Steam-distilled Essential Oil Research Articles

Volatile Constituents of the Fruits Peels of Citrus lemon (Linn) Burm. F

A steam distilled volatile oil obtained from the fruit peels of Citrus lemon belonging to Rutaceae family was analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The volatile oil contains 30 components of which 25 constituents comprising 95.50% of the oil were identified. The oil mainly contained monoterpenes (81.2%) and 1-limonene (37.2%) was the major characterized monoterpene followed by camphenes (12.3%) and α-terpineol (11.2%), α-phellendrene (6.5%) and 4-terpineol (6.4%). Among 13 sesquiterpenes (14.2%) identified, α-selinene (3%) was the predominant sesquit-erpene followed by caryophyllene oxide (2.5%), t-nerolidol (2.4%) and valencene (2.1%).

Vulgarone B, the antifungal constituent in the steam-distilled fraction of Artemisia douglasiana.

Antifungal activity of the steam distilled essential oil fraction of Artemisia douglasiana was detected by bioautography on silica gel TLC plates against three Colletotrichum spp. The active principle was isolated by bioassay-directed fractionation using column chromatography followed by crystallization and was characterized as vulgarone B by 1H and 13C NMR and GC-MS. Antifungal activity of vulgarone B was further evaluated using 96-well microtiter assay against Colletotrichum acatatum, C. fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, and Botrytis cinerea. In addition, the antifungal activity of vulgarone B and verbenone, and their corresponding alcohols was tested by bioautography and microtiter assay. Structure-activity studies revealed that the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl functionality is a prerequisite for the antifungal activity of these mono and sesquiterpene ketones. This is the first report of antifungal activity of vulgarone B. The yield of essential oil from A. douglasiana is about 0.6-0.8% by weight of the dry material, including plant stems.

Volatile constituents of Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle

AbstractThe steam‐distilled volatile oil obtained from partially dried grass (citronella grass) Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle (Syn. Andropogon nardus Linn.), cultivated in the Nilgiri Hills at Ooty, India, was analysed by capillary GC and GC–MS. The partially dried grass contained 35 components, of which 29 constituents, comprising 92.7% of the oil, were completely identified. The oil contains 16 monoterpenes (79.8%), nine sesquiterpenes (11.5%) and four non‐terpenic compounds (1.4%). The prominent monoterpenes were citronellal (29.7%), geraniol (24.2%), γ‐terpineol (9.2%) and cis‐sabinene hydrate (3.8%). The predominant sesquiterpenes were (E)‐nerolidol (4.8%), β‐caryophyllene (2.2%) and germacren‐4‐ol (1.5%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Antifungal constituents of the essential oil fraction of Artemisia dracunculus L. Var. dracunculus.

The isolation and structure elucidation of antifungal constituents of the steam-distilled essential oil fraction of Artemisia dracunculus are described. Antifungal activities of 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne and capillarin against Colletrotichum fragariae, Colletrotichum gloeosporioides, and Colletrotichum acutatum are reported for the first time. The relative abundance of 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne is about 11% of the steam-distilled oil, as determined by GC-MS. Methyleugenol was also isolated and identified as an antifungal constituent of the oil.

Pqs (polar qualification system) the new data reduction and product qualification method

The near infrared spectra are useful information sources relating to quality (e.g. composition) of a material examined. To obtain and interpret useful information requires in most cases the application of sophisticated methods of mathematical statistics. A method different from those mentioned above, implementing a large scale data reduction based on geometrical consideration is the PQS. According to this method, the quality of a material can be characterised by the centre of its spectrum represented in a polar co-ordinate system. In many cases it is enough to know whether the investigated product deviates in a certain degree from a given “standard product” or not. This can be decided by determining special “distances” between the two (investigated and standard) products using their near infrared spectra. Besides the successfully used Euclidean and Mahalanobis distances a new one, the “polar distance” was introduced giving the distance between the two centres (quality points) of the spectra of the two products examined. A method was elaborated to select the optimal wavelength range giving the maximum normalised distance between the two quality points of the investigated products. The so called “wavelength range optimisation” can not be used to work with non spectral data sets. While in case of NIR spectra the sequence of the data are determined by nature, in several cases the order of the data can be freely varied and the goal is the determination of the optimal data sequence. By introducing the “sequence optimisation” PQS could be generalised and used from the field of near infrared spectroscopy to solve any kind of multivariate tasks. The advantage of the PQS optimisation method is its simplicity. Since PQS was developed to extract the needed information from NIR spectra, the basic principles of the technique are introduced with the help of near infrared spectra of some milk powder samples of different fat content. The sequence optimisation is demonstrated with the sensor signal responses of an electronic nose (chemosensor array) instrument measuring different steam distilled volatile oil samples.

