Official Language Of State Research Articles

Membangun Kesadaran Berbahasa : Memahami Sejarah Bahasa Indonesia Dan Kemunculan Bahasa Gaul Di Era Globalisasi

Indonesian as a national language has an important role in preserving identity and cultural diversity in Indonesia. This research aims to examine the origin and development of Indonesian through library research and historical methods whose stages consist of Heuristics or source collection, source criticism, Interpretation, Historiography. By utilizing library sources, this research found that Indonesian originated from the Malay language, Riau. In addition, Indonesian underwent three phases of development, namely as a language of unity, official state language, and international language. The development process of Bahasa Indonesia started from its birth on October 28, 1928 until the ratification of Law Number 24 of 2009. These phases reflect the evolution of Indonesian as the main means of communication in Indonesia, from its role as a language of unity in the fight against colonialism to becoming the official state language and international language in the era of globalization and modernization. The importance of the role of mass media in fostering and developing Indonesian is also highlighted in this study. Mass media has a role in strengthening the use of Indonesian as an effective communication tool in conveying information and enriching vocabulary and language structure. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of preserving and developing Indonesian as a national identity that not only unites the Indonesian nation, but also becomes a communication medium.

The Question of Language in Contemporary Ukrainian Cinema

Abstract Since the 2000s, various laws have sought to impose Ukrainian in film production. If until 2014, due to decades of Russification, it was not uncommon to see a Ukrainian film shot in Russian, the Ukrainian language has become increasingly dominant in national cinema. The law of 2017 demanding Ukrainian directors to shoot in the official state language has aroused questions and different positions among the film community: while some have tried to resist it, arguing a lack of realism and an artificial use of a standardized Ukrainian language in the context of a predominantly bilingual society, most filmmakers have been able to find creative solutions, by getting in tune with a society that is becoming more and more Ukrainian-speaking, or by resorting to surzhyk, a vernacular mixing Ukrainian and Russian. Apart from Slavic languages, minority languages such as Crimean Tatar have also found their place in contemporary Ukrainian cinema.

The Status of Official Languages in the Multilingual European Union

The European Union (EU) comprises 27 nations and uses 24 official languages to acknowledge diversity and equal opportunity in the Union. This is an egalitarian policy, which is met with resistance and challenges due to various practices in the EU administration and management. A consecutive policy debate persisted in EU thinkers to decide the official language of the Union, while the nature of the public sphere was multicultural and multilingual.
 This paper explores factors behind the hurdles to achieving linguistic equality in the EU by looking at various institutional policies and scholastic papers. The research concludes that linguistic equality is theoretically idealised to promote linguistic harmony in the bloc, however, it is practically unattainable because prominent official and working languages like English, French and German trump other official languages of the EU member states. In addition, making everything available in all official languages of the EU is quite limited to avoid cost burden.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СУЧАСНОГО ПРАВОВОГО ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНОГО АПАРАТУ В ІВРИТІ: СПОСОБИ ТА ВПЛИВ ІНШИХ ПРАВОВИХ СИСТЕМ

The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of the legal terminology formation, which took place in the process of the restoration of the Hebrew language and its becoming the official state language of the modern Israel. The legal system of Israel has been created during XX century, after near two-thousand-year period of its existence without own state, being limited to the small community’s common and religious law in different languages only. Thus, creation of the own state has demanded not only to adapt the legal institutes, but to develop new actual terminology in the new official state language. But the terminology complex of the Hebrew was based on the ancient language sources, so creation or adapting of the classic Hebrew words for the definition of the modern legal terms became a great scientific challenge. In the article we conclude, that new lexemes were not created in the process of the Israel legal terminology formation, but the old texts words were chosen, usually with some rethinking and reinterpretation of its meanings. This approach provides the possibility to avoid direct borrowing of the terms, which is a typical process in the reception of law in other states. Despite the fact that, in addition to the English Common Law, the formation of Israel’s legal system was influenced by the Ottoman and Romano-Germanic law, concepts from the English legal system were taken as the basis for the selection of many basic terms. The terms creation was not limited to formal denomination only. Often the process becomes more substantive, noticing the etymology, the content of the legal institute and the mechanisms of the practical law-enforcements. After this deep scientific work of the linguists and lawyers Hebrew terminology of the Israel legal system fully expresses the content and the scope of the concepts of the relevant legal institutes.

