Stearic Research Articles

Superhydrophobic hierarchically porous polymer modified by epoxidized soybean oil and stearic acid synergy for highly efficient sustainable oil-water separation

Environmental and human health are adversely affected by oil and organic wastewater pollution of water resources. However, it has always been difficult to develop an adsorption material that is multifunctional and able to remove multiple pollutants. A new hierarchically porous polymers have been synthesized using high internal phase emulsions (HIPE) template, and further modification by a physico-chemical synergy method of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) coupled with stearic acid (STA). The modified polyHIPE (E/S-polyHIPE) exhibit superhydrophobic properties with water contact angle as high as 161.12°, and exhibit excellent robustness and chemical resistance. Oil/water mixtures can be separated using E/S-polyHIPE with a high separation efficiency (99.00–99.42 %), and it has a high oil absorption capacity (16–28 g/g) for a wide range of oil types. After 15 separation cycles, the E/S-polyHIPE exhibits excellent separation efficiency (＞ 97 %) because of its promising mechanical durability. E/S-polyHIPE still performed outstanding oil absorption capacity for floating oil, underwater oil, and emulsified oil, also it can be used as a continuous in-situ oil-water separator. An innovative approach to the fabrication of a sustainable multifunctional absorbent for oily wastewater is presented in this work, which illustrates the great potential for large-scale practical application.

تثبيط تكوين الاغشية الحيوية في بكتيريا Agrobacterium tumefaciens بالمادة الطافية الخالية من خلايا Pseudomonas aeruginosa والمحللة بجهاز GC-MS

تعد Agrobacterium tumefaciens من أنواع البكتيريا المسببة للأمراض النباتية المهمة اقتصاديا، وتحصل الاصابة نتيجة استخدام اغشيتها الحيوية لالصاق نفسها بالجروح المتكونة على سطح العائل النباتي، ونظرًا لمحدودية العلاجات الحالية وفعاليتها، أصبح البحث عن عوامل جديدة مضادة لهذه البكتيريا أمرا ضروريا، لذلك تم تسليط الضوء في هذه الدراسة على معرفة التأثير التثبيطي للمادة الطافية الخالية من خلايا Pseudomonas aeruginosa على تكوين الاغشية الحيوية من قبل A. tumefaciens، فضلا عن تحديد المركبات الكيمياوية المكونة لها بجهاز GC-MS. بناءا على ذلك عزلت P. aeruginosa من التربة وتم تشخيصها باستخدام العدةAPI 20 E وتفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل باستخدام الجين 16S rRNA واظهرت تطابقا بنسبة 93% مع البكتيريا القياسية Pseudomonas sp.SeaQual P_B_845W, MT626817.1 في بنك الجينات. وعند الكشف عن قدرة المادة الطافية المجفدة وبتسعة تراكيز10، 15، 20 ،25 ، 30، 35، 40، 45، 17، 17، 15 ،على التوالي. وحسب عدد القمم التي تم إنتاجها بعد حقنها بجهاز GC، تبين انها مكونة من 30 مادة كيميائية، وبعد إدخال هذه المعلومات في جهاز MS، تم تشخيصها بأسمائها ومنها(Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-، Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester، Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-،9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-,methyl ester،cis-13-Octadecenoic acid,methyl ester،Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester)، البالغ وزنها الجزيئي(154، 270، 210، 296، 296، 298) دالتون ومقدار المساحة التي تشغلها (9.38، 19.12، 6.8، 4.45، 8.33، 5.90)%، على التوالي. أهم النتائج التي شخصتها هذه الدراسة هو تحديد المركبات الكيميائية لأول مرة للمادة الطافية الخالية من خلايا الزائفة الزنجارية وتأثيرها المثبط على إنتاج الأغشية الحيوية من قبل A. tumefaciens.

Detection of phytoconstituents present in Spirulina platensis extract by GC-MS analysis and their formulation activities against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae

