Steam-distilled Essential Oil Research Articles

Heartwood Oils of Santalum macgregorii F. Muell. (PNG Sandalwood)

The steam distilled essential oils of 14 samples of heartwood of Santalum macgregorii from Papua New Guinea have been examined by GC and GC/MS. Three extremes of composition have been identified, viz. one in which the oil was very similar to that from S. album, with large amounts of α- and β-santalol, a form with large amounts of (Z)-lanceol, and a form with large amounts of (E,E)-farnesol, (Z)-γ-curcumen-12-ol, (Z)-β-curcumen-12-ol and (Z)-nuciferol. It would appear from the analyses that chemotypes are not present; rather, there is a continuous variation in the oils of this species.

Insecticidal potency of Hyptis spicigera preparations against Sitophilus zeamais (l.) and Tribolium castaneum (herbst) on stored maize grains

Food situation has remained insecure and unpredictable in sub-Saharan Africa, leading to high levels of cyclic famine and poverty. This has been exacerbated by perennial pest problems, which cause substantial post-harvest food grain losses. It is against this background that this study was designed to investigate the use ofHyptis spicigera preparations for pest control and hence generate effective biological control options compatible with the prevailing farmers’ circumstances. Laboratory and on-farm studies were conducted in order to assess the insecticidal potency of H. spicigera extracts on maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamaisMotschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Fumigant toxicity was assessed at four rates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 μl/l air) in space fumigation whereas repellence was evaluated in choice bioassay system at five rates (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0% w/w). Contact toxicity was evaluated by the perforated jar method using dry powder, fresh leaves and oils while antifeedant activity was studied by the flour disk method. The results established that both whole plant parts and steam-distilled essential oil extracts possess strong insect repellent activity at reasonably low doses. Following exposure of newly emerged adult insects to 12 h of fumigation using essential oils at a dose of 25 μl/vial, 70% mortality was recorded for H. spicigera and 0% in the control. Whole plant powder had high potency compared to polar extracts which were not significantly efficacious to the insects.Hexane extract also showed the highest feeding deterrence activity compared to either ethyl acetate or water extracts. Hyptis oil extract on maize was also the most effective treatment at reducing insect infestation and seed damage compared to other treatments in the field. Whole plant extracts and essential oils described could be useful for managing field populations of S. zeamais and T. castaneum. Therefore, this study introduces an innovative approach to the use of traditional plant-based pesticides for grain protection in Kenya. Key words: Hyptis spicigera, bioactivity, antifeedant, toxicity, repellancy, stored-product insects.

Composition and seasonal variation of essential oil in Alpinia zerumbet from Okinawa Island

The composition of steam-distilled essential oils from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt. et R. M. Sm. cultivated in Okinawa Island was investigated by GC-MS analysis. The seasonal variation of the main volatile constituents was also investigated. Analysis of the essential oil identified 17 compounds. It showed the predominant presence of monoterpenic constituents, representing 95% of the essential oil. p-Cymene was the most abundant compound, followed by 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene. The amount of sesqiterpenic content of the essential oil was small, mostly represented by beta-caryophyllene and alpha-caryophyllene. One of the phenylpropanoid derivatives, methyl cinnamate, was also detected. The essential oils from the leaves collected at ten different collection periods for over 5 years showed significant differences in their compositions. p-Cymene, terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole were the most predominant constituents over the periods with a few exceptions. The content rates of p-cymene were abundant in summer, still high in late autumn and early winter, and decreased in mid-winter and early spring. In contrast, the contents of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole were high in winter, but decreased around summer. On enantiomeric distribution, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-pinene were suggested to relate to seasonal transformation. (+)-Terpinen-4-ol had a tendency to decrease in high temperatures and huge precipitations. It was also suggested that (-)-alpha-pinene was more sensitive to climate change than (+)-alpha-pinene.

Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Immature Green Seeds of Trachyspermum ammi Linn

Steam distilled volatile oil obtained from fruits of Trachyspermum ammi Linn. belonging to family Umbelliferae, was analysed by Capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil is composed of nine (9) monoterpenes which includes, seven (7) hydrocarbons (97.1%) and two (2) alcohols (2.9%). The predominant monoterpenes were y-terpinene (35%), a-phellandrene (31.4%), ô-carene (19.3%), p -mentha -1,3,8 triene (8.8%), p-cumin-7-ol (2.7%), ß-pinene (1.9%), ß-myrcene (0.4%), cis-myrtenol (0.2%) and Ot-pinene (0.3%).

