Water Quality Status Of River Research Articles

GIS-based Spatial Assessment of Post COVID Water Quality Status of Turag River for Water Resource Conservation in Bangladesh

The COVID-19 pandemic has had enormous effects on human life and the environment, particularly freshwater ecosystems, on a global scale. Despite its numerous effects, the pandemic has improved the quality of the environment, allowing devastated ecosystems to recover. During the COVID lockdown period, many researchers observed positive amendments in environmental quality in various parts of the world. Due to increased industrialization and urbanization over the past several decades, Dhaka's peripheral rivers have grown highly polluted. In this study, an attempt was made to illustrate the post-covid surface water quality scenario of Bangladesh's hihgly contaminated Turag River. Therefore, for the first time, a GIS-based spatial analysis of water quality index was used to endeavor to quantify 16 water quality parameters (pH, EC, temperature, turbidity, salinity, TDS, DO, Na+, K+ Ca2+, Mg2+ Cl-, Cu, Pb, Fe, and Cd) in the river Turag. Thus, it could serve as a reference work for future researches in Bangladesh. After calculating the WQI for the collected samples, it was determined that the water quality status at all sampling stations was extremely poor because each WQI was greater than 100. Using the Kriging method of interpolation, the encroaching WQS were predicted and visually represented using GIS maps. The findings of this study are particularly concerning, as all recorded WQS samples surpassed the standard limits. Based on these findings, we urged for the rapid deployment of proper water management practices and policies in order to safeguard and manage the water resources.

Long-Term (2002–2021) Trend in Nutrient-Related Pollution at Small Stratified Inland Estuaries, the Kishon SE Mediterranean Case

Nutrient pollution may negatively affect the water quality and ecological status of rivers and estuaries worldwide, specifically in stratified and small inland estuaries. We present a long-term, two-decade data set of dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll-a (chl-a), dissolved oxygen (DO), and potentially toxic algal cell concentrations at the Kishon River estuary (Israel) as a case study for assessing nutrient ecological thresholds in such type of estuaries, prevalent along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. In-situ measurements and water samples were collected at 3 permanent stations at the lower part of the estuary every March and October/November in 40 campaigns over the years 2002 to 2021. In spite of an improvement in nutrient loads and concentrations as recorded over the last 2 decades, the nutrient and chl-a levels at the Kishon estuary surface water represent mostly a ‘bad’ or ‘moderate’ ecological state, considering the recommended thresholds discussed in this study. It is suggested to develop a combined suite of nutrient and biological variables for assessing Good Environmental Status (GES), considering the relatively high residence time of such small, low-flow estuarine water bodies.

Water Quality Status of the Rivers in Tembilahan City Based on Physical-Chemical Parameters and Storet Index

Tembilahan city has several tidal-type rivers flowing into the Indragiri river which encountered a waste pollution problem. This research aims to obtain insight into the water quality of the rivers in Tembilahan City. Characteristics of rivers that flow in urban areas are vulnerable to water quality degradation and environmental pollution due to high anthropogenic activities. Water quality data, which includes physical and chemical properties of water, were obtained from monitoring four rivers as sampling stations representing several rivers in Tembilahan city. The sampling location was determined based on the representativeness of the human activity area. The river water quality status was analysed by using Storet Index. The results showed that the water quality of the rivers in Tembilahan City has a score of -31 which indicates that the rivers are categorised as polluted rivers. Therefore, there is a need for river revitalisation management with the participation of the public sector and the community in Tembilahan City.

