Educational Status Research Articles

Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching Programme On Preventive Measures Of Cataract Among Adults In Selected Urban Community, Mangalore

A cataract is the clouding of the lens in the eye affecting vision. Early in the development of age-related cataract the power of the lens may be increased, causing near-sightedness (myopia), and the gradual yellowing and opacification of the lens may reduce the perception of blue colours. Most cataracts are related to aging. Exposure to sunlight may be associated with an increased risk of cataract. Vitamin supplements have shown varying results in delaying the progression of cataract. Globally, there are nearly 45 million blind people. Almost 135 million people are with low vision. A total of nearly 180 million people have some degree of visual disability. Nine of the ten who are blind live in the developing countries. On the current projections, there could be estimated 50 million blind people due to cataract by 202016. Prevalence of cataract in USA is approximately 5.5 million or 2.02%. India is one of the countries that have a sizeable number of visually impaired people17 . The annual incidence of cataract blindness in India is about 3.8 million. Statistics reveal that over 12 million people in the country are visually handicapped. Out of 41.8% of global blindness, 23.5% is contributed by India. Major proportion of total blindness in India (81%) is constituted by cataract18 . In Karnataka prevalence of cataract blindness among the men above the age of fifty is 3.39% and women is 6.51%, in Dakshina Kannada district it is 1.27% for men and 7.65% for women19 . Hence the researcher felt the need to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on preventive measures of cataract in a selected urban community, Mangalore. Objectives: The purpose of this study was • to determine the level of knowledge on preventive measures of cataract among adults as measured by a structured closed-ended knowledge questionnaire • to determine the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on preventive measures of cataract among adults • to find the association between the pre-test knowledge scores with selected demographic variables. Research approach and design: A pre-experimental research design of one group pre- and post-test with an evaluative approach was used for this study. Setting: The study was conducted in Jeppu urban community area of Mangalore. Subjects: Adults in the age group of 30-55 years in the selected urban areas of Mangalore Sample size and Sampling technique: The sample for the present study comprised 100 adults in the age group of 30-55 years who met the inclusion criteria The investigator purposely selected the adults who were judged to be a typical population who needs the knowledge related to cataract. Planned teaching programme The planned teaching programme on “preventive measures of cataract.” was developed after an exhaustive review. The content the planned teaching programme included • Introduction • Definition • Eye and lens • Functions of eye • Definition of cataract • Incidence of cataract • Etiological risk factors of cataract • Classification of cataract • Sites of cataract • Clinical manifestations of cataract • Diagnostic measures of cataract • Preventive measures of cataract • Therapeutic regimen in case of diabetes and hypertension • Demonstrate the eye exercises • Conclusion Instrument used: Structured closed-ended knowledge questionnaire on preventive measures of cataract among adults. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics Major findings and reports: Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Pre-test assessment revealed that highest percentage (49%) of adults had poor knowledge, 43% had average knowledge, and only 8% had good knowledge. The post-test revealed that 98% had gained very good knowledge, 2% of them gained good knowledge. The total mean percentage of pre-test knowledge score was 43.58% (mean 10.46 ± 3.22) and the mean percentage post-test knowledge score was 92.25% (mean 22.14 ± 1.38) showing an effectiveness of 48.62% (mean 11.68± 2.89). Significance of difference between pre-test and post-test was statistically tested by using paired ‘t’ test and it was found very highly significant (t=40.10, p<0.05). The pretest knowledge score showed association between the pre-test knowledge and previous source of information regarding prevention of cataract but there was no association between pre-test knowledge and age, gender, educational status, occupation and family history of cataract. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveal that adults had inadequate knowledge on preventive measures of cataract; however the knowledge has significantly improved after the Planned Teaching Programme. Hence, it is concluded that PTP was highly effective in improving the knowledge of the adults regarding the preventive measures of cataract.