Maintenance of National Values, the Role of Indonesian Language as Nationalism

Understanding the position and function of Indonesia can be the basis for fostering a spirit of nationalism among young people and students. In this case, Indonesian has two positions, namely as a national language and a state language. In its position as a national language, the language functions as a symbol of national pride, national identity, a means of communication between citizens, between regions and between cultures, and a means of unifying ethnicity, culture and language in the archipelago. Meanwhile, in its position as a state language, Indonesian functions as an official state language, a language of education, a means of communication at the national level and a tool for developing culture, science and technology. Remembering the importance of the position and function of the Indonesian language, the author invites young people and students to maintain and continue to develop so that the Indonesian language continues to survive and develop in the future

The impact of monolingual language policies on the multilingual language ecology of Sri Lanka

AbstractThis qualitative study examined the role of different languages used in the country in the lives of 12 participants from the four main ethnic groups of Sri Lanka (i.e., Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslim, and Burgher). It sought to understand how monolingual language policies have impacted upon the country's plurilingual language ecology. The study examined the language ideologies of participants to understand how structures of social power have worked through monolingual language policies to influence and shape their language behaviors and practices. While the impact that language policies have had on different Sri Lankan languages has been examined, no study has analyzed it through the point of view of language ideologies of actual speakers of different languages. The observations made by the participants show that the monolingual ideologies of the language policies of 1832 and 1956, by assigning sole official language status to English and Sinhala respectively, have caused them to gain dominance and diminished the status of other languages, thereby altering the plurilingual language ecology of Sri Lanka. Their observations also showed how the 1956 policy's establishment of Sinhala as the dominant language within the language ecology of the country had elevated the position of the majority community—the Sinhalese, and strengthened the power of the then government which had ridden into power through the Sinhalese majority vote. The analysis of data also indicated that, although the 1956 policy was implemented with the aim of dismantling the structures of power introduced during colonial rule, both policies have served to support and reinforce a social hierarchy based on a Western model. What the data revealed about the role that the two monolingual language policies of 1832 and 1956 seem to have played in establishing and reinforcing the dominance of Sinhala and English respectively, suggest that although political subjugation of the country by European powers has officially ended, Sri Lanka continues to operate within the structures of power established during colonial times.

Radio advertisement speech style preferences among listeners with different first languages within one country

ObjectiveThe goal of the study was to find out if, in a society where there is a large community of people for whom the official state language is a second language, they prefer to listen to state-language radio advertisements in the same performance style as listeners for whom the official state language is their first language.MethodAn experiment was conducted in Estonia, with two groups: those who spoke Estonian as their first language and those who spoke Russian as their first language and Estonian as their second. Both groups listened to Estonian-language radio advertisements presented by various spokespeople, half of which were performed in a calm style (low arousal) and half in an energetic style (high arousal). They then rated the likability of each performance.ResultsThe results showed that both groups preferred the calm style but there were significant differences in the scores: the first group gave the calm style significantly higher scores than the second group, while the latter scored the energetic style more highly.ConclusionKnowing the advertising style preferences in a society where people have different first languages may allow for better targeting of advertising.

The Impact of Language Labs in Promoting Effective Communication Skills among the Engineering Undergraduate Students- A Study

This chapter's main goal is to emphasize the language exercises engineering students participate in communication skills laboratories to improve their communication abilities. The 21st century is known as the age of science and technology, during which such fields made remarkable advancements practically everywhere, including in the field of English language instruction. Without a doubt, English has become the official language of the entire world. English has grown throughout the world since the days of colonialism, and it now holds official language status in terms of both communication abilities and soft skills. Effective communication and soft skills are now necessary to achieve not only the attention of the world but also the company goals. In these conditions, it is imperative for the aspiring professionals to improve their proficiency in fundamental English abilities, which are crucial and unavoidable in terms of job searching in the fiercely competitive professional sector. An important aspect of a professional career in transforming the science and technology world is engineering education. As a result of interacting with and training engineering students in English language and communication skills over a long period of time, some helpful recommendations have been made to help students acquire communication competence through activity-based teaching learning communication skills.