Determining River Water Quality Status based on the Pollution Index Method as Control of Environmental Quality: The Laeya River, South Konawe Regency

This study aims to analyze and determine the water quality status of the Laeya River for the provision of raw water in South Konawe Regency. This research was conducted in South Konawe Regency during 2022, using one method, namely the Pollution Index method. The Pollution Index method is used to determine the level of pollution from the Laeya River for the provision of raw water in South Konawe Regency. The results showed that the Laeya River at Station-I, Station-II, and Station-III obtained Pollution Index values of 2.511, 3.768, and 2.963, of the three stations whose parameters were analyzed, all of them met the quality standards except Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total of Coliform at Station-I. TSS, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), COD and Total of Coliform at Station-II, and TSS, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), BOD, COD, Detergent and Total of Coliform at Station-III, so that the water quality status of the Laeya River belonged to the classification of mild contaminants for Station-I, Station-II, and Station-III.

Evaluation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in upstream and downstream of Kulekhani Multipurpose Reservoir, Makawanpur, Nepal

Reservoir construction in the natural waterways can disrupt the structure and function of riparian ecosystems with the alteration in abundance and composition of aquatic organisms. This study assessed the variation in Benthic Macroinvertebrates (BMIs) communities in upstream (Chitlang and Seti Streams) and downstream (spillway) of Kulekhani multipurpose reservoir, Makawanpur, Nepal. Multi-habitat qualitative samplings with Ganga River System Biotic Score (GRSBIOS) index was used for the biological water quality assessment. Out of total 25 families and 8 orders of identified BMIs, Diptera and Coleoptera order are abundant whereas Oligochaeta and Odonata order are lowest. Taxa richness and abundance of BMIs were estimated to be higher upstream. Number of EPT taxa (6 to 2) and percentage of EPT (35.07 to 28.04 %) abundance were recorded in decreasing order of response toward downstream. The upstream showed a high Shannon and Simpson’s diversity index. Chitlang Stream is found slightly polluted as Average Score Per Taxa (ASPT) score is calculated as 6.1 (River Water Quality Status (RWQS)-I)). Similarly, immediate downstream is critically polluted with RWQS-III whereas Seti Stream and spillway after 4 km were found to be moderately polluted as RWQS-II. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen have a high influence in BMIs assemblages. The study depicts the ecological health of the stream immediately downstream of the reservoir is disturbed with presence of tolerant BMIs assemblages. The implication of the study can be in the assessment of impact caused by the reservoir in the ecological status of the water transfer.

ANALISIS STATUS MUTU AIR SUNGAI KARANG MUMUS DAN DAMPAK KESEHATAN SEGMEN TANAH DATAR DAN WADUK BENANGA KOTA SAMARINDA

Water is an environmental component that has an important role in human life. Water is needed by humans in daily activities. Increasing population and environmental changes have an impact on water quality, one of which is river water. Polluted river water is very dangerous for public health. The purpose of this research is to determine the status of river water quality and also the health impact of the Tanah Datar and Benanga Reservoir segments related to the use of river water. The method to identify the health impact is an interview with a questionnaire. Determination of quality status using the pollution index method with parameters TSS, pH, BOD, COD, DO, nitrate, phosphate and fecal coli. The study showed that in the Flatland segment, the COD and pH parameters did not meet, while in the Benanga fecal coli reservoir segment, the parameters did not meet the quality standards. The river water pollution index for the Tanah Datar segment is 0.8818 and the Benanga Reservoir segment is 2.5442. The study showed that there were 6 respondents from Tanah Datar and 9 respondents from Benanga Reservoir who experienced skin irritation. The results showed that the water quality status of the Tanah Datar segment was in good condition, while the river water of the Benanga Reservoir segment was in a light polluted condition. High COD parameters in Tanah Datar caused skin irritation to respondents, high fecal coli in Benanga Reservoir did not cause skin irritation to respondents.