Livelihood vulnerability to climate change health impacts among Amhara Sayint district community, northeastern Ethiopia: A composite index approach

Climate change significantly impacts public health, affecting nearly everyone across the globe and contributing to approximately 10% of global mortality. Ethiopia is particularly vulnerable to the changing climate attributed impacts due to economic, and social determinants. While research on climate change is expanding, it often prioritizes its effects on agriculture. The impacts from public health perspective are frequently overlooked. We address this shortcoming by evaluating the vulnerability of the community in the district of Amhara Sayint, Amhara, northeastern Ethiopia, to the health impacts of climate change, and identifying factors involved. Data was collected using a community-based cross-sectional approach, involving 605 randomly selected households between July Twenty and September Five, 2022. The data collection process utilized a validated and pilot-tested questionnaire, which was administered through face-to-face interview with the aid of Kobo Collect toolbox. The community's vulnerability was assessed using the IPCC's framework of vulnerability. Household's Vulnerability status was then classified into three levels according to their Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) score. A partial proportional oddsapproach of ordinal logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with vulnerability to climate change attributed health impacts. Among the 605 respondents, 48% (95% CI: 44.1, 52.1) were identified as vulnerable, and about 4.6 % (95% CI: 3, 6.6) were classified as highly vulnerable. Wealth status (AOR1 = 1.8; 95 % CI: 1.2, 2.8), educational status (AOR1 = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 7.3), marital status (AOR2 = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.6, 13.4), and home crowdedness (AOR2 = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.1, 8.1) significantly associated with vulnerability. Over half of the residents in the district wereeither being vulnerable or highly vulnerable to climate change attributed health impacts. Therefore, prioritizing prevention and preparedness along with conducting spatial analysis to identify high-risk areas for timely intervention, is essential.

Awareness and knowledge of glaucoma among adult patients of primary open-angle glaucoma at the outpatient department of ophthalmology of a tertiary care center in Western India: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study

Abstract Background: This cross-sectional study, conducted at a tertiary eye care center between January 2016 and January 2018, aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) among patients aged 18 years and above. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. Diagnosed cases of POAG were included. A well-structured questionnaire, validated by ophthalmologists, was administered to assess awareness and knowledge. Demographic data were collected initially, and subsequent questions determined awareness and knowledge scores. A total score of <50% indicated poor awareness and knowledge, 50%–75% indicated fair, and more than 75% indicated good. Results: Out of 972 participants, 67.6% were males, and 32.4% were females. No significant correlation was found between awareness/knowledge and age or gender (P > 0.05). However, a statistically significant correlation was observed between education status and both awareness and knowledge (P < 0.05). Overall, the majority of patients demonstrated fair awareness (50%–75%) and knowledge of glaucoma. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the awareness and knowledge of POAG among a diverse patient population. The fair overall awareness and knowledge highlight the need for targeted educational interventions, particularly among individuals with lower education levels. The findings contribute to our understanding of glaucoma awareness in clinical settings, emphasizing the importance of tailored education strategies to enhance public health outcomes in glaucoma management.

LEGAL EDUCATION IN INDIA

Legal education plays a crucial role in shaping the future of any country. The legal education imparted in various institutions helps to promote more awareness and civic sense in the citizens of any nation. In India, legal education helped in the proper and just development of Indian society. After the independence of India, various regulatory bodies involved in improving the status of legal education made several reforms, keeping in mind the needs of present stakeholders. In this research paper doctrinal approach is used to gain a proper understanding of current issues and concerns in legal education in India at higher education. The aim of the study is to highlight the importance of legal education in India. Furthermore, it also examines recent legal education reforms in the light of New Education Policy, 2020. Moreover, it also discusses various issues and concerns in legal education in India.

The status of interprofessional education for healthcare students in South Korea: a scoping review focusing on simulation-based education.

Simulation-based education is gaining attention worldwide as it is recognized as effective in fostering collaborative skills in healthcare students. We conducted a comprehensive review of simulation-based interprofessional education (IPE) to examine the current state of simulation-based IPE. This scoping review systematically analyzed studies on simulation-based IPE in South Korean healthcare education, following established guidelines. Relevant articles were comprehensively searched, and key data on simulation methods, implementations, and educational effectiveness were extracted for analysis. The present study included nine quantitative studies and one mixed-methods study. The majority of participants were undergraduate nursing and medical students. The duration of IPE interventions ranged from 2 hours to 2 weeks. Education methods included standardized patients, high-fidelity simulators, and role-playing. Educational outcomes focused on measuring IPE competencies and satisfaction levels, concentrating on Kirkpatrick levels 1 and 2. While most studies reported high satisfaction levels, there is a need for objective evaluation of educational effectiveness. As simulation-based IPE in Korean healthcare education evolves, there is a need for greater inclusivity of diverse roles, multidisciplinary respect, and scenario development allowing active participation across professions. Establishing institutional frameworks, community linkages, and a deep understanding of IPE's purpose and essence among practitioners is crucial for its academic maturation.