A survey-based study of challenges of multilingualism in Pakistan

This paper aims to investigate how people face different challenges in a multilingual and multicultural society, especially in Pakistan. The English enjoys official language status, while Urdu is the national language in Pakistan. Minority languages, on the other hand, are a sign of stigma and destitution, and most speakers of minority languages face discrimination. In this paper, a binary approach of qualitative and quantitative is used to explore multilingualism in Pakistan. In order to understand how Pakistan's language policy favors some languages over others and what impact that has appeared on politics, society, education, and the economy. A closed-ended questionnaire was given to 30 participants as part of the quantitative data gathering process utilizing the purposive sampling technique. In the qualitative phase, researchers used content analysis as a strategy to gather information from secondary sources in search of strategies and solutions to the challenges. It also briefly examines the effects of globalization on Pakistani languages. The findings of the study revealed that there is a need to use such strategies that help overcome these challenges and help in the development of English as an international language. Future researchers can undertake a longitudinal study to investigate the language development and experiences of multilingual persons in Pakistan and they can perform a comparative examination of multilingualism in various regions of Pakistan.

Decolonizing Dictionaries: The Telling Agendas of North Sámi Dictionaries

The role of lexicographers of Davvisámegiella (North Sámi) in the historical colonization and present-day decolonization of Sámi society is examined. The careers and agendas of dictionary makers—both Sámi and non-Sámi—from the late eighteenth century until the present are surveyed, with attention to the ways they include and portray elements of folklore in their dictionaries and other works—including items of belief, traditional knowledge, and custom. Where the earliest Sámi dictionaries were intended as tools for missionaries and for the suppression of Sámi belief traditions, the dictionaries of today seek to equip users of North Sámi with the bureaucratic, professional, and cultural lexicon needed for effective functioning in modern Nordic societies, in which North Sámi has gained recognition as an official state language.

Institutionalization of National Language in Pakistan: Policymaking and Practices

The objective of this research is to delve into the role of a singular national language in a linguistically heterogenous society and its socio-economic implications. The research employs mixed-method approach; drawing on the discursive as well as deductive methods to analyze the role of state policies, constitutional provisions, academic statutes and rapidly expanding contours of the global geo-politics on the status of national and official language. The research arrives at the conclusion that despite institutionalizing a language as the national language and conferring the official status upon it; the multi-tiered system of education stands out as a colonial legacy and poses a major stumbling block in the way of socio-economic progress. The colonial legacy continues in a self-sustained system of communication without being an overly colonial precept, camouflaged in terms, readily in common currency such as globalization and modernization.

Catastrophic Consequences of Spain’s Language Policy against the Background of Russia’s Language Policy

Introduction. The problem of preserving and protecting the native language today is one of the main ones facing any people thinking about their future in the conditions of globalization, European economic integration and a modern multinational and multi-confessional state. The purpose of this article is to examine the internal processes of the destruction of the status of a single official language as a link between the country and the analysis of the discriminatory status of the Spanish language in modern Spain and the prediction of the consequences of such discrimination of language policy, as well as a comparative analysis of the language situation in Spain and Russia. Materials and Methods. This section specifies what has served as material for the analysis and describes the research techniques used. The object of the study is the Spanish language as the official language of the Kingdom of Spain, its role and its changes in the regions in the process of political processes over the past decades. Comparative- historical and typological research methods are used, as well as methods of observation, analysis, modeling. Results. This is the main section, which aims to confirm or reject a working hypothesis (or hypotheses) by means of analysis, synthesis and elucidation of data. The reasons for the unbalanced state of the language situation in Spain, as well as the negative consequences of the language policy pursued by the government, are analyzed. Practical recommendations have been developed to overcome the existing critical problems in the field of the country's language policy, based on the Russian example. Discussion and Conclusion. In this part, the results are to be briefly summarized and the main directions for further research indicated. The results presented in the article contribute to the scientific understanding of the problem of the status of the state official language in modern Spain. They contribute to the development of awareness of the seriousness and danger of the problem. If we Spaniards do not realize the seriousness of what is happening and do not force the government, the opposition and all legitimate parties to respond to this critical situation, then the future of the Spanish language and the Spaniards themselves in Spain seems pessimistic, since we will be foreigners in our beautiful country.

Development of the Normative Regulation on the Official Latvian State Language During the First Period of Independence

The current article views the history of establishment and legal foundations of Latvian as the official language of the state, beginning from the position of Latvian among other languages in the newly established independent state of Latvia. The article includes not only analysis of works by other authors and publications in the area of research but also examination of transcripts of various joint sittings of legislators in different periods (the People’s Council, the Constitutional Assembly, the Saeima of the first and the second period of independence, and the Supreme Council), as well as unpublished minutes of committees. Within the article, certain part of the research focuses also on normative acts related to the use and protection of the official language. The author provides a detailed review of normative acts concerning the official language, concluding the study with the review of the period before the Soviet occupation – the situation after establishment of Kārlis Ulmanis’ authoritatian regime after the coup d’état on 15 May 1934.