Coriander spice oil: effects of fruit crushing and distillation time on yield and composition.

Crushing intensity and distillation time were evaluated for their effects on the oil yield and composition of steam-distilled essential oil from fruits of Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum L. A comparison of oils produced by laboratory- and pilot-scale stills showed that the two still types gave comparable yields and oil composition. The laboratory still was then used to compare oil yields and compositions from fruits crushed at three different intensities, at intervals during a distillation period of 60 min. Both crushing intensity and distillation time had significant (P< 0.05) effects on the yield and composition of the oil. The maximum oil yield was less from the light-crushed fruits, but the rate of oil recovery was significantly P < 0.05) higher. From the light-crushed fruits, 95% of the maximum yield was extracted in 22.5 min compared with 32 and 39 min for the standard and heavy-crushed fruits, respectively. The effect of crushing intensity on oil composition was most pronounced on the low-boiling-point a-pinene and on the higher-boiling-point geranyl acetate. Crushing had little effect on linalool content, but distillation time could be manipulated to alter the linalool content of the oil.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Xeranthemum annuum L. from Greece

Steam distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Xeranthemum annuum L. was analyzed by GC/MS. Ninety-seven compounds were identified. The essential oil was characterized by a high amount of monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of which β-pinene (15.2%) and β-caryophyllene (8.6%) were the major constituents.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Salvia atropatana Bunge

The steam distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Salvia atropatana Bunge was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-nine compounds were identified constituting more than 80% of the oil. The major components being β-caryophyllene (16.3%), sclareol (13.3%), hexyl octanoate (12.2%) and germacrene B (10.0%).

Composition of the Essential Oil of Herniaria incana Lam. from Greece

Steam distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Herniaria incana was analyzed by GC/MS. Sixty-two compounds were identified. The dominating substances were represented by a homologous series of alkanes, alkenes, aliphatic alcohols, related aldehydes, ketones, and fatty acids and their methyl esters. The main constituents were 6,10,14-trimethyl 2-pentadecanone (37.6%) and palmitic acid (4.0%).

Composition of the Essential Oil of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter

The steam distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter was analyzed by GC/MS. Fifteen compounds were identified constituting 91% of the oil. The major components being borneol (60.7%), β-caryophyllene (8.3%) and bornyl acetate (6.8%).

The essential oil of cultivatedArtemisia afra (Jacq.) from Zimbabwe

The steam-distilled essential oils from plants of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) (Compositae) from the wild and organically cultivated at two pilot sites in Zimbabwe were analysed by GC–MS. The major components of plants in the wild were artemisia ketone (6.3–41.9%), 1,8-cineole (0.1–27.9%), α-copaene/camphor (8.5–27.1%) and santolina alcohol (3.1–10.1%). Two chemotypes were identified from the cultivated plants. The major components of oil for fresh and semi-dried herb from the cultivated plants from one site were artemisia ketone (32.1–34.8%), α-copaene/camphor (21.8–24.4%), 1,8-cineole (10.9–15.7%) and santolina alcohol (2.7–8.0%). The major components of oil from the other site from fresh and semi-dried herb of cultivated plants were 1,8-cineole (22.5–29.3%), α-copaene/camphor (6.2–21.3%), borneol (14.2–19.1%), and camphene (3.0–5.6%). Bornyl acetate (1.6–4.2%), β-caryophyllene (2.0–5.0%), sabinene (0.6–7.9%), γ-terpinene (0.2–2.6%) and p-cymene (1.3–2.7%) were notable minor constituents. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oil of cultivated Artemisia afra (Jacq.) from Zimbabwe

