Statutory Rights Research Articles

Understanding of the IBC, 2016

The corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) in India has in the past involved the simultaneous operation of several statutory instruments. These include the Sick Industrial Companies Act, 1985, the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002, the Recovery of Debt Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993, and the Companies Act, 2013. Broadly, these statutes provided for a disparate process of debt restructuring, and asset takeover and realization in order to facilitate the satisfaction of outstanding debts. As is evident, the inefficient dealing with insolvency and liquidation led to immense confusion in the legal system, and there was an increased necessity to modify the insolvency process. All of these multiple legal procedures and a court system led to India witnessing a huge piling up of non-performing assets, and creditors waiting for years to recover their money. The Bankruptcy Code is an effort to reform the corporate insolvency process, in order to allow credit to flow more freely and inculcating faith in investors for speedy disposal of their claims. The Code combines the existing laws relating to insolvency of corporate firms and individuals into a single legislation. The Code has unified the law relating to the enforcement of statutory rights of creditors and modifies the manner in which a debtor company can be revived to sustain its debt without suppressing the rights of creditors. To explain the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code which is the cornerstone of CIRP various cases under different benches have been explained in the paper to understand the rights of various parties in initiating the Corporate insolvency resolution process and how does it benefit the companies involved in it.

Charity within the Estates in the Russian Empire in the 19th Century

The article deals with the issues of implementing the principle of estates in the system of social care in the 19th century in Russia, a country with the centuries-old tradition of charity and the population’s structure that was represented with social estates as the main social groups vested with statutory duties and rights. The analysis focuses on the main forms and features of intra-estate charity among Russian peasants and merchants. The peasantry was the largest Russian estate, which, due to its social and financial position, had a constant need for large-scale social assistance in its various forms. The merchant class was the most secure, having a rich history of charitable activity in relation to representatives of all economically insolvent social groups, and, like all other Russian social estates, was vested with the primary statutory duty to take care of the insufficient members of their class.

AMENDMENTS TO THE TRADE UNIONS ACT AND THE RIGHT TO WORK

On 1 January 2019, the amendment to the Trade Unions Act enters into force. It introduces a kind of revolution in the current system of employment law. The law extends the law of the trade union coalition, creating and joining union organizations for non-employees.Article 1 establishes a normative category of persons who perform paid work, including employees and persons providing work for remuneration on a basis other than the employment relationship. Thus, the legislator extends the statutory right of the trade union to persons who are not considered employees. In relation to the above, in the context of analyzing this legal act, it is not justified to use the traditional “labor law” as a too narrow term for the needs of new regulations. The term “employment law” appears in the latest publications of the doctrine as a broader term than the above. Finally, it should be noted that the effect of changes may be that people who work on a different basis than an employment contract and who have a number of the same rights as those working on a contract of employment may stop trying to conclude such a contract. And this will have a negative effect on the whole society, for example due to the lack of the possibility to enforce labor law functions.

Informal Land Delivery and Tenure Security Institutions in Benin City, Nigeria

The informal sector in urban land supply has continued to meet the increasing demand for urban land owing to the deficiencies of the formal sector in Nigeria. But tenure security and equity in land supply have become the major issues that have evoked much concern in the sector. This article seeks to understand the provisions of tenure rights through customary institutions not as the binary opposite of the formal land titling but as a part of the continuum that includes the formal system in Benin City. Through focus group discussions with key informants in the customary land delivery systems and in-depth interviews of resident home owners in two selected communities, the customary practices that guarantee tenure security in the study area were identified. The article concludes that customary tenure institutions need to be modernised and customary tenure rights need to be recognised as alternative to statutory rights by the government.

How Law Shapes Collaborative Forest Governance: A Focus on Indigenous Peoples in Canada and India

Growing recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ legal rights to forests has motivated an increase in collaborative forest governance in recent decades. Collaborative governance literature, however, has paid little attention to the influence of legal approaches. This paper explores two legal instruments, constitutionally entrenched rights and statutory rights, and their influence on six elements of collaborative governance identified in literature: starting conditions, institutional design, facilitative leadership, collaborative process, systems context and outcomes. In Canada, constitutionally entrenched and collective Indigenous rights are interpreted by the courts, resulting in a complex body of jurisprudence. Statutory rights in India are not constitutionally protected and focus on the individual, rather than the collective. In both countries, these legal instruments address conflict, injustice and forest access, and have led to the establishment of different forms of collaborative forest governance.