Socioeconomic Risk Factors in Neurocysticercosis.

NCC is responsible for around 30% of active epilepsy in endemic countries such as India. Knowing socioeconomic factors associated with NCC can help in decreasing the incidence of this disease. We intend to study socioeconomic risk factors in NCC patients and how these factors are different from patients without NCC. Consecutive 100 adult patients of NCC presenting to neurology services with probable NCC (symptomatic or asymptomatic) along with age- and sex-matched controls were interviewed with preset proforma and then data was compiled and analyzed statistically. The NCC group had significantly more people with lesser education level (53%) as compared to control group (42%) (P = 0.002), lower socioeconomic status, poor hand hygiene practices, and use of contaminated vegetables (40% NCC group, 1% control group, P < 0.0001). Open defecation practice was also more among NCC cases. Lower education and socioeconomic status, poor hand hygiene, and eating undercooked contaminated vegetables are modifiable factors that are more prevalent in patients of NCC compared to controls. Social interventions aiming at these will help to reduce NCC patients in our country.

Diverse pathways to permanent childlessness in Singapore: A latent class analysis.

The proportions of adults reaching midlife without having children have been rising rapidly across the globe, particularly in Asia. However, little is known about the pathways to permanent childlessness within the region's childless population. This study utilized latent class analysis (LCA) to typologize pathways to childlessness based on dynamic characteristics of multiple life domains (i.e., partnership, education, and occupation) among 489 childless Singaporeans aged 50 and above from a 2022 nationwide survey. Additionally, we utilized multinomial logistic regressions to examine the sociodemographic correlates of pathway profiles and Shannon's entropy index to assess the heterogeneity in pathways to childlessness among successive cohorts. Results revealed five distinct profiles of pathways to childlessness: the Never-Married Semi-Professionals, the Low-Flex Blue-Collars, the Highly Educated Professionals, the Ever-Married Semi-Professionals, and the Flexible Blue-Collars. These pathway profiles were significantly associated with sociodemographic characteristics such as gender and family background. Women's pathways to childlessness were more standardized and heavily influenced by partnership characteristics, compared to those of men. The childless from privileged family background were less likely to follow pathways characterized by disadvantageous education and occupational status. There were also rising trends of voluntary childlessness among married childless individuals and increasing heterogeneity in pathways to childlessness across successive birth cohorts. In sum, our findings are consistent with some of the predictions of the Second Demographic Transition theory, suggesting that Singapore may be experiencing a demographic transition characterized by rising childlessness, decoupling of marriage and childbearing, and de-standardization of the life course.

The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the Prognosis of Primary Bone Tumors: A Systematic Review.

Although the prevalence of primary bone tumors (PBTs) was reported to be relatively low, they represent a difficult category of tumors for appropriate prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Among different factors contributing to the prognosis and treatment outcomes of patients with these tumors, it is assumed that social determinants of health (SDOH) have not been well investigated nor applied in the process of decision making for these patients. In this systematic review, databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, and CINAHL were used. To ensure the quality of the studies and assess them for bias, we used the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies scaling tool. The relevant data were extracted from the included studies and reported. Twenty-five studies were included in our review based on the inclusion criteria. Age, socioeconomic status, education, and employment status; place of living and neighborhood; race and ethnicity; and insurance coverage were found to impact the outcomes and prognosis of PBTs. Literature has shown correlations of various SDOH with the outcomes of PBTs. SDOH are not independent of each other; including and interpreting them in the process of decision making should be in a multifactorial and intercalated manner. We suggest prospective studies on finding the effect of inventing with SDOH through changes in health care policies, educating patients and care providers, improving socioeconomic conditions, and providing better insurance support, on the outcomes of PBTs. Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Abstract P302: Impact of Publication of Hypertension Guidelines on Inappropriate Use of Intravenous (IV) Antihypertensive Medications for Hypertensive Urgencies (HU)