Abstract Spirulina platensis represents promising sources of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. This study aimed to determine the active compounds in S. platensis extracts (SpE) formulation with three different solvents and in vitro testing against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vaniliae. This study was conducted from January to July 2023. Identification of the active compounds present in the three SpE formulations was carried out using the GC-MS method. The effectiveness of SpE formulations was carried out with an inhibition test on F. oxysporum using a completely randomized design (CRD). Based on the results of GC-MS analysis, it is known that the main compounds present in the SpE formulation with ethanol solvent (F1) are trilinolein (48.35%), nonadecatriene (12.50%) and cis-9-hexadecenal (6.47%). SpE formulations using ethyl acetate solvent (F2) are cis-9-hexadecenal (19.53%) and benzene dicarboxylic acid (10.73%). SpE formulations using hexane solvent (F3) are oxacycloheptadec (24.83%) and octadecanoic acid (10.41%). Based on the results of Particle Size Analysis (PSA), it is known that the F1 formulation measures 59.22 µm, the F2 (7.22 µm), and the F3 (7.84 µm). The effectiveness testing of the three formulations showed that the SpE formulation with different solvents effectively inhibited the growth of the fungus F. oxysporum with an average inhibition of 8.41% - 100% compared to the control. F2 treatment with 10% and 15% concentrations resulted in the highest inhibition effect, namely 100%. The 10% and 15% concentrations in the F1 treatment were 8.41% and 39.67%, respectively. The F3 treatment produced 0% inhibition because the growth of the fungus F. oxysporum was better than that of the control. This study implies that SpE formulation with ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents has the potential as an antifungal, especially for F. oxysporum. From this study, the active compounds that act as antifungals are cis-9-hexadecenal, benzene dicarboxylic acid and diisooctyl phthalate.

Effects of full-fat high-oleic soybean meal in layer diets on performance, egg quality and chemical composition

The utilization of full-fat high-oleic soybean meal in layer diets could lead to value-added poultry products. To test this idea, 336 hens were randomly assigned to 4 isonitrogenous (18.5% CP) and isocaloric (2,927 kcal/kg) formulated diets and fed the following diets for eight weeks: conventional control solvent-extracted defatted soybean meal (CON); extruded-expelled defatted soybean meal (EENO); full fat normal-oleic soybean meal (FFNO); or full fat high-oleic soybean meal (FFHO). Body weights (BW) were collected at week 0 and week 8. Eggs were collected daily, and the totals counted each week. Feed consumption was measured weekly, and egg quality was measured bi-weekly. Eggs were collected at wk 0 and wk 8 for fatty acid analysis. There were no significant treatment differences in any of the production parameters measured, BW, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio or egg production (P > 0.05). Eggshell strength was significantly greater in eggs produced from the EENO group as compared to the control (P < 0.01), while egg yolk color was significantly darker in eggs of the control and EENO treatment groups relative to the FFNO and FFHO treatments (P < 0.0001). Eggs produced by hens fed the FFHO diet had a 52% increase in monounsaturated n-9 oleic acid content (P < 0.0001) and reduced palmitic (P < 0.01) and stearic (P < 0.0001) saturated fatty acid levels as compared to the conventional controls. These results validate the utilization of FFHO as a value-added poultry feed ingredient to enrich the eggs and/or poultry meat produced.

Mitochondria to plasma membrane redox signaling is essential for fatty acid β-oxidation-driven insulin secretion

We asked whether acute redox signaling from mitochondria exists concomitantly to fatty acid- (FA-) stimulated insulin secretion (FASIS) at low glucose by pancreatic β-cells. We show that FA β-oxidation produces superoxide/H2O2, providing: i) mitochondria-to-plasma-membrane redox signaling, closing KATP-channels synergically with elevated ATP (substituting NADPH-oxidase-4-mediated H2O2-signaling upon glucose-stimulated insulin secretion); ii) activation of redox-sensitive phospholipase iPLA2γ/PNPLA8, cleaving mitochondrial FAs, enabling metabotropic GPR40 receptors to amplify insulin secretion (IS). At fasting glucose, palmitic acid stimulated IS in wt mice; palmitic, stearic, lauric, oleic, linoleic, and hexanoic acids also in perifused pancreatic islets (PIs), with suppressed 1st phases in iPLA2γ/PNPLA8-knockout mice/PIs. Extracellular/cytosolic H2O2-monitoring indicated knockout-independent redox signals, blocked by mitochondrial antioxidant SkQ1, etomoxir, CPT1 silencing, and catalase overexpression, all inhibiting FASIS, keeping ATP-sensitive K+-channels open, and diminishing cytosolic [Ca2+]-oscillations. FASIS in mice was a postprandially delayed physiological event. Redox signals of FA β-oxidation are thus documented, reaching the plasma membrane, essentially co-stimulating IS.

