Abstract
The article deals with the issues of implementing the principle of estates in the system of social care in the 19th century in Russia, a country with the centuries-old tradition of charity and the population’s structure that was represented with social estates as the main social groups vested with statutory duties and rights. The analysis focuses on the main forms and features of intra-estate charity among Russian peasants and merchants. The peasantry was the largest Russian estate, which, due to its social and financial position, had a constant need for large-scale social assistance in its various forms. The merchant class was the most secure, having a rich history of charitable activity in relation to representatives of all economically insolvent social groups, and, like all other Russian social estates, was vested with the primary statutory duty to take care of the insufficient members of their class.
Highlights
Scientists who study the history of the formation and evolution of the phenomenon of Russian charity determined that practically all legislative and administrative steps of the authorities of pre-revolutionary Russia in the field of charity were based on the principle of estates [9; 120-121]
Within the mentioned principles the authors used the structural-functional method as a general scientific method to study the content and the main stages of the social processes that determined the development of charity in the Russian Empire in the 19th century, including its intra-estate component
The use of the historical-comparative research method gave an opportunity to study the contents of the historical picture of implementing the most characteristic forms of intra-estate charity of Russian peasants and merchants
Summary
Scientists who study the history of the formation and evolution of the phenomenon of Russian charity determined that practically all legislative and administrative steps of the authorities of pre-revolutionary Russia in the field of charity were based on the principle of estates [9; 120-121]. Based on the fact that Russian estates were formed due to the relations of various social groups with the state that was guided primarily by their administrative, fiscal, military, economic and other interests [5; 9], it looks quite logical. The Charter on Public Charity, which was the basic document regulating the activities of all subjects in the above-mentioned sphere [14], guided by the idea of responsibility, first of all, of estate groups for caring for members of these groups who needed social assistance, defined, essentially, the content of estates in charity in paragraphs 483-584 of the second book. The first was the most numerous that survived in the 19th century the liberation from serfdom, whereas the second was the most secure, and, had fewer facilities and more funds for charity and intra-estate charitable assistance
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