Background: Hypertensive urgencies are common in hospitalized patients. In late 2017 and 2018, the publication of major U.S and European hypertension guidelines included specific recommendations against the use of IV antihypertensive medications for the management of severe acute BP elevations in the absence of acute target organ damage (HU). Aim: To study the impact of the publication of guidelines on local utilization of IV medications for HU. Methods and Results: We analyzed 224,265 non-ICU, non-obstetric, non-pediatric hospital admissions to 5 U.S. hospitals (total 2,681 beds) in a medium-sized U.S. healthcare system between January 2016 and March 2020. These included one large academic medical center with two campuses (Hosp A), one medium sized teaching community hospital (Hosp B), one small teaching community hospital (Hosp C), and two small non-teaching hospitals (Hosp D and E). Among all admitted patients, 22,929 (10.2%) developed HU (SBP&gt;180 or DBP &gt;110 mmHg sustained for at least 1 hour without evidence of acute target organ damage). A total of 2,914 HU patients (12.7%) received at least 1 intravenous medication within 6 hours of acute BP elevation, most commonly hydralazine (N 1473, 50.5%], labetalol (N 749, 25.7%) or metoprolol (N 632, 21.7%). The fraction of patients receiving IV antihypertensives decreased during the five years of the study across the five hospitals, but the absolute change was small (2016=13.7%, 2017=12.8%, 2018=12.5%, 2019=11.4%, 2020=11.7%, P value for overall change = 0.003). The Figure displays temporal trends for each hospital. There was significant heterogeneity across hospitals (P&lt;0.0001). Trends were not related to teaching (vs. nonteaching) status of each hospital. Conclusion: In a medium sized U.S. hospital system, the publication of guidelines recommending against IV antihypertensive use in HU was temporally associated with very modest reductions in IV medication use in HU. Process improvement initiatives are needed to optimize guideline-congruent practice.

Why don't Chinese college students seek help from the National Health Service (NHS)? Chinese college students' use of medical services in the UK

BackgroundInternational students have a lower utilization rate of the local medical service system for studying abroad, and it has been found that there may be multiple reasons behind this phenomenon. This study explores the usage of medical service systems by international students and the underlying logical factors through a study of the usage of National Health Service (NHS) of Chinese students in the UK. MethodsTo address the research questions, this study employed an online survey methodology that ran between 1st May and August 20, 2019 facing the Chinese students in the UK. A total of 1,050 questionnaires were distributed and 1,001 questionnaires were recovered, of which 977 contained valid responses (questionnaire response rate was 95.3 % and validity rate was 97.6 %). Before the questionnaire was designed and after it was issued, two focus group interviews were conducted to provide reliable and detailed information to inform the questionnaire design and to supplement the questionnaire survey data with more profound psychological qualitative data. The two focus groups consisted of 10 and 12 Chinese students studying in the UK and each lasted more than 3 h. ResultsThe survey data showed that the medical services utilization rate of Chinese students in the UK is relatively low compared to UK residents and domestic Chinese students. Their decisions and behaviours around medical services usage in the UK are not significantly related to age, gender, and monthly income, but are instead related to their current education status, types of disease suffered, and information acquisition about the UK medical services before coming to the UK. When getting sick, in addition to seeking help from official medical services, Chinese students studying in the UK tend to self-diagnose and self-medicate; seeking help from social networks based on friendship and domestic relatives are also alternatives to accessing medical services. ConclusionCombining the theories of ‘sick role’ and ‘illness experience’, the decisions and behaviours related to medical services usage by Chinese students in the UK are significantly influenced by their understanding of medical services, which is socially and culturally learned in China. Understanding the perspective of the ‘sick role’ and the ‘illness experience’ of Chinese students may help to better think about how improvements can be made to their utilization rate of medical services and their health status during their studies in the UK. This study not only provides us with specific information and understanding on the usage of medical services for Chinese students in the UK, but the research results may also provide a reference for other similar research on the health and medical service use of other international students studying in the cross-cultural contexts.