Metformin augments major cytoplasmic organization except for spindle organization in oocytes cultured under hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions: An in vitro study

The present study aimed to investigate the role of antidiabetic drug metformin on the cytoplasmic organization of oocytes. Germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes were collected from adult female Swiss albino mice and subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) in various experimental groups- control, vehicle control (0.3% ethanol), metformin (50 μg/mL), high glucose and high lipid (HGHL, 10 mM glucose; 150 μM palmitic acid; 75 μM stearic acid and 200 μM oleic acid in ethanol), and HGHL supplemented with metformin. The metaphase II (MII) oocytes were analyzed for lipid accumulation, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) distribution pattern, oxidative and ER stress, actin filament organization, cortical granule distribution pattern, spindle organization and chromosome alignment. An early polar body extrusion was observed in the HGHL group. However, the maturation rate at 24 h did not differ significantly among the experimental groups compared to the control. The HGHL conditions exhibited significantly higher levels of oxidative stress, ER stress, poor actin filament organization, increased lipid accumulation, altered mitochondrial distribution, spindle abnormalities, and chromosome misalignment compared to the control. Except for spindle organization, supplementation of metformin to the HGHL conditions improved all the parameters (non-significant for ER and actin distribution pattern). These results show that metformin exposure in the culture media helped to improve the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia-induced cytoplasmic anomalies except for spindle organization. Given the crucial role of spindle organization in proper chromosome segregation during oocyte maturation and meiotic resumption, the implications of metformin's limitations in this aspect warrant careful evaluation and further investigation.

Formation mechanism and properties of superhydrophobic surface of ship plate steel

Superhydrophobic surface of ship plate steel was constructed by chemical etching and low surface energy modification. Formation mechanism and properties of the superhydrophobic surface were investigated through SEM, FT-IR, electrochemical analysis and anti-icing evaluation. Corrosion and dissolution of ferrite creates a high-roughness surface with a micro-nano composite structure, and a monomolecular layer of low surface energy material covers steel surface through chelation coordination of stearic acid and Fe, which endows ship plate steel surface with superhydrophobicity. Compared with bare steel, the superhydrophobic surface shows high corrosion resistance, while 75.2% of surface icing is prevented, achieving the purpose of anti-water, anti-icing and corrosion resistance of ship plate steel. In addtion, the simple and cost-effective preparation technique is conducive to large-scale industrial applications in the future.

Charge/discharge Profiling of Organic Latent Heat Material Embedded in Polymer Matrix for Heat Energy System

The operational aspect of a latent thermal energy storage (LTES) system is highly dependent on the performance of its latent heat storage material (LHSM). In this work, performance evaluation of the LHSM is conducted using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear LDPE. As an initial assessment, three different organic LHSMs are used for the evaluation. The thermal assessment indicates that the heat of fusion for the LHSM varies between 142.45 J/g and 198.8 J/g. Thermal decomposition demonstrates that the LHSM is suitable for operating a thermal power system under 100 °C. The addition of polymer clearly influences the charge/discharge rate for each LHSM. For example, it has a positive influence on paraffin wax, which increases the charge rate up to 54.4 %. A positive outcome is also observed for palmitic acid, which has the highest charge rate at around 4.4 °C/min. Interestingly, the charge/discharge rate for stearic acid is decreased by the presence of a polymer. It implies that the melting/solidification rate can be decreased, which may be advantageous for passive thermal systems. In general, the addition of LDPE/LLDPE alters the performance of LHSM. It makes the polymer suitable to be taken as a stabilizer for the LHSM.

Fatty Acid Esters and Acyclic Monoterpenoid from Justicia insularis Leaf Fractions Attenuated Malaria Pathogenesis Through Docking with Plasmodium falciparum Serine Hydroxymethyl Transferase and Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Proteins