Assessment of River Water Quality and Pollution Status Using Physicochemical and Biometrics, Awetu River, Ethiopia

The surface water is contaminated by a variety of synthetic organic and inorganic compounds, chemicals, and nutrients; due to this reason, the quality of the water resources of Ethiopia is declining at an alarming rate, resulting in severe environmental degradation. The main objective of the study was to recognize the pollution status river for the study area by physicochemical parameters and the extent of microbial environmental matrices. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized model with three composite replicates in each site, and water samples were collected from six different sampling sites using the American Public Health Association (APHA) technique. Water quality parameters were analyzed by the standard method of examination, whereas same examination was determined on site (in situ) (pH, Temp, Conductivity, and Turbidity), whereas TSS, COD, BOD, nitrate, alkali, and orthophosphate were identified in the laboratory. The relationship between physicochemical and benthos assemblages as bio indicators of ecohydrological river water quality was investigated using Spearman’s median rank correlation. The output of the study reveals that there was a negatively significant difference in effect between the sample and all the sites of the river. Physicochemical results of the river indicate Temp (23.62), EC (101.42), nitrate (2.175), and orthophosphates (0.081) were below the standard guidelines; however, turbidity (8.41), BOD (784.5), and alkali (396.5) were above the standard. Same of the water quality values for this study were ranges within the standard, DO (5.11), and pH (7.66). The benthos assemblage communities of the ecohydrological area were more influenced by the influents, and the macroinvertebrate index of all sample sites indicates the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices; result shows that the river was lightly polluted.

Analisis Status Mutu Air Sungai Mahakam Kota Samarinda Menggunakan Metode Indeks Pencemaran

Sungai Mahakam have an important role in the survival of the surrounding society. Mahakam River is used by the surrounding society for their household needs and also as a source of raw water for Perumdam Tirta Kencana, Samarinda City. In addition, this river is also used for a means of transportation and a lane for barges that carrying coal. This condition allows the pollution that occurs in this river. Physical condition that shows the color of the water is cloudy and the growth of water hyacinth plants along the river. Therefore, the status of the water quality is needed as pollution control for Mahakam River. The method that used to determine the quality status in this study is the Pollution Index. The parameters that used in this study are pH, Temperature, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD and Pb (lead) which were measured according to SNI. The results of the Mahakam River water quality status at point 1-3 are included in the “lightly polluted’ category with 2,106-1,65 value range.

Source apportionment of surface water pollution in North Anhui Plain, Eastern China, using APCS-MLR model combined with GIS approach and socioeconomic parameters

• APCS-MLR model combined with GIS approach and socioeconomic parameters were used in this study. • Northern and western parts of the North Anhui Plain were the most polluted. • The contributions of river pollution sources in the North Anhui Plain were quantified for the first time. • Consideration of socioeconomic data with hydrochemical data improved the identification of pollution source. Various human activities have led to the deterioration of river water quality in many plain areas, which threatens human health and restricts social development. Identifying the spatio-temporal distribution of river pollutants and the objective apportionment of pollution sources is important for effectively protecting water resources. In this study, a geographic information system (GIS approach), principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), and the absolute principal component score-multiple liner regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model were applied to evaluate the water quality and identify pollution sources in rivers in the North Anhui Plain, Eastern China. River water quality data for 43 months (January 2017 to July 2020), comprising 10 physico-chemical parameters from 43 monitoring sites across the study area, were used. The average concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD Cr ), permanganate index (COD Mn ), fluoride (F − ), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorous (TP), and NH 4 + –N in 66.9 %, 59.7 %, 41.9 %, 41.25, 30 %, 27.1 %, and 14.7 % of the samples, respectively, exceeded the Chinese surface water standards. BOD, NH 4 + –N, TN, and TP showed a decreasing annual trend, and the northern and western parts of the study area were the most polluted. According to the PCA/FA and the spatial distribution characteristics of pollutants and socio-economic parameters, industrial wastewater and municipal effluents, agricultural cultivation and domestic sewage, geogenic processes and meteorological factors were identified as being responsible for the degradation of the river water quality. The mean contributions of these source were 28.6 %, 5.5 %, 16.1 % and 25.1 %, respectively. This study shows the objectivity and reliability of using a combined approach of GIS with multivariate statistics to evaluate the river water quality status, which can help decision makers to develop more effective strategies for water resource protection.