P157 THE USE OF PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH TO PROMOTE INCREASED CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES AMONG AFRICAN WOMEN WITH/AT RISK OF HYPERTENSION IN GQEBERHA, SOUTH AFRICA

Background and objectives: Poor vegetable and fruit intake are reported in multiple studies of the South African population, especially among people with less income and lower educational status and it is a known risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as hypertension. “South Africa has one of the highest levels of hypertension globally, coupled with poor rates of diagnosis, treatment and control” Ware et al., (2019). It has been suggested that indigenous vegetables may aid in increasing vegetable intake, a recommendation of the South African Food Based Dietary Guidelines. As urbanisation and the nutrition transition increases in South Africa, the loss of indigenous knowledge and utilisation of indigenous vegetables is significant and is worse compared to countries such as Kenya and Tanzania. The aim of this study was to collaboratively promote the use of indigenous vegetables by African women in a peri-urban area with/at risk of hypertension with the goal of improving agency to increase vegetable intake. Methods: A qualitative participatory action research (PAR) methodology was utilised. African adult women with hypertension or at risk of hypertension were recruited from a local healthcare facility for a one year long project, with a total enrolment of 12-24 participants. Data collection included observations, focus groups, key informant interviews and the research journal of the researcher. Results: Participants worked collaboratively to co-construct relevant nutrition education materials, recipe development using local indigenous vegetables, clinic open day and a seminar for other community members. There was greater uptake of vegetable gardening at home and at the local community centre. Conclusions: using PAR methodologies to address inadequate vegetable intake and promote the use of indigenous vegetable crops may benefit personal agency which includes an individual's perceptions about how much control they have over themselves and their environment, in order to carry out a certain behaviour; self-confidence or efficacy; the ability to self-regulate and monitor behaviour and the ability to identify and use good coping skills.

Factors affecting adherence to recommendations on pre-operative cardiac testing: A cohort study.

Cardiac risk evaluation prior to noncardiac surgery is fundamental to tailor peri-operative management to patient's estimated risk. Data on the degree of adherence to guidelines in patients at cardiovascular risk in Europe and factors influencing adherence are underexplored. The aim of this analysis was to describe the degree of adherence to [2014 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) guidelines] recommendations on rest echocardiography [transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)] and to stress imaging prior to noncardiac surgery in a large European sample and to assess factors potentially affecting adherence. Secondary analysis of a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study (MET-REPAIR). Twenty-five European centres of all levels of care that enrolled patients between 2017 and 2020. With elevated cardiovascular risk undergoing in-hospital elective, noncardiac surgery. (Non)adherence to each pre-operative TTE and stress imaging recommendations classified as guideline-adherent, overuse and underuse. We performed descriptive analysis. To explore the impact of patients' sex, age, geographical region, and hospital teaching status, we conducted multivariate multinominal regression analysis. Out of 15 983 patients, 15 529 were analysed (61% men, mean age 72 ± 8 years). Overuse (conduction in spite of class III) and underuse (nonconduction in spite of class I recommendation) for pre-operative TTE amounted to 16.6% (2542/15 344) and 6.6% (1015/15 344), respectively. Stress imaging overuse and underuse amounted to 1.7% (241/14 202) and 0.4% (52/14 202) respectively. Male sex, some age categories and some geographical regions were significantly associated with TTE overuse. Male sex and some regions were also associated with TTE underuse. Age and regions were associated with overuse of stress imaging. Male sex, age, and some regions were associated with stress imaging underuse. Adherence to pre-operative stress imaging recommendation was high. In contrast, adherence to TTE recommendations was moderate. Both patients' and geographical factors affected adherence to joint ESC/ESA guidelines. NCT03016936.

The Impact of Transportation on The Avocado Market in Tanzania

Avocado (Persea americana) is grown in many nations throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America. The climate of Tanzania offers a perfect habitat for growing avocados. This paper investigates how transportation affects the Tanzanian avocado industry. Data were gathered from 505 farmers and 37 categories/groups using a cross-sectional design. Data analysis was done using SPSS where descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at p &lt; 0.05 was also done. According to the results, local avocado output is dominated by men (79% male vs. 21% female). The result of the binary logit model revealed that the participation of avocado producers in a high-value market was influenced by age, educational status, the number of avocados sold, the price of avocado, and market information. With sorting (12%), grading (7%), and packaging (9%), quality during production was judged most important (25%), followed by harvesting (16%), storage (16%), and transportation (15%) with less relevance were factors impacting quality. Improving the avocado market for growers depends on addressing these problems at the national, regional, and district levels. Hence, transportation has a big influence on the avocado industry since smallholder growers have great difficulties influencing market access and produce quality. Improvement of transport infrastructure and support systems at the national, regional, and district levels will help to boost the avocado market.