Longitudinal change in language behaviour during protests: a case study of Euromaidan in Ukraine

In the last decade, online social media has become the primary platform for protesters to organize and express their agenda in various parts of the world. Despite the topic of protests being extensively studied, the question of language preference behaviour in online social media during the protests in multilingual countries is not covered enough. Most of the previous studies regarding language change either lack panel data or report simple aggregated statistics such as the number of comments in the particular language before and after some significant event. To fill this gap, we analyze a new dataset of the Facebook group called EuroMaydan that was explicitly created to facilitate the protest in Ukraine from November 2013 to February 2014. Moreover, our analysis follows the group even after the end of the protest till June 2014. This group had more than 300,000 subscribers when the data was collected. We use this panel data to test how users switched between two dominant languages in Ukraine: the Ukrainian language (the first language for most of the population and the official state language of Ukraine) and Russian (the second most common after Ukrainian). We also investigate the triggers of these changes to understand why some people change their language on social media to Russian from Ukrainian and vice versa.

‘Sanskrit-Speaking’ Villages, Faith-Based Development and the Indian Census

Over three sections, the 2001 and 2011 Indian censuses are scrutinised to locate, down to the sub‑district administrative and village levels, where L1‑L3 (first to third language) Sanskrit tokens were returned during census enumeration. First, there is a theo‑political discussion of Sanskrit’s imaginative power for faith‑based development. This includes a discussion on how ‘Sanskrit‑speaking’ villages signify an ambition toward cultural renaissance. Next, Sanskrit’s national‑level enumeration is discussed. Finally, closer scrutiny is paid to the top four states (Maharashtra, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh). On average, more Sanskrit tokens were returned by men than women; 92% of L2‑Sanskrit tokens are linked to L1‑Hindi; most L1‑L3‑Sanskrit tokens cluster with Hindi, English, and/or the State Official Language; most Sanskrit tokens are Urban, as opposed to Rural; and most tokens are found across the Hindi Belt of north India.

The elevation of Sepedi from a dialect to an official standard language: Cultural and economic power and political influence matter

This study explored the role played by economic, cultural, and political power and influence when a particular dialect was elevated to the status of an official standard language. This was a qualitative study that employed text analysis where journal articles, dissertations, theses, academic books and Parliamentary Joint Constitutional Review minutes were considered for data collection and analysis. In order to supplement the above-mentioned method, 267 research participants involving students (undergraduate and postgraduate) and lecturers from the selected five South African universities, including members of the language authorities, were also invited to participate in the study. Self-administered survey questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were chosen as qualitative methods for data collection. From a dialectal point of view, this study indicated that all official standard languages were dialects before. However, these dialects were considered superior and elevated to the status of official languages because of socio-economic power and political influence. This article further recorded that the status type of language planning in the South African context is quite political in nature, not less linguistic. It was against this background that the researchers claim that there is no official standard language that was not a dialect before.

Spanish Imposition: Literary Self-Translation Into and Out of Spanish in Canada (1971-2016)

To date, region-based scholarship into Hispanophone literary self-translation overwhelmingly locates practices in spaces where Spanish not only has official language status but is also the dominant language. Yet, in officially bilingual (English-French) Canada, at least 25 people translated their own writing into or out of Spanish between 1971 and 2016, making these writers the single largest subset of Canada-based self-translators working with an unofficial language. But who are these authors? What might be said about their self-translations? And what does it mean to self-translate using Spanish when that language does not have official status? Adopting a product-oriented perspective, I explore these questions via three lines of enquiry: 1) time and space: when and where were these writers born? 2) frequency: how often do these authors self-translate? and 3) language: how can self-translations and self-translators be characterized in terms of language variety and combinations? Ultimately, I argue that, in the context of Canadian self-translation, the Spanish language is simultaneously imposing—pushing resolutely against paradigms of two-ness embodied by official bilingualism—and imposed upon, since it lacks official status of its own and the infrastructural robustness that accompanies it.