Kualitas Air Sungai

This study aims to analyze the water quality of the Barumun river in Pinang City based on water quality criteria and formulate a pollution control strategy that needs to be implemented. The method used is descriptive and quantitative by analyzing river water quality status based on the pollution index. The results showed that the PI value of Barumun river water ranged from 0.82 to 1.71. The recommended pollution control strategies are: 1) maintaining river border protection zones involving environmental cadres and green communities in monitoring; 2) supervision and control of water pollution along the river; 3) improving monitoring of river water quality and supervision of wastewater discharge into rivers; 4) the granting of a wastewater disposal permit (IPLC) to the river must pay attention to the condition of the capacity of the river's pollution load capacity and enforce environmental laws against business actors who violate the established environmental quality standards. In conclusion, the Barumun River in Kota Pinang has decreased in quality, with the status of water quality being lightly polluted. The recommendations for water pollution control strategies that need to be implemented are progressive strategies.
 Keywords: Water Quality, Water Pollution Control, Water Quality Status

The impact of agricultural waste on river water quality of kreo watershed in Semarang city

Agricultural waste, especially from the use of fertilizers and pesticides, has become a serious problem in several countries because it has caused a decrease in river water quality. The land use and livelihoods of the people in the Kreo watershed are oriented towards agricultural activities. This study aims to (1) analyze the pattern of agricultural land use in the Kreo watershed and (2) analyze the impact of agricultural waste on river water quality in the Kreo watershed. The method used is descriptive quantitative. Analysis of the impact of agricultural waste on river water quality was carried out by laboratory testing of river water samples that referred to the criteria for water quality standards based on class according to Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2001 for class I river designation. Laboratory tests of water samples used parameters TSS, TDS, Nitrate, BOD, and COD. While the analysis of the status of water quality using the STORET method. The results showed that the pattern of use of rice fields was clustered upstream and in the middle, farmland was clustered in the downstream and mixed gardens were spread out in the upstream, middle, and downstream areas. The status of river water quality in the upstream and middle parts of the Kreo watershed has been lightly polluted, while the downstream still meets the quality standards. The river water will be harmful to human health if it is intended as a raw source of drinking water.

Water Quality Analysis Based on Land Use in Sekampung River, Lampung, Indonesia

Currently, the status of water quality in the river area tends to decline where one of the causes is the land use along the Sekampung River, and the land use is dominated by agriculture. Mapping of water quality in rivers aims to provide information in the form of distribution of water quality status in rivers. The purpose of this study is to identify the type of land use in the Sekampung River, Sumur Kucing Village, analyze the water quality of the Sekampung River, Sumur Kucing Village based on physical parameters (Temperature and TDS) and chemical (pH, Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonia) and interpreted the results of river water quality status using the STORET method spatially thematically. Determination of sample points was carried out using purposive sampling method with 4 sample points which were representative of each land use. Sampling of river water was carried out by referring to SNI 03-7016-2004. The results show that the land use in the Sekampung River is in the form of agricultural areas, plantations, settlements, ponds, and rice fields. The results of the analysis of water quality are based on physical parameters and chemical parameters, parameters that exceed the quality standards include TDS, Ammonia, and Nitrite. The results of the water quality distribution map by determining the status of water quality using the STORET method show point 1 and point 4 are classified as lightly polluted and point 3 and point 2 are classified as moderately polluted.