Background Justicia insularis (Acanthaceae) T. Anderson is ethnopharmacologically used in Nigeria for the treatment of diseases including malaria. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate in vivo antiplasmodial effect of J. insularis leaf in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, characterize its constituents, and carryout in silico studies of its compounds. Methods Standard protocols were followed in the processing of the plant leaves, extraction, fractionation, isolation, and characterization, evaluation of in vivo antiplasmodial assay, retrieval of Plasmodium falciparum serine hydroxymethyl transferase (PfSHMT) and Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1) proteins, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and docking studies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to isolate and characterize the compounds; SWISSADME and ADMET lab 2 enhanced the evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties, PyRx for docking analysis; Biovia discovery studio for 2D visualization, and PyMol software for 3D visualization of the ligand-protein interactions. Results The dichloromethane (61.59%) and ethyl acetate (73.15%) fractions had the best therapeutic indices and compared favorably with chloroquine (81.58%) in the curative antiplasmodial assay. The GC-MS analysis revealed 20 already reported antiplasmodial compounds with hexanoic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, octadecanoic acid docosyl ester, and trans-β-ocimene as the lead compounds based on their binding affinities, permeation of the blood-brain-barrier, non-inhibition of metabolizing enzymes, ease of excretion, non-carcinogenicity, as well as non-violation of Lipinski's criteria. Conclusion Octadecanoic acid docosyl ester and hexanoic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester bonded the tetrahydrofolate-binding sites of PfSHMT, caused inhibition of DNA synthesis, and apoptosis, whereas trans-β-ocimene inhibited PfEMP-1, reversed the attachment of parasitized red blood cells to micro-vascular endothelium as their mechanism of action for parasitemia clearance. Moreover, these lead compounds reported for the first time in the dichloromethane and EtoAc fractions of this plant are responsible for the remarkable antiplasmodial activity observed in this study.

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FLY ASH FROM ASAM-ASAM COAL POWER PLANT USING STEARIC ACID AS HYDROPHOBIC INORGANIC MATERIAL

Abundant coal reserves make this material a substitute fuel choice, especially for industry. The use of coal carries a high risk due to incomplete combustion and produces fly ash products. Fly ash cause pollution and health risks as well as environmental contamination when they are released, deposited, or leached into the ecosystem over short or long periods of time. The high content of silica and alumina in fly ash can be utilized and modified into new materials with added value. This research aims to modify the surface of fly ash using stearic acid as a hydrophobic inorganic material. Fly ash from Asam-asam Coal Power Plant was characterized by using XRD and modified by immersing in stearic acid (2,4,6, and 8%) and 98% ethanol. The result showed that the contact angle increases when fly ash is modified on the surface using stearic acid. The contact angle increases with increasing stearic acid concentration. The highest contact angle was obtained at a stearic acid concentration of 8%, and the lowest at 2% was about 112.9 and 102.2, respectively. The fly ash composition was primarily silica and alumina, which were crystalline, as confirmed by XRD. These findings provide several aspects of fly ash and its potential as a candidate material for environmental remediation and waste management.

Высокостеариновый гибрид подсолнечника Стеарин

In 2024, a sunflower hybrid Stearin with altered oil quality – with high contents of oleic and stearic acids – was introduced to the State Commission of the Russia Federation on testing and protection of breeding achievements. The originator of the sunflower hybrid Stearin is V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops.

Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic ZnO powders coated on polyurethane sponge for effective oil/water separation application

Oil spills pose significant challenges to the environment, wildlife, and local economies, thus an effective method for cleaning up an oil spill is urgent. Here, superhydrophobic ZnO powder particles were synthesized using a simple and efficient method and investigated their coating on polyurethane sponge for oil/water separation application. Initially, ZnO particles were prepared through a hydrothermal reaction of Zn(CH3COO)2 and NaOH solution in an autoclave. Subsequently, superhydrophobic ZnO particles were obtained through hydrophobic modification using either stearic acid or 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane. The results demonstrate that the ZnO particles exhibited excellent superhydrophobic properties, with contact angle of 153o. After coating superhydrophobic ZnO particles on the polyurethane sponge, the surface became superhydrophobic/oleophilic and could adsorb oil with a capacity measured up to more than 40 times its own weight. Results demonstrate the promising application of superhydrophobic/oleophilic polyurethane sponge for oil/water separation.

Analisis GC-MS dari Senyawa Bioaktif Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tanaman Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) sebagai Obat Tradisional

Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.), have long been recognized in various parts of the world, especially in tropical regions, as a plant with various health benefits and traditional uses. The rich history of its use has been intertwined in various cultures, where the leaves are used not only as a food ingredient, but also as a herbal medicine. The phytochemical content in soursop leaves, such as acetogenin, alkaloids, and flavonoids has been the subject of intensive research in the last decade, highlighting their potential in treating a variety of health conditions, from inflammation to anti-cancer potential. The chemical structure and biological activity of these compounds have attracted the attention of researchers, especially in the search for alternative therapies for difficult-to-treat diseases. Soursop leaf extract has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and antitumor properties that offer new insights into its therapeutic potential. This research method uses the maceration method, where soursop leaves will be extracted using ethanol solvent and then the compounds contained in the extract will be analyzed using Gas-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of GC-MS analysis show that soursop leaves contain the compounds 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, Trans-Caryophyllene, Hexadecanoic acid (CAS) Palmitic acid, 2-Hexadecen- 1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl (Phytol), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) - (CAS) Linoleic acid, 9,12,15-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, Octadecanoic acid (CAS ) Stearic acid. The results of the analysis of compounds in soursop leaves can be a reference for further research to develop the potential of soursop fruit which leads to traditional medicine.