Barriers to French language use in the Canadian Armed Forces

LAY SUMMARY Despite the official language status of French in Canada, there are barriers that may limit its use in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). This article discusses academic literature on second language learning, group relations, and motivation to describe the dynamics underlying these barriers and provide recommendations to mitigate them. In particular, the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality is discussed to differentiate between minority and majority groups in terms of how second languages are acquired and used. In addition, Communication Accommodation Theory explains how elements of CAF culture — namely, prioritizing operations, team cohesion, and adhering to a chain of command structure — may contribute to Francophone members sensing they are less able than their Anglophone counterparts to use their language of choice in the workplace. Lastly, drawing on Self-Determination Theory, the incentivizing of official language learning is discussed regarding its potential impact on second language proficiency, willingness to use a second language, and continuation of learning. Insights for leadership and second language training approaches are also provided.

HOW TO KILL A LANGUAGE: PLANNING, DIGLOSSIA, BI-NORMATIVISM, THE INTERNET AND GALICIAN

Galician, one of Spain’s minority languages has existed for as long as Spanish, at least. Galician-Portuguese was a completely formed language with broadly homogenous written and spoken norms until two slightly different branches gradually emerged: Galician and Portuguese, starting in the thirteenth century. While Portuguese evolved and became one of today’s languages spoken across the world, Galician was confined and relegated to a regional vernacular, spoken in the province of Galicia and fringes of Asturias, in the Northwesternmost corner of Spain, bordering with Portugal. From the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, Galician ceased to exist in the written form and when it reappeared, it had adopted the Spanish norms. It was only in the 1980’s modern Spain and its accession to the EEC (now EU), that Galician finally (re)gained the status of official minority language in coexistence with the national language, Spanish or Castilian. Yet, whilst enjoying the official status protection from the Spanish State and fostered by the Council of Europe in terms of corpus and policy planning, education, usage in the press, media all aimed at revitalisation, Galician has not only been losing status and being eroded in an ever shifting diglossia relationship with Spanish, but also lost L1 speakers in the past forty years, and younger generations are more and more likely to either speak Galician as L2 or worse, chose not to speak it at all. This situation presents a contradiction and is the cause of conflict between different factions of Galician speakers, the Galegofalantes. Why and how can it be that a language which was repressed for over four hundred years, starts declining precisely after it was given official support? What factors played or are still at play in the steady decline and erosion of Galician? A study into historical, social, economic, cultural, regional, and international factors, events and particularly politically motivated Language Planning Policies can partly explain the precariousness of the Galician language. The last forty years and particularly the new Millenium and the Internet, brought in fast-paced global changes with significant technological advances often requiring adaptation, and sometimes disintegration of traditional socio-cultural communities. The timing was unfavourable towards Galician, aided by consistent nationalist glottopolitics, the planned syntactic corpus fostered by the successive regional governments and most local authorities, led to further deterioration and stagnation of Galician whilst galvanising further lexical and semantic influx of Spanish into the Galician language. Access to education, libraries, study materials, publications, research tools on the Internet is often available in Spanish only. Higher education and academia are dominated by Spanish, as are public services, institutions, the judicial system, mass-media and communication at all levels in everyday life. Some Galicians are happy with the pro-Spanish language norm also known as Isolationism, seemingly oblivious of the language-shift and replacement even in remote, rural societies. Others demand a Galician spelling much closer to Portuguese, her natural sibling and see the official re-unification, or Reintegrationism, with the Lusophone world as the only way to save Galician from an impending death. With deep-rooted divisions and conflicts, a compromise between Isolationists and Reintegrationists seems unlikely, except if there is markedly political change and with that a reversed language shift will take place.
 
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Emotionally engaged or feeling anxious and cynical? School experiences and links to school achievement among Finland-Swedish general and special education students

The aim of the study was to enhance understanding of how seventh graders vary in emotional engagement and experienced well-being at school in terms of anxiety and cynicism. The two profiles were explored, and comparisons were made between students in general education and those in special education. The study participants comprised 119 Finland–Swedish students from five secondary schools. Four emotional-engagement and well-being profiles were identified based on cluster analysis. The students with the most typical profile were moderately engaged in teacher-student interaction and emotionally highly engaged in peer interaction, combined with a low risk of anxiety and cynicism. The profiles showed no statistically significant differences regarding gender and school achievement. However, there were differences between students in special education and those in general education. In Finland, Swedish –speaking Finns are a language minority group. Swedish has official language status in Finland. Compared to many other language minority groups they can be considered somewhat exceptional, since according to many welfare indicators they tend to do better than the general population. There are a few studies on differences between Swedish and Finnish– speaking students’ school experiences in Finland, however, so far studies exploring Swedish- speaking general and special education students’ emotional engagement and study well-being in terms of anxiety and cynicism have been scarce.