Water Pollution Study and its Control Strategies in the Boentuka Sub-watershed, South Timor Regency, Timur Nusa Tenggara Province

A Watershed is a land area that is an integral part of the river and its tributaries, which functions to accommodate, store and drain water from rainfall to lakes or to the sea naturally, whose boundaries on land are topographical separators. And boundaries at sea up to water areas that are still affected by land activities. This study aims as follows: 1) To assess the current water quality in the Boentuka Sub-watershed, Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, 2) Identify the factors causing water pollution entering the Boentuka Sub-watershed, 3) Formulate Strategic Recommendations on Water Pollution Control to the District Government South Central Timor in water quality management and efforts to control water pollution in the Boentuka Sub-watershed. This research method is descriptive with a laboratory-based quantitative approach to describe the condition of river water quality status in the Boentuka Sub-watershed area and the pollution load originating from residential and agricultural activities of local residents. d. The results of the SWOT analysis state that the strategic recommendations that need to be made to control the level of water pollution in the Boentuka Sub-watershed area are (a) the need for a technical study on the determination of river water classes and the carrying capacity of river water pollution loads as the basis for river pollution control policies; and (b) Increasing the frequency of supervision and monitoring activities by the relevant agencies on settlement activities, agriculture and or other activities that contribute to increasing river water pollution.

Analysis of spatio-temporal variations of river water quality and construction of a novel cost-effective assessment model: a case study in Hong Kong.

Assessment of river water quality has been attracting a great deal of attention because of its important implications for the living environment of human beings and aquatic organisms. River water quality is commonly assessed using dozens of different water quality parameters. However, different parameters may contain redundant information, which could lead to the waste of monitoring efforts. Thus, this study constructed a novel cost-effective assessment model of river water quality using the 1-year monitoring data collected from 23 sampling stations in the water control zone of Tolo Harbour and Channel in Hong Kong. First, the spatio-temporal variations of water quality parameters and the overall status of river water quality were analyzed based on all 19 parameters using Kruskal-Wallis test, hierarchical cluster analysis, and the water quality index (WQI). The results indicated that most water quality parameters and overall water quality status varied significantly over space, but did not exhibit obvious seasonal differences; and 99.27% of water samples were identified to be in good or excellent status of overall WQI. Then, using principal component analysis (PCA)/factor analysis (FA) and Pearson's correlation analysis, eight parameters, including 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), fluoride (F-), total suspended solids (TSS), and arsenic (As), were verified to be responsible for the greatest contributions to water quality, the assessment of overall water quality status. These eight crucial parameters were further employed to establish six cost-effective water quality assessment models. Using the overall WQI as the benchmark, the results of linear regression analysis demonstrated that the cost-effective model constructed based on BOD5, COD, NH3-N, NO3-N, F-, TSS, and As were the optimal water quality assessment model, which can achieve the most reliable results with reduced parameters.

Analysis of water pollution index around gold mining in the downstream of Krueng Kluet sub-watershed

Water is one of the primary needs of every living creature. With the increase in population, the need for water continues to increase. The declining water quality caused by human activities is one of the world’s concerns. This study examines river water quality status in the gold mining area in the downstream of Krueng Kluet sub-watershed. The method used to determine the level of river water pollution is based on the Decree of Minister of Environment Number 115 the Year 2003, which uses class 1 water quality standards according to Government Regulation of The Republic of Indonesia Number 82 the Year. The results show that river water in the study area is in the category that is not polluted or fulfills water quality standards for drinking water and daily needs.

A study on water quality status of Shivna River, Mandsaur with respect to its conservation and management

A study on water quality status of Shivna River, Mandsaur with respect to its conservation and management

Water Quality Monitoring and Controlling using IoT

The water quality status of rivers in Malaysia has always been a cause for concern for various local authorities, government agencies, and the public. The issue is that the traditional method, such as workers, needs to go to each tank or river to collect data. The process set some drawbacks such as labor-intensive, lack of real-time data, and high operation and equipment costs. In this research, the aim is to implement the Internet of Things (IoT) in monitoring and controlling the water quality. The pH and temperature sensors were integrated with NodeMCU ESP82666 to collect water pH and temperature data. This platform is also used to control the servo motor for managing systems. NodeMCU sends the data through the Internet to the Blynk application. Using Blynk, users can monitor live data from the tank, see the data trend, and control the water quality. All the data that has been taken is saved in the cloud database using phpMyAdmin. The connection also used NodeMCU ESP8266, where the coding was written and compiled using Arduino IDE software. This project has successfully achieved its objective where water quality data (pH and temperature) can be monitored, stored in a database, and water pH levels can be controlled using IoT.