The effect of trehalose on the contents of starch and oil in microalga Dunaliella parva

Dunaliella parva (D. parva) is a green alga with an extremely salt tolerance, that can synthesize a lot of oil. Its oil composition is similar to that of oil plants. It can accumulate a large amount of oil under stress conditions, making it an ideal raw material for biodiesel production. Previous studies have found that trehalose can inhibit starch synthesis in plants. In this study, D. parva was treated with trehalose at different concentrations (1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM) to explore the suitable trehalose concentration to increase oil content. The results showed that 3 mM trehalose significantly reduced starch content by inhibiting the expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) gene and increased oil content. Trehalose also affected the contents of carbohydrate and protein in D. parva. In addition, trehalose treatment increased the proportions of palmitoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and reduced the proportions of myristic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. This study investigated the effect of trehalose on D. parva, and improved its economic benefits.

Phytochemical analysis and biological activity of some local and imported walnut

To study the bioactive substances of the walnut kernel of six cultivars which were newly selected from Kurdistan-Iraq and one type import from America, analyzed for their phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities. HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) was used for phenolic compound estimation, GC (Gas chromatography) for fatty acid analysis, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging. In terms of fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid of all seven types we analyzed, all of them had a significant result. As for antioxidants, the same as before, the antioxidants were significant for all the chosen samples. In terms of phenolic compounds, quinic acid, gallic acid, 1,2,3,6 trigalloyl glucose, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and rutin, all types were significant as well. Finally, our results show that most of them were of high significance. Some regions in the Kurdistan region of Iraq showed high results for important secondary products, while the American counterpart is lower but still better than some of the Kurdistan region walnuts

Preparation and Evaluation of Cream Containing Betel Leaf Extract for Removal of Cutaneous Warts

Abstract: Warts are common skin growths caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They can appear on any part of the body but are most commonly found on the hands, feet, and genitals. Warts are usually harmless but can be unsightly or cause discomfort, especially if they are frequent friction or pressure. There are several types of warts, including common warts, plantar warts (on the soles of the feet), genital warts, and flat warts (often found on the face). Creams are semisolid dosage form containing one or more drugs substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base. They are emulsion of either W/O, O/W creams are uses for various purposes. Wart removal cream contains some synthetic substances as well as herbal ingredients like betel steam which is having antiviral activity against the human papilloma virus (HPV). Then calcium carbonate and sodium hydroxide slowly absorbed into the skin causing rupturing of the skin cells that contains the wart virus. To prepare wart removal cream sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate along with the aqueous extract of betel leaf by maceration with the excipients such as stearic acid, glycerin, methyl paraben, distilled water are used. Finally, the cream is evaluated with various parameters such as physical and chemical properties like pH, viscosity, spreadability, texture. As this cream has clove oil which is used as an analgesic to avoid the irritational pain. The pH of the cream is supposed to be basic and around 12-12.5. During the evaluation the pH of the cream was found out to be 12.1. Cream was easily spreadable and it had a pleasant appearance.

Efeito da adubação orgânica na produção de ácidos graxos e atividade antidiabética de Portulaca oleracea L.

Portulaca oleracea L., commonly known as purslane, is a plant consumed in Europe, Asia and Africa, with nutraceutical compounds and essential fatty acids whose content exceeds that of vegetables such as spinach and lettuce. On the other hand, organic fertilization improves the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil and thus promotes growth, physiology and secondary metabolism, improving the chemical composition of the plant. In order to evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on fatty acid content and anti-diabetic activity (α-Glucosidase), greenhouse-grown plants were subjected to three treatments: control without additional fertilizers, with compost and vermicompost. The results indicated that vermicompost significantly increased oleic and linoleic acid content. However, palmitic acid content decreased, although other saturated fatty acids such as lauric, myristic and stearic acids did not show variations in the different treatments. Of the polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, linolenic acid (omega-3) increased in the control treatment. On the other hand, the enzyme α-Glucosidase did not show differences in the different fertilization treatments. However, its high percentage of inhibition (60 %) positions it as a species with high antidiabetic potential.