Guns, Knives, and Swords: Policing a Heavily Armed Arizona

Arizona is widely recognized as the most permissive state in the country for public weapons possession. In 2010, then-Governor Jan Brewer famously removed all permitting requirements for public concealed carry of firearms, making Arizona only the third “constitutional carry” state in the nation. Also in 2010, and to much less fanfare, Arizona became the first state to prohibit local governments from enacting any regulations restricting the sale or possession of knives of any kind, including swords, maces, and other exotic blades. Today, Arizona remains the only state in the country with virtually no restrictions on the public concealed carry of any type of bladed weapon. In part owing to this deregulatory environment, as many as twelve percent of all Arizonans report publicly carrying a concealed deadly weapon on their person or in their vehicle. But these laws have also created confusion for Arizona police officers charged with protecting the public. For over a century, Arizona officers could justifiably initiate an investigatory stop of a publicly armed individual based on little more than a reasonable suspicion that such possession was unlawful. But in a state where a significant percentage of the population lawfully possesses weapons in public, Arizona police must now discern which lethal weapons carriers are law abiding citizens and which ones pose true criminal threats to the public. Increasing the confusion for Arizona law enforcement, the Ninth Circuit and Arizona Supreme Court have recently authored conflicting opinions regarding whether a lawfully stopped individual can be frisked solely because he is armed or whether he must also give the officer reasonable suspicion that he is “presently dangerous.” This Article examines three distinct aspects of Arizona law and policy as it relates to this growing confusion. First, it challenges the efficacy and constitutionality of Arizona’s “duty to inform” law, which seeks to clarify this reasonable suspicion quandary by requiring concealed weapons possessors to affirmatively disclose the presence of weapons to police officers when asked. As a matter of federal constitutional law, officers can only require citizens to cooperate with inquiries if reasonable suspicion already existed to justify the stop. In contrast, by requiring citizens to voluntarily disclose information to officers, “duty to inform” laws arguably place these encounters with law enforcement outside the traditional Terry v. Ohio stop context, thus rendering the encounter consensual and failing to solve the reasonable suspicion issue. Second, the Article considers the competing case law in Arizona regarding the “armed and dangerous” prong of stop and frisk for lawful gun carriers. The Arizona Supreme Court in State v. Serna held that lawful weapons carriers cannot automatically be considered dangerous for purposes of a protective frisk. The Ninth Circuit, in United States v. Orman, held otherwise, and focused on characteristics of gun ownership not explicitly considered by the Arizona Supreme Court. But both cases involved consensual encounters and not involuntary investigative stops. The Article surveys case law from other jurisdictions to offer a balanced approach to frisks of lawfully stopped, lawfully armed Arizonans. Third, the Article highlights policy considerations relevant to resolving these competing perspectives, as well as the competing interests of Arizonans in exercising their statutory possession rights and of officers in protecting themselves and others when faced with a public weapon carrier. In doing so, the Article explores for the first time in scholarly literature what, if any, parallels can be drawn from the experience of officers stopping and frisking lawful gun carriers and officers stopping and frisking lawful knife carriers.

Socially Optimal Contracting between a Regional Blood Bank and Hospitals

Motivated by the operational challenges faced by a Regional Blood Bank (RBB) in distributing the blood (and related products) among the hospitals in its service area, we study socially optimal contracting decisions of an RBB serving multiple hospitals. The supply of blood can be uncertain and insufficient to satisfy the total orders from hospitals. In the face of supply uncertainty, hospitals tend to over‐order to compensate for a potential supply shortfall. When all hospitals inflate their order quantities, overall allocation of blood suffers and ultimately inflates the total cost of blood, which in turn lightens the wallets of patients. We model the blood bank as a social planner with the objective of minimizing the total cost of shortages and outdates throughout the supply chain. We assume hospitals need some economic incentive to report demand honestly when multiple hospitals compete for limited blood supply. We show that if the blood bank offers a suitable per unit subsidy for every unit of shortage experienced by a hospital, then hospitals would be induced to report demand to the blood bank without inflation. We also investigate whether or not a consignment contract can be consistent with uninflated ordering by hospitals. Finally, we perform a detailed numerical study based on real demand and supply data to investigate the impact of over‐ordering by hospitals on shortages and outdates in the supply chain, and the role of the appropriate contracts and allocation policies in obviating the concomitant social costs.