An assessment of water quality index of Godavari river water in Nashik city, Maharashtra

Water resource is most essential basic resource for human being. Today water resource management has become an important issue (Kharake, Pathare, Deshmukh, Arebian J Geosci 14(10):1–10, 2021) for all developing countries. Rapid growth of population and its repetitive activities along the river pose a concerned impact on the river system. The water quality and quantity are under constant pressure by the presence of different human activities like removal of vegetation, industrial activities, and encroachment, domestic and religious activities. These all activities resulted in degradation of water quality. These all problems are largely concentrated in and around urban areas. Keeping this view in the account systematic study has been carried out the water quality of Godavari river in Nashik city. Water samples from 10 sampling stations have been collected during 1st week of June 2019. Physico-chemical parameters have been analyzed by standard method. The Karl Pearson correlation matrix has been established for examining relationship between the water quality parameters, and the study is conducted to analyze the water quality status of Godavari river in terms of water quality index (WQI). The overall values showed good water quality status (WQI 133.44) at upper stream in the study area, but as it enters in urban area water quality becomes deteriorate (WQI 35.01). The field observations reveal that water quality is declining due to many human activities mainly industrial, domestic and religious waste. To analyze the water quality index (WQI) is the main aim of the research with remedial measures to mitigate the deterioration and related consequences in future.

The Classification Status of River Water Quality in Riau Province Using Modified K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm with STORET Modeling and Water Pollution Index

The Department of Environment and Forestry, Pollution and Environmental Damage Control Division, has an active role in monitoring water quality in Riau Province. The rivers that are still monitored and managed are Kampar River, Siak River and Indragiri River. Division of Environment Pollution calculates river quality status manually using Microsoft Excel, this is not maximally done since this important information should be processed quickly. Division of water pollution must determine the right calculation to get the results of the water quality status. Because of many calculation formulas set by the government, the commonly used method is the STORET method and the Pollution Index. So, in overcoming the problem of classification, the researcher proposes the use of learning methods that can predict or determine the status of water quality with classification techniques on data mining that is Modified K-Nearest Neighbor (MKNN) which is a modification of K-NN. The calculation of the MKNN algorithm produced the highest accuracy of 85.10% at K = 5 using STORET result data as training data. While, using the Pollution Index data results, the highest accuracy is 76.92% at K = 1. Based on the analysis with attribute analysis, the attributes that influence the determination of river water quality are BOD, COD, NH3, Fecal Coli and Total Coli. This result can be taken into consideration by the Division of Environmental Pollution in the process of overcoming and reducing pollutant overload that exceeds quality standards.

River water quality management using a fuzzy optimization model and the NSFWQI Index

In this study, a novel multiple-pollutant waste load allocation (WLA) model for a river system is presented based on the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI). This study aims to determine the value of the quality index as the objective function integrated into the fuzzy set theory so that it could decrease the uncertainties associated with water quality goals as well as specify the river's water quality status rapidly. The simulation-optimization (S-O) approach is used for solving the proposed model. The QUAL2K model is used for simulating water quality in different parts of the river system and ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is applied as an optimizer of the model. The model performance was examined on a hypothetical river system with a length of 30 km and 17 checkpoints. The results show that for a given number of both the simulator model runs and the artificial ants, the maximum objective function will be obtained when the regulatory parameter of the ACO algorithm (i.e., q0) is considered equal to 0.6 and 0.7 (instead of 0.8 and 0.9). Also, the results do not depend on the exponent of the membership function (i.e., γ). Furthermore, the proposed methodology can find optimum solutions in a shorter time.