chinese patent medicines for Q235 carbon steel in hydrochloric acid

During the COVID-19 epidemic, traditional Chinese patent medicine played a significant role in treatment and prevention. However, excessive production of medicines will face serious disposal problems once they are expired, and how to achieve safe and efficient utilization of resources becomes another challenge. In this study, the diverse organic components of traditional Chinese patent medicine-YanReQing Granules (YGE) have been extracted and enriched using a low-temperature extraction method, and the main compositions have been analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The inhibition performance of YGE for Q235 steel in 0.1 mol L−1 HCl solution was evaluated by various methods. The results indicated that the corrosion rate of metal decreased significantly with the addition of YGE, and the corrosion potential shifted positively as the increase of cathodic and anodic Tafel slopes, indicating that the YGE belongs to a mixed type of corrosion inhibitor with the simultaneously inhibition on cathode and anode. The inhibition efficiency of YGE increased gradually with the more additive amounts, and exceeded 99% calculated by the fitting current density in polarization curves. The active ingredients in YGE are mainly composed of hydroxyl and carbon-based aromatic hydrocarbons, which are easily protonated in hydrochloric acid solution and carry a positive charge, and then adsorb at the metal interface electrostatically to form a shielding layer. Moreover, the theoretical calculations have confirmed that the chemical adsorption can be achieved between the polar atoms and metal to enhance the protective layer ultimately.