The New Qui Tam: A Model for the Enforcement of Group Rights in a Hostile Era

The present Administration has made clear it has no interest in enforcing statutes designed to protect workers, consumers, voters and others. And, as we have chronicled in prior work, the ability of private litigants to enforce these laws has been undercut by developments in the case law concerning class actions – particularly class-banning arbitration clauses. As these critical enforcement methods recede, will alternative methods of prosecuting claims arise? How might they work? Are they politically and fiscally sustainable? We focus here on a promising approach just now coming into view: qui tam legislation authorizing private citizens to bring representative claims on behalf of consumers, workers, and others. Progressive advocates have recently begun working with legislators in a handful of states to provide a qui tam mechanism for enforcing state statutory rights. The form these new laws might take remains uncertain and their enforceability is sure to be hotly contested by corporate interests and others. This article examines the legal and policy challenges that will face “new qui tam” legislation, and considers arguments for and against enlarging the role of citizens in prosecuting claims – an inquiry that requires us to determine the legitimacy and limits of the private attorney general model in its starkest form.

Contractual Preemptive Rights: Russian Doctrine and European Tradition in the Context of Russian Civil Code Reform

Problems associated with the possibility of the stipulation of preemptive rights by contract and their effective protection are researched in this article. Based on the examples of German, French and Swiss civil legislation, we establish that contractual preemption is widely used in Europe as a convenient instrument to formalize the interests of the participants in a civil turnover. In this connection, in Russian civil doctrine, the widespread idea that preemptive rights may be stipulated only by law, not by contract, should be revised.We state that the essence of the institution of preemptive rights predetermines its remedy. Historically Russian civil law provides specific remedy in case of breach of the most spread statutory preemptive rights. It is a claim by the entitled person (holder of preemption) against a third party (counterparty of obliged person whose contract breached the preemption) to transfer from the third party to the entitled person the rights and duties that arose under the contract between the third party and the obliged person. This remedy is more efficient for the entitled person than damages. In accordance with the principle of good faith, it may be used only in cases in which the third party knew or should have known about preemption. However, this requirement is complied in relation to protection of statutory preemptions only. As far as both contractual preemptive rights and contracts stipulated the latter are not recognized and not registered in Russia, such suit will be dismissed by court. The lack of effective protection of contractual preemptions impedes the creation of full-fledge system of preemptive rights in Russian civil law.In order to create effective mechanism of protection of contractual preemptive rights by giving the participants of a civil turnover the opportunity to ascertain if there is a contractual preemptions, we suggest that Russian civil legislation should be added by two registration systems. The first is a system for the registration of contracts that stipulate preemptions over immovable property (or registration of the preemptions itself which is better) provided by the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography of the Russian Federation. The second is a system for the registration of notifications on the conclusion of contracts that stipulate contractual preemptive rights over movable things that could be established by an expansion of the existing system for the e-registration of notifications оf pledges of movable things under the jurisdiction of the Federal Chamber of Notaries of the Russian Federation.

Coupling a ladder to the safety net: reinventing MGNREGA for asset creation

ABSTRACTIndia’s rural employment act (MGNREGA), the world’s largest public works programme, is designed to guarantee wage employment as a statutory right. It is viewed by many as a drain on the public exchequer, as wages are paid but durable assets are not created. Can this safety net be restructured to double up as a ladder of opportunity for the poor without altering its entitlement-based framework? This article shows that implementing four sets of interventions – policy for household livelihood assets, convergence approaches, pro-poor participatory planning, and strengthening accountability, can accelerate the creation of livelihood assets in the lands of the poor.

Where do FOIA responses live? Electronic Reading Rooms and web sources

The Freedom of Information Act, FOIA (5 U.S.C. 552), generally provides any person with the statutory right, enforceable in court, to obtain access to government information in executive branch agency records. FOIA does not apply to the judicial or legislative branches of the U.S. government. This right to access is limited when information is protected from disclosure by one of FOIA’s nine statutory exemptions and exclusions.The “Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996” required that agencies needed to make eligible records available electronically. As a result, there are dozens of FOIA Libraries and Electronic Reading Rooms that are repositories for responses to agency FOIA requests. These documents are also known as responsive documents. Documents are often posted by agencies with redactions to protect personal privacy, national security, and other FOIA exemptions and exclusions. It is important for researchers, journalists, and citizens to use the terms “FOIA Libraries” and “Electronic Reading Rooms” as part of their search terminology. This will ensure they can find documents that might not be findable through a regular Google search.