Narrative review on the development and challenges of pipa education in China

As a traditional Chinese folk instrument with a history of 2,000 years, the pipa has been valued by the Chinese government and favored by the Chinese people for its unique sound and rich expressive power. However, the development lineage and current status of pipa education in China have rarely been clarified, especially the current status of pipa education. This study used narrative review techniques to organize and analyze the history and current status of pipa education. This paper reviews the history of pipa education in China, focusing on the current development of pipa education, including teaching institutions, representative figures, target students, and teaching models. The study revealed that contemporary Chinese pipa education has achieved remarkable accomplishments. China’s eleven conservatories serve as the primary institutions for imparting contemporary pipa education. Representative figures such as Lin Shicheng, Wang Fangdi, and Liu Dehai have made substantial contributions to the advancement of contemporary pipa education. However, pipa instruction is primarily targeted toward children and university students, with limited emphasis on elderly people and special children. Individual and group lessons in traditional pipa instruction possess their respective merits and drawbacks. Nonetheless, further exploration is warranted regarding integrated teaching models and the application of contemporary information technology in innovative teaching models to facilitate the advancement of modern pipa education.

A Study to Assess the Level of Softskill Practices Among Nursing Students in Selected Colleges

Soft skills are the habits and traits that determine how a person operates in the workplace like communicating with others. Students are in a position to prove themselves in different aspects, which is not possible by technology. The soft skills identified as important in the workplace include communication, teamwork, motivation, problem-solving, enthusiasm, and trust. A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional approach was used to assess the knowledge and practice of soft skills among nursing students at selected nursing colleges in Chennai. The target population was B. Sc Nursing Basic students in Chennai. There was a total of 305 students in the study. Data was collected using my 3s 5 point rating scale questionnaire, which Data developed was analyzed using SPSS version 23. The highest mean score (20.47 with SD 4.38) was observed in the soft skill domain of management and the lowest score was in writing and communication skills (20.23 with SD4.38). There was a statistically significant association found in soft skill domains of writing skill and management skill with fathers’ educational status and mothers’ occupational status at p&lt;0.05 level. Soft skills are an internal part of the nursing profession. It reflects on approaches that would enable nursing students to grow in their profession.

Community Awareness and Engagement in Bleeding Control: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTA) account for 4.7% of all deaths in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), with rates ranging from 17.4 to 24 per 100,000 people over the past decade. This study aims to enhance community engagement and understanding of bleeding control methods to empower effective responses to bleeding in accident scenarios. Method: This observational cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge and willingness of the community to engage in bleeding control in the setting of medical emergencies. The study population was comprised of adults in Saudi Arabia who were over the age of 17 at the time of the research. Results: A total of 392 participants took part in the research. Of these, 66.3% (n = 260) were willing to assist a stranger bleeding as a result of a motor vehicle accident. There was no significant gender difference among those with past experiences of assisting someone after an accident. Only 15.5% (n = 61) had certified training, while the majority (77%, n = 47) held bachelor's degrees. Interest in educational workshops on bleeding control was shown by 55.1% (n = 216), with 32% (n = 126) undecided. Regarding tourniquet use, 20.1% (n = 38) believed this to be safe. Conclusion: This study highlighted the community's awareness of bleeding control and readiness to respond to bleeding situations after accidents. While more than half were likely to act, concerns about aggravating injuries, legal issues, and discomfort with blood were significant barriers, underscoring the need for public education and legal protection. Educational status, and particularly a bachelor's degree, was a stronger predictor of the likelihood to intervene than certified training. Significant knowledge gaps were noted with regard to tourniquet use, with few trusting their safety and many incorrectly applying them directly to the wound.