The steam-distilled essential oils from plants of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) (Compositae) from the wild and organically cultivated at two pilot sites in Zimbabwe were analysed by GC–MS. The major components of plants in the wild were artemisia ketone (6.3–41.9%), 1,8-cineole (0.1–27.9%), α-copaene/camphor (8.5–27.1%) and santolina alcohol (3.1–10.1%). Two chemotypes were identified from the cultivated plants. The major components of oil for fresh and semi-dried herb from the cultivated plants from one site were artemisia ketone (32.1–34.8%), α-copaene/camphor (21.8–24.4%), 1,8-cineole (10.9–15.7%) and santolina alcohol (2.7–8.0%). The major components of oil from the other site from fresh and semi-dried herb of cultivated plants were 1,8-cineole (22.5–29.3%), α-copaene/camphor (6.2–21.3%), borneol (14.2–19.1%), and camphene (3.0–5.6%). Bornyl acetate (1.6–4.2%), β-caryophyllene (2.0–5.0%), sabinene (0.6–7.9%), γ-terpinene (0.2–2.6%) and p-cymene (1.3–2.7%) were notable minor constituents. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Satureja Juliana (L.) Bentham ex Reichenb. from Greece

Steam distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Satureja Juliana was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-nine compounds were identified, of which α-pinene (27.9%), β-bisabolol (15.0%) and β-pinene (13.1%) were the major constituents.

Constituents of the essential oil of Solidago virgaurea L.

The steam-distilled essential oil of Solidago virgaurea L. was investigated by GC, GC–MS and NMr spectroscopy. Sixty components were identified. The main constituents are α-pinene, myrcene, β-pinene, limonene, sabinene and germacrene-D. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Constituents of the essential oil ofSolidago virgaurea L.

The steam-distilled essential oil of Solidago virgaurea L. was investigated by GC, GC–MS and NMr spectroscopy. Sixty components were identified. The main constituents are α-pinene, myrcene, β-pinene, limonene, sabinene and germacrene-D. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Growing in Reunion Island

The composition of the steam distilled essential oil of dill herb (Anethum graveolens L.) was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Thirty six components were identified of which α-phellandrene (56.5%), dill ether (20.8%), limonene (10.9%) and p-cymene (3.8%) were the major constituents and amounted to 92% of the oil.

Acyclic monoterpenes from the essential oil of Tagetes minuta flowers

The steam-distilled essential oil of T. minuta flowers afforded three new acylic monoterpene ketones identified as 3,7-dimethyloct-1-en-6-one, 3,7-dimethyl-5-hydroxyoct-1-en-6-one and 3,7-dimethyloct-1,7-dien-6-one along with major compounds ( Z)- β-ocimene (38.77%), dihydrotagetone (9.07%), ( Z)-tagetone (7%), ( Z)-ocimenone and ( E)-ocimenone (20%). The steam-distilled essential oil of T. minuta flowers afforded three new acylic monoterpene ketones identified as 3,7-dimethyloct-1-en-6-one, 3,7-dimethyl-5-hydroxyoct-1-en-6-one and 3,7-dimethyloct-1,7-dien-6-one along with major compounds ( Z)- β-ocimene (38.77%), dihydrotagetone (9.07%), ( Z)-tagetone (7%), ( Z)-ocimenone and ( E)-ocimenone (20%).

Chemical composition of the volatile oil from the fruits ofCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume

The steam-distilled volatile oil of the cinnamon fruit (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) grown at Karnataka and Kerala (south India) has been analysed by GC and GC–MS. It consists of hydrocarbons (32.8% and 20.8%) and oxygenated compounds (63.7% and 73.4%). Thirty-four compounds representing more than 94% of the oil were identified. trans-Cinnamyl acetate and β-caryophyllene were found to be the major compounds in cinnamon fruit grown in both Karnataka and Kerala. This is the first report on the chemical composition of the volatile oil of the fruit of C. zeylanicum. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chemical composition of the volatile oil from the fruits of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume

The steam-distilled volatile oil of the cinnamon fruit (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) grown at Karnataka and Kerala (south India) has been analysed by GC and GC–MS. It consists of hydrocarbons (32.8% and 20.8%) and oxygenated compounds (63.7% and 73.4%). Thirty-four compounds representing more than 94% of the oil were identified. trans-Cinnamyl acetate and β-caryophyllene were found to be the major compounds in cinnamon fruit grown in both Karnataka and Kerala. This is the first report on the chemical composition of the volatile oil of the fruit of C. zeylanicum. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Allium macrochaetum Boiss. et Hausskn. from Turkey

Steam-distilled essential oil from sliced and incubated bulbs of Allium macrochaetum was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twelve compounds representing 92.52% of the oil were characterized with diallyl disulphide (53–80%), diallyl trisulphide (26.19%), allyl methyl trisulphide (5.89%) and allyl methyl disulphide (5.21%) as major constituents.