Government Use of Patents: Understanding of Limits & Evolving Indian Jurisprudence in Comparative Light

Patents form part of a statutory right of an inventor to commercially exploit the sale and licensing of his/her patent exclusively. This is of the nature of a right granted by the Government. Section 47 and 100 of the Patents Act however are powers reserved with the Central Government which permits it to use any patent of the patentee for government use. While a few cases have determined and laid down limitations to the use of such a patent by the government and circumstances under which they may not be used by the Central Government, there is still growing ideas and room for misuse and colorable exercise of power by the Government. While it is generally accepted that Section 47 is narrow in scope of power granted to government, Section 100 affords a wider range of powers calling for an analysis in order to understand how these two provisions are fundamentally different in approach and why analysis of these provisions is essential in order to arrive at a conclusion as to how powers are reserved with the Central Government over the same. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is sought to be conducted to analyze how Patent jurisprudence is evolving in India in a skewed socialist manner with Compulsory Licensing and increasing use of power by the Central Government in exercise and depriving the Patent owners a right to commercially exploit their product. The authors inter alia seek to make an analysis of the recent judgment of the Hyderabad’s court on the same. The authors seek to make a research in light of emerging jurisprudence in comparative jurisdictions and also in light of the Privacy Judgment, how the courts have reemphasized the need to protect Intellectual Property Rights by way of understanding the importance of disclosure in a regime that protects Privacy.

Trade unions fight for urgent climate action

UK trade unions made a giant leap forward in September this year supporting the most radical climate politics agenda to date. At TUC Congress, delegates voted overwhelmingly to support the school student climate strikes. Extinction Rebellion mobilisations have brought workplaces and cities to a standstill. Then at Labour Party conference, where affiliated trade unions make up half of the votes, a socialist Green New Deal motion was carried after an enthusiastic debate. The most eye-catching commitment was for the Labour Party, in collaboration with the trade unions and the scientific community, to ‘work towards a path to net zero carbon emissions by 2030, guaranteeing an increase in good unionised jobs in the UK, and the cost of which would be borne by the wealthiest not the majority; and implementing this target into law if it achieves a just-transition for workers’. Matt Wrack – general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) – moved the motion on behalf of most unions and more than 100 Constituency Labour Party branches that had submitted the text, committing the Labour Party to ‘a state-led programme of investment and regulation, based on public ownership and democratic control, for the decarbonisation and transformation of our economy that reduces inequality and pursues efforts to keep global average temperature rises below 1.5°C’. Perhaps the most significant demand concerned the ability of trade unions to take collective action over climate matters. The resolution stated: ‘Repeal all anti-union laws, facilitating worker-led activism over social and political issues, including climate change.’ Labour’s manifesto for the December 2019 general election committed the party in government ‘to achieve the substantial majority of our emission reductions by 2030’, ban fracking and take energy firms and railways into public ownership. It also committed to ‘repeal anti-trade union legislation including the Trade Union Act 2016 and create new rights and freedoms for trade unions to help them win a better deal for working people’. Origins of green stewards Although many commentators saw this as a new development, trade unionists in the UK have been campaigning for climate action at work for three decades. In 1988 a TUC memorandum submitted to the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, demanded ‘the need to involve trade union representatives in decision making at the workplace about environmental protection policies’. 1988 was of course the year that climate science hit mainstream politics. At TUC Congress 1989 and 1990 speakers referred to ‘green shop stewards’ and ‘green strikes’. The TUC’s Charter for the Environment (1989) stated that trade unions needed to be more active around the issue of global warming. Congress 1991 called for union reps to have the statutory rights for inspection, information and training on environmental issues. Labour’s policy statement, An Earthly Chance (1990) stated that ‘trade unions should have the right for time off to receive training in environmental matters’. Labour’s statement, In Trust for Tomorrow (1994) pledged that a Labour government would ‘introduce a statutory obligation for companies to consult their workforce over environmental issues, in just the same way as they currently have to consult on health and safety matters’. Trade unionists kept the flame of union climate action alive during the gloom of the Blair and Brown years (1997-2010), when the prime minister boasted that the UK had ‘the most restrictive union laws in the Western World’ and when the union voice was marginalised within the Labour Party. Let’s not forget it was Margaret Thatcher who blazed the trail for anti-union legislation. Successive Employment Acts, starting in 1980, restricted lawful picketing to one’s ‘own’ place of work, removed the closed shop, restricted the right to take secondary action (eventually to one’s ‘own’ employer) and imposed only six pickets on a picket line. By 1990 all secondary action was unlawful. Solidarity – the guiding principle of the trade union movement for decades – was denied by legal diktat, imposed by the police and enforced by the courts. These laws are a dagger in the heart of our movement. Only with the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader have unions been restored to the centre of policy making in the party and new opportunities have...