Application of Aspen Plus to Modelling and Simulation of Neem Seed Oil Extraction

The demand for neem oil keeps on increasing due to its wide applications in pharmaceutical, agro–allied industries, cosmetics and soap production. To avoid wastage of material and safety of operation and personnel, the designed plant must be simulated to predict its performance before actual construction. The property method based on the non–random two–liquid (NRTL) model of Aspen Plus V12 was used to simulate the designed plant and its predicted performances were 87.13% and 99.60% for quantity of neem oil to be obtained from the evaporator and quantity of solvent (ethanol) recovery from the condenser as against 85.93% and 94.93% of the practical result with 1.38% and 4.69% errors respectively. The extracted oil has iodine, acid and saponification values of 60.10 g I2/100 g, 4.2 mg KOH/g and 210.0 mg KOH/g respectively. The fatty acid compositions of oil are oleic acid, 46.61%; stearic acid, 11.83%; palmitic acid, 16.54%; 11 – octadecenoic acid, 3.58%; cis–vaccenic acid, 5.90%; cyclopropaneoctanal, 11.19%; squalene, 0.21% and trimethylsilyl–di(timethylsiloxy)-silane, 4.14%. Based on the quality and fatty acid composition of the extracted neem oil, it is highly recommended for cosmetics and soap production.

Implications of high PsSAD expression and oleic acid content in defining the Sujata phenotype of Papaver somniferum

Papaver somniferum L. produces therapeutically-useful alkaloids like morphine, codeine, papaverine, and thebaine that accumulate in the latex of its capsule. Apart from its alkaloids, the edible seeds of the plant have high nutritional value and culinary use, with the seed oil being rich in the health-promoting unsaturated fatty acids. Sujata is low alkaloid-producing latex-less culinary variety of P. somniferum developed from an alkaloid-rich gum harvest parent (Sampada) for curtailing the narcotic menace of morphine and opium (dried latex). Earlier, it has been shown that the expression of stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase (PsSAD) in the young capsule and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the seeds are higher in Sujata as compared to Sampada. Here, we studied bacterial endophytes isolated from Sujata tissues for their role in defining the fatty acid (saturated stearic versus unsaturated oleic) profile in its leaves and seeds. Besides, a potyvirus infecting P. somniferum was characterized through its coat protein gene sequencing and transmission electron microscopy and the two genotypes (Sujata and Sampada) contrasting in their phenotypes (oil/fatty acid, alkaloid and latex profiles) were compared for their susceptibility towards it through indicator plant- and qRT-PCR-based virus infectivity assays. In both the assays, Sujata was found to have higher susceptibility to the potyvirus, as compared to Sampada. The most plausible reason for this could be the higher PsSAD expression in the leaves of Sujata, which resulted in higher relative levels of oleic acid and lower relative levels of stearic acid in its leaves as compared to that of Sampada.

Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemical and Morphological Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Lantana camara on Mice Animal Model

The aim of the study is to evaluate the phytochemical and morphological characterization between Iraqi and America Lanata camara extracts and to evaluate their inhibition effect on the egg albumin-induced paw inflammation. Successive maceration was used to eliminate the leaves of L. camara. The bioactive substance components present in the extract were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In addition, HPLC analysis was performed for the detection of active compounds. The paw edema induced by injecting egg albumin (0.1ml) in both right and left hind-paw and the percentage inhibition as well as cell count, and skin thickness was measured. The initial phytochemical screening yielded positive test results for phenolic compounds, glycosides, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, polysaccharides, and terpenoids. The results of GC-MS analysis of Iraqi and American leaves showed oleic acid (22.65%, 36.69%), octadecanoic acid (26.58%, 13.49%) and hexadecanoic acid (7.06%,14.52%), respectively, were the main compound in both extracts. The HPLC analysis indicated the presence of vitamin K in Iraqi and American leaves (9.52%, 9.77%) respectively, while there are no other research publications indicated to such results. The concentration 0.05% of Iraqi and America L. camara showed a significant inhibition effect (99.7%) of inflammation. The cell counts and skin thickness showed a significant decreased when treated with both extracts of L. camara. In conclusion, this study showed that the phytochemical composition of lantana camara leaf extract varies depending on the geographical region. The findings also suggest that this extract, contains various bioactive compounds that could be a valuable resource for developing pharmaceuticals to treat different diseases. The study also found that the extract has a significant anti-inflammatory effect and could be a promising option for inhibition of inflammation.