Stress levels amongst Turkish dental students, general dentists and paediatric dentists during performing paediatric dentistry: a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to evaluate stress levels and stressors amongst dental students, general dentists and paediatric dentists treating paediatric patients. This study was conducted on 664 dentistry students, general dentists and paediatric dentists in Turkey. Data were collected through an online questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics and the Pedodontic Practice Stress Scale (PPSS). Stressors when treating paediatric patients were compared between the groups. The scores obtained from the questionnaire were analysed. Compliance with normal distribution was analysed according to Kurtosis-Skewness values. One-way analysis was used to compare the scale scores (p < 0.050). Of the participants, 74.54% were female and 25.46% were male. The females showed a significantly higher level of stress, compared to the males (p = 0.001).When compared according to the level of education, the mean total stress scores did not differ (p = 0.211), but the mean complication score was found to be statistically significantly higher in paediatric dentists (p = 0.001). In addition, the lowest mean stress score was found in dental students. Statistically significant differences were found in all sections of the PPSS scale in terms of the ability to manage a paediatric patient as an adult patient and the importance of knowing child psychology theories. Factors, such as the educational status, the number of patients treated, the behaviour of the patient's relatives and the potential to communicate with them, cause variable stress in dental students and general and specialist dentists working with children.

A study to assess the effectiveness of art therapy on pre-operative anxiety among patients undergoing surgery admitted in surgical wards of Sree Balaji Medical College and hospital, Chennai-44

The study explores the concept of health, mental wellness, and nursing. Health involves achieving human potential through goal-directed behaviour, self-care, and satisfying relationships. Mental wellness is a positive attribute, promoting emotional well-being and flexibility. Nursing focuses on protecting, promoting, and optimizing health and abilities, preventing illness and injury, and alleviating suffering. Surgery involves cutting or closing wounds. This study used an evaluative approach to assess the effectiveness of art therapy on preoperative anxiety among patients undergoing surgery. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used, with observations made before and after art therapy. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of art therapy on anxiety levels in patients undergoing surgery. The study was conducted at Sree Balaji Medical College and hospital in Chennai-44, a 1300-bed hospital with advanced facilities. The hospital admits 40-50 patients daily due to surgical problems, with 20-30 surgeries occurring in the operation theatre. Patients are accommodated in different surgical wards and shifted to the surgical Intensive Care Unit for observation. After stabilization, they return to their previous ward. The study included all patients admitted for surgery at Sree Balaji Medical College and hospital during the study period. The study involved 60 surgical patients admitted to Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai-44, using a convenient sampling technique, based on availability. Table 1 shows the demographic distribution of 60 patients undergoing surgery, with 20 patients aged 21-30, 31.7% aged 31-40, 31.6% aged 41-50, and 16.7% above 50. The majority were male, with 60.0% being married, and 73.3% were married. 5% were illiterate, while 8.3% had secondary education. 25.5% were unemployed, while 45% were private employees, and 20% had their own business. All patients had prior knowledge about surgery, with 33.3% getting information from relatives, 11.7% from television, and 55% from doctors. The study found a significant association between demographic variables such as educational status, family income, and type of surgery and post-operative anxiety levels in patients undergoing surgery at Sree Balaji Medical College and hospital. The pretest anxiety score significantly differed from the post-test anxiety score. The study concluded that conducting art therapy pre-operatively can reduce anxiety levels and promote recovery during surgery.

Current Status and Challenges of Human Rights Education at Univ ersity Human Rights Centers - Focusing on Measures to Improve Human Rights Education after the Revision of the Higher Education Act -

Current Status and Challenges of Human Rights Education at Univ ersity Human Rights Centers - Focusing on Measures to Improve Human Rights Education after the Revision of the Higher Education Act -

THỰC TRẠNG GIÁO DỤC DINH DƯỠNG TẠI MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG TIỂU HỌC Ở THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH VÀ NHU CẦU SỬ DỤNG CẨM NANG DINH DƯỠNG TRONG DẠY HỌC MÔN KHOA HỌC LỚP 4

Nutritional education for elementary school students is increasingly being emphasized due to the growing number of children suffering from nutritional-related diseases. This research investigates the current status of nutrition education at the primary level as well as the need to use nutrition handbooks in teaching, supporting the improvement of nutrition education effectiveness. Therefore, the nutrition handbook is designed to support teaching the topic of Human and Health in the content of Human Nutrition in the 4th-grade Science subject to meet the 2018 General Education Program. A survey involving 214 4th-grade students and 25 teachers studying and teaching at several schools in Ho Chi Minh City will be presented. The results show the necessity of handbooks in supporting the improvement of students' and teachers’ learning and teaching effectiveness. Keywords: Nutrition handbook; nutritional education; primary school; 4th grade Science.