Taking property rights seriously: reducing gender bias in the rural arable land contracting system in China

ABSTRACTChinese women enjoy constitutional and statutory equal rights to men, including property rights in rural land. In practice, however, women’s property rights in the rural arable land contracting system have been dwarfed by those of men. Many women made strategic move in the critical decisions of marriage and divorce to either exploit or circumvent the gender-based practice of allocation of such property rights, which invited backlash and created serious legal and policy challenges. The gender-based bias in basic property right in rural land reflected a long-lasting tension in the current decision-making mechanism in rural China: such property rights of women are attached to their marital status and membership in the rural collectives. The ultimate solution lies in taking seriously such property rights of women and redefining the property right nature of these rights, by decoupling marital status of women from their property rights and institutionalizing such delineation, including allowing full transferability of such property rights.

Особливості кваліфікації домашнього економічного насильства в практичній діяльності підрозділів превентивної діяльності Національної поліції України

У статті з нормативно-правничої позиції розглянуто поняття економічного насильства як форми домашнього насильства. Наведені статистичні показники соціологічних досліджень та практики превентивної діяльності підрозділів Національної поліції України дають змогу уточнити та сформулювати відповідні пропозиції для внесення змін до кваліфікації правопорушення, передбаченого ст. 1732 КУпАП в частині, що стосується вчинення домашнього економічного насильства.

Risk Profile of Customary and Statutory Property Rights: Implication for Real Estate Development in Port Harcourt

Real estate developments are characterised with risk and uncertainty. The more knowledge of the environment, unique characteristics and experience of a location, the easier it is to manage risk and reduce the possibility of unpleasant situations occurring. This article considers the risk profile of customary and statutory property rights in order to inform developers, investors and stakeholders on issues that need to be understood while dealing with such property rights in Port Harcourt. Litigations arising from intra-family and intra-communal disputes over boundaries are the main challenges to the security of customary property rights. On the other hand, the fallout of weak governance and conflicts between customary and statutory property rights constitute the major challenges to the security of statutory property rights. This article concludes by highlighting steps that could be taken to make Port Harcourt more investor friendly to the betterment of the real estate sector and the general economy.

Legal Protection of the Right to Indication of Origin in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to analyze the form of legal protection rights for indications of origin in Indonesia based on Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications (Trademark and GI Law). Legal protection rights for indications of origin are inseparable from consideration of the economic value inherent in a property. Indications of origin are different from geographical indications, indications of origin are signs that indicate the origin of goods or services that are not identical to natural (geographical) factors. This research is a normative juridical using primary legal materials and secondary legal materials, as well as using prescriptive analysis methods.The results of the study show that legal protection can be provided in the form of preventive and repressive legal protection, however, the legal protection regulation of rights for indications of origin in Indonesia are still relatively very low. Protection of rights for indications of the origin arises with a declarative system that cannot be separated from the rights to the trademark. The right to the trademark is a prerequisite for being able to declare the right to an indication of origin. The period of protection of rights for indications of the following ten years of protection of trademark and can be extended again. Transfer of rights to indications of origin is impossible to do because it is attached to the rights to the trademark and is different from the non-transferability as a geographical indication. Violation of rights for indications of origin can be in the form of use of indications of origin by non-registered users of trademark has been registered with indication of origin. The firmness of the government to provide legal protection in the form of statutory rights for indications of origin is an absolute necessity. The government must be present to provide a regulation as a consequence of the legal state, which means that in carrying out all tasks and activities, it must be based on applicable law.