Antibacterial potential assessment of jasmine essential oil against <i> E. coli</i>

The antibacterial activity of Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) flower hydro steam distilled essential oil, synthetic blends and six major individual components was assessed against Escherichia coli (MTCC-443) strain. The activity was bactericidal. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by tube dilution technique, and the Minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 1.9-31.25 μl/ml. Phenolcoefficient of the oil, synthetic blends and components varied between 0.6-1.7. The activity of the chemicals was possibly due to the inhibition of cell membrane synthesis.

Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Immature Green Seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Miller

A steam distilled volatile oil obtained from the immature green seeds of Indian fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Miller belonging to Umbelliferae family, was analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The volatile oil mainly comprises of five monoterpenes, cumic aldehyde (87.3 %), was found to be predominant constituent followed by fenchone (8.2 %), anethole (2.1 %), citronellal (1.6 %) and geraniol (0.6 %).

Essential Oil of Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana et Planch from Ecuador

The steam-distilled essential oil from stem part of Bursera graveolens was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was found to consist of monoterpenes (78.2%) and sesquiterpenes (9.6%). The major constituents of B. graveolens oil were limonene (58.6%), and α- terpineol (10.9%).

Identifikasi Senyawa Penyusun Minyak Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum cassia) Menggunakan GC-MS

The steam-distilled volatile oil of the cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia) has been analysed by gas chromatography – mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). It was resulted three chromatogram peaks, there were identified as cinnamaldehyde (91.18 %), eugenol (7.64 %) and cinnamyl acetate (1.18 %) respectively.Keywords: Cinnamomum cassia, GC-MS, Cinnamadehyde, eugenol, cinnamyl acetate

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Lantana indica Roxb. Leaves

A steam-distilled essential oil obtained from the leaves of Lantana indica Roxb. (Verbenaceae), infesting large areas in India and used variously in Indian system of medicine, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Quantitatively the oil contained about 42% monoterpenes and 51% sesquiterpenes. The predominant component was α-humulene (17.8%) followed by dalta;-3-carene (15.6%), sabinene (14.8%), (E)-nerolidol (9.2%), β-selinene (8.6%) and globulol (7.7%).

α-Bulnesene, a PAF inhibitor isolated from the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin

Steam distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Forty one compounds were identified of which α-guaiene (20.62%) and α-bulnesene (16.18%) were major constituents. Furthermore, fractionation of the essential oil from P. cablin guided by inhibitory activity against PAF-induced platelet aggregation led to the isolation of the sesquiterpene, α-bulnesene.

Optimum Stand Density for Maximum Essential Oil Yield in Commercial Fennel Crops

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is grown commercially in Tasmania for the production of a steam-distilled essential oil, which is high in trans-anethole. Often, only the generative canopy is harvested since this contains the bulk of the oil and further this oil is higher in anethole than oil from other parts of the plant. Regardless of whether the whole crop is forage harvested or the generative canopy alone is removed using a combine-harvester, the most efficient oil production occurs when the greatest proportion of the canopy is generative, giving maximum oil yield from a minimum of fresh weight to be processed. A trial was conducted to examine the relationship between stand density and the various yield components of fennel in order to predict the likely effect on yield of increasing stem density as the short term perennial crop matures. As for most crops, planting density and biomass yield are closely related and the optimum planting density was predicted using a mathematical model. The results suggest that an initial stand density of 10 to 12 plants/m2, in a square layout, would produce the greatest yield of essential oil per unit area by maximising the production of the generative canopy. This density also maximises the yield of oil relative to the weight of material to be distilled.

Influence of pH on essential oil composition ofZanthoxylum rhetsa seeds obtained by steam distillation

Effect of extraction methods on the composition of Z. rhetsa seed essential oil was examined. The steam-distilled essential oil from the seeds of Z. rhetsa, obtained under three different conditions were analysed by GC and GC–MS, resulting in the identification of 43 constituents. Sabinene (66.74% and 72.7%), β-pinene (6.47% and 6.59%), α-pinene (6.08% and 6.08%) and myrcene (1.48% and 1.6%) were the major components obtained from aqueous and alkaline media, respectively, while α-terpinene (23.68%), γ-terpinene (23.06%), terpinolene (5.66%) and limonene (4.67%) were the main components from acid medium. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Essential Oil Composition of the Fruits of Eletteria cardamomum

A steam distilled essential oil obtained from fruits of Eletteria cardamomum was characterized by a high proportion of monoterpenes (87.6%). The main monoterpenes was 1,8-cineole (35.6%) followed by α-terpenyl acetate (27.1%), α-terpineol (4.9%), linalool (4.1%) and thujyl alcohol. Sesquiterpenic constituents amounting to only 1.8 % were represented by t-caryophyllene (0.8 %) and valencene (1%). Other important volatile constituents identified in the oil were α-phellandrene (2.5 %), cis-ocimene (2.4 %) and neryl acetate (1.7 %).

Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils ofSalvia canariensis

Comparative studies of the chemical composition of steam-distilled essential oils from cultivated Salvia canariensis, collected at different seasons of the year, were studied. The essential oils were analysed by gas chomatography–mass spectrometry: the major components were bornyl acetate (17.8–28.6%), β-caryophyllene (12.7–30.2%), α-pinene (4.6–9.5%) and viridiflorol (13.9–17.3%) in all samples. The essential oils were evaluated for antimicrobial and cytostatic activities and enzymatic inhibitions of xanthine oxidase, β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase. Concerning the antimicrobial and cytotoxic tests, the oils showed interesting activities towards different Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 45–35 µg[sol ]ml), but had no effect against eukaryotic cells. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Composition of Volatile Oil of Syzygium aromaticum Buds

A steam-distilled essential oil obtained from buds of Syzygium aromaticum was characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes (53.2%) dominated by myrtenone (49.1%) and pulegone (4.1%). Oil contained three sesquiterpenes (about 10%), which consisted of β-caryophyllene (8.7%), α-humulene (1.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (1%). The major non- terpenic component is eugenol (27.1%) followed by palmitic acid (4.3%), and formic acid (1.6%).

Composition chimique des huiles essentielles d' Aeollanthus pubescens Benth. acclimatée au Togo

Chemical composition of Aeollanthus pubescens Benth. Essential oils from Togo . Steam-distilled essential oils from leaves and inflorescences of Aeollanthus pubescens Benth. harvested in seven localities of Togo were isolated and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Five oil chemotypes were identified, with thymol, carvacrol, thymyle acetate, and d-fenchone being the major constituents. To cite this article: K. Koba et al., C. R. Chimie 7 (2004).

Black cumin seed essential oil, as a potent analgesic and antiinflammatory drug.

The steam-distilled essential oil of Iranian black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) was investigated for its composition and analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. After oil analysis by GC/MS, 20 compounds were identified in the oil, obtained in 0.4% (v/w) yield. Among them, para-cymene (37.3%) and thymoquinone (13.7%) were the major components. Acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and light tail flick tests were used for assessment of analgesic activity. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. Black cumin seed essential oil (BCSEO) was found to produce a significant analgesic effect in acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and light tail flick tests. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, could not reverse the analgesic effect observed in the formalin test. Although oral administration of BCSEO at doses of 100, 200 and 400 micro L/kg did not exert a significant antiinflammatory effect in the carrageenan test, i.p. injection of the same doses significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema. BCSEO at doses of 10 and 20 micro L/ear could also reduce croton oil-induced oedema. It seems that mechanism(s) other than opioid receptors is (are) involved in the analgesic effect of BCSEO since naloxone could not reverse this effect. Both systemic and local administration of BCSEO showed antiinflammatory activity. Thymoquinone, as one of the major components of BCSEO, probably has an important role in these pharmacological effects.

Essential Oil Composition of Flowers of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook

A steam distilled essential oil obtained from flowers of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook., grown in Delhi was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Quantitatively, the oil was characterized by a high percentage of monoterpenes (64.1%) than sesquiterpenes (30.5%). Among the monoterpenes, the predominant ones were sabinene (23.4%), citronellal (16.2%), α-thujene (13.1%) and p-cymene (6.4%) while epi-globulol (11.8%), globulol (8.3%), elemol (5.4%) and β-caryophyllene (3.4%) were major components.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Marrubium astracanicum Jacq

The steam-distilled essential oil obtained from aerial parts of Marrubium astracanicum Jacq was examined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five compounds were characterized representing 97.5% of the total components detected. The major components were caryophyllene oxide (35.8%), citronellal (16.9%) and β-caryophyllene (13.1%).

Volatile constituents from Cinnamomum zeylanicum fruit stalks and their antioxidant activities.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume is an important spice and aromatic crop having wide applications in flavoring, perfumery, beverages, and medicines. The steam-distilled volatile oil from cinnamon fruit stalks was analyzed with GC and GC-MS. It showed the presence of hydrocarbons (44.7%) and oxygenated compounds (52.6%). Twenty-seven compounds constituting ca. 95.98% of the volatile oil were characterized. (E)-Cinnamyl acetate (36.59%) and (E)-caryophyllene (22.36%) are found to be major compounds. The volatile oil was screened for its potential as an antioxidant by using in vitro models, such as the beta-carotene-linoleate and phosphomolybdenum complex method. The volatile oil showed 55.94% and 66.9% antioxidant activity at 100 and 200 ppm concentration, respectively. Also, the volatile oil showed good antioxidant capacity, using the formation of the phosphomolybdenum complex. A comparison of the chemical composition of the volatile oil was made with that of buds, flowers, and fruits. This is the first report on the chemical composition of volatile oil of the fruit stalks of this species and its antioxidant activity.