Beyond the Mummy Track? Part-time Rights, Gender, and Career-Family Dilemmas

Statutory rights to part-time work are increasingly discussed and institutionalized, but have been little empirically investigated. On the basis of a survey of Swedish parents (n = 1900), the article explores the usage and usefulness of the right to work hour reductions in relation to career-family dilemmas. The results show that the gender composition of the workplace affects both mothers’ and fathers’ likelihood of reducing work hours. Mothers who reduce work hours experience lower work-family conflict but stronger fears of negative career repercussions. For fathers, the implications of work hour reductions vary with the gender composition of the workplace. Meanwhile, the division of housework is related both to the likelihood of reducing work hours and to its implications. The analysis suggests that even when a statutory right to part-time is provided, workplace norms and men’s participation in housework are crucial for changing gender patterns.

The Impact of Quality Perception and Consumer Valuation Change on Manufacturer's Optimal Warranty, Pricing, and Market Coverage Strategies

ABSTRACTWe consider a manufacturer who produces and sells a new product in a monopoly market. The new product quality is unobservable to consumers before purchase. Consumers make purchase decisions based on their perception of product quality. In addition, consumer valuation toward the product will be reduced if a product failure is experienced. We formulate a two‐period model to analyze the impact of consumer quality perception and consumer valuation change on manufacturer's optimal decisions over quality, warranty, price, and market coverage strategies. We find that it is optimal for the manufacturer to offer warranty compensation that is higher than the purchase price when he has a low quality reputation but is offering a high‐quality product. We also identify the optimal strategy for the manufacturer in terms of market coverage. Specifically, when the consumer valuation discount factor due to product failure experience is high, it is optimal for the manufacturer to serve only the high segment in the second period. Otherwise, serving both the high and the low segments generates more profit. We further investigate consumer welfare and identify win‐win conditions, where the optimal strategy of the manufacturer benefits the consumers as well.

Exploring the “implementation gap” in land registration: How it happens that Ghana’s official registry contains mainly leaseholds

The mismatch between customary law and statutory law is central in the ongoing land tenure discourse in Africa. Accordingly, differences between customary land rights and statutory land rights have commonly been identified to undermine inclusive land rights recognition and subsequent registration. However, there is less discussion about how existing alignments between customary land rights and statutory land rights are affected by implementation processes within and outside of land registration organizations. This paper looks at the case of Ghana where the existing law on land registration provides for the registration of diverse customary land rights, but ambiguity and contradictions among laws made at different times as well as practices of implementation of the law often result in the registration of only leasehold titles while neglecting other customary land rights. This creates an implementation gap which precludes the holders of lesser rights from registration and also reduces rights of usufructs to leaseholds. This qualitative study draws on document review and initial fieldwork in Ghana in two regions characterized by different land governance structures to investigate the nature of this implementation gap and the factors that explain it. Based on literature these factors relate to (1) legal simplifications versus real complexities; (2) administrative adaptations of the law; and (3) administrative capacity.The Lands Commission (LC) of Ghana is the official government agency for land rights registration. Within this organization, we found these factors reflected in the multiple interpretations of law, the use of narrow terminology in the process of registration and the lack of procedures for registering the usufructuary rights. However, the Ghanaian land registration system is characterized by a collaboration between the LC and customary institutions as well as actors of a much wider scope, who are associated to the LC both formally and informally. Within this context, explanatory factors play varying roles depending on the land governance structure of a region. Under a more centralized land governance structure, we found that the infiltration of politics into administrative processes accounts for the implementation gap. We also found that within decentralized land governance structures, the unassigned role of deed preparation, as well as low administrative capacity of the Customary Land Secretariats (CLSs) opens room for the informal involvement of LC’s staff as well as other external informal actors who prepare deed documents based on existing deed templates.We conclude that the interplay of customary and statutory actors and administrative processes involved in the implementation of land registration law deserve more research attention and that empirical and analytical focus needs to be shifted onto a) the differences in the nature of implementation depending on pre-existing governance structures across the customary/statutory binary b) the mundane elements of implementation, including existing administrative routines, but also the structure and content of templates used in registration processes and c) that technocratic approaches that seek to enforce better implementation of existing laws and/or foster inclusion of the registration of diverse land rights, need to take into consideration the practices and norms of implementing actors.