Ukrainian State Research Articles

The topical issue of the development of the concept of the theory of local self-government at the current stage of the development of the rule of law

The article deals with the institution of local self-government in Ukraine. As the title implies the article describes the development of the concept of the theory of local self-government at the current stage of the development of the rule of law. The issue of the development of the concept of local self-government at the current stage of the development of the rule of law is closely related to the strengthening of the social and legal policy of the Ukrainian state, which offers the provision of a high quality of life for citizens, the provision of comfortable living conditions for the population, as well as a favorable human environment. The definition of the concept of local self-government in legal science is determined by the concept of local self-government chosen by the state, which is formed on the basis of the practical application of the skills of civil servants in practice and scientific developments by legal scientists. To constantly increase the role and importance of the work of local self-government bodies at the appropriate level. Every citizen of Ukraine should have an idea of the powers of local self-government bodies and how citizens can constitutionally exercise their direct right to private property, self-determination, free movement, and free choice of residence. At the same time, local self-government bodies must guarantee such independence and inviolability. This conceptual theory is based on the division of functions and powers between state bodies and local self-government bodies. The Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government Bodies in Ukraine» and other regulatory and legal documents are intended to contribute to the solution of this problem. The author comes to the conclusion that is at the community level that it is possible to maximally ensure the provision of high-quality and accessible administrative, social and other services, the establishment of democratic institutions, the satisfaction of the interests of citizens in all areas of life in the relevant territory, and the coordination of the interests of the state and territorial communities. The author claims that, therefore, local self-government is the management of affairs and is of an economic nature. The issue of a theoretical concept for solving the problem of decision-making on the conclusion of special agreements between state authorities and local self-government bodies is relevant. There is no effective mechanism for the application and entry into force of the adopted legal acts. Citizens of Ukraine must exercise their right to participate in local self-government by belonging to the respective territorial communities. Any restrictions on the right of citizens of Ukraine to participate in local self-government depending on their race, skin color, political, religious and other beliefs, gender, ethnic and social origin, property status, term of residence in the relevant territory, on linguistic or other grounds are prohibited. Key words: State, citizens, local self-government bodies, concepts of legal theory, rule of law, state power, society, government.

New challenges in the activities of the ECtHR in the conditions of military aggression against Ukraine

Ways of improving the activities of the ECtHR in the context of the international legal assessment of Russian crimes against the Ukrainian nation are proposed: shortening the term of consideration of cases. It is proposed to limit the term of consideration of ECtHR cases regarding the international legal assessment of Russian crimes against the Ukrainian nation to one year; implementation of the current mechanism for timely execution of decisions of the ECtHR and strict liability for non-implementation of such decisions on the part of the Russian Federation; ensuring the effective cooperation of state authorities for the timely implementation of ECtHR decisions regarding the international legal assessment of Russian crimes against the Ukrainian nation: supplementing the list of tasks It is proposed to supplement this list with the following powers: systematization of prerequisites and additional substantiation of ECtHR decisions regarding the international legal assessment of Russian crimes against the Ukrainian nation; development of a mechanism for cooperation with representatives of the ECtHR in the context of the international legal assessment of Russian crimes against the Ukrainian nation. The proposed areas of improvement of the activity of the ECtHR in the context of the international legal assessment of Russian crimes against the Ukrainian nation are capable of positively influencing the general situation in Ukraine, counteracting to a certain extent the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukrainians, speeding up the victory of the Ukrainian nation over the Russian occupiers, and in general improving the process of interaction of Ukrainian state bodies with the world community within the scope of justice. Key words: ECHR, rights and freedoms, protection of human rights, military aggression of the Russian Federation, international legal assessment of crimes.

FINANCIAL AND BUDGETARY PROVISION OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE STATE OF MARTIAL

In the conditions of war, there is a need to improve the system of financial and budgetary provision of social protection and to develop an appropriate strategy, which will become the basis for reforming this system. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the system of financial and budgetary support for the social protection of the population of Ukraine in conditions of war and to justify the strategic tasks of the financial and budgetary policy of the state regarding its improvement. Applied methods: scientific generalization and abstraction, complex analysis, dialectical, sampling, economic and statistical. The research is based on the hypothesis that the level of coordination of the instruments of the state's financial and budgetary policy determines the country's ability to ensure the stability of the system of financial and budgetary provision of social protection, to minimize the risks of violation of human social security. Peculiarities of social support of Ukraine from the international community in conditions of war, the analysis of the system of financial and budgetary support for the social protection of the population of Ukraine is carried out, and the directions of the financial and budgetary policy of the state regarding the development of the system of financial and budgetary support for the social protection of the population are determined. It is substantiated that the development of institutional mechanisms for the management of state resources in the context of the financial and budgetary provision of social protection will contribute to ensuring the social security of people, the use of a combinatorial toolkit of financial and budgetary provision of social protection of Ukraine in the conditions of war should correspond to the priority of increasing the level of financing of the state's defence capability.

UKRAINIANS IN POLAND AND UKRAINE: IS THE WAR CRISIS ABLE TO CHANGE PATTERNS OF FINANCIAL BEHAVIOUR

The russian war against Ukraine caused a large wave of displaced people both inside and outside the country. According to UNHCR as of 2023, more than 1.6 million Ukrainian citizens applied for protection status in Poland and 4.9 million people received internally displaced status in Ukraine. This paper aims to analyse the data from a 2023 survey of internally displaced Ukrainians and those who are considered refugees to identify how their financial patterns have changed and what measures can be applied for adjustment to a new environment. The results show that there are no significant changes in patterns of financial behaviour, however, both groups demonstrate coping strategies: more than 50% in both groups shorten their financial horizon plans. Their expenditures are focused mostly on essential needs. In both countries, Ukrainians invest less because of the decrease in their income. As well, the majority in both groups do not invest at all. Bank deposits remain the most popular investment for Ukrainians (in Ukraine is more than 25%, and in Poland is more than 15%). The real estate objects in Ukraine are less attractive because of security as before 2022. At the same time, Ukrainians are searching for alternative ways of investment. Ukrainians demonstrate a high level of using different digital technologies for different purposes, including personal finance. The fintech solutions are recommended to facilitate better decision-making in personal finance and change the patterns of financial behaviour. Fintech can increase the financial inclusion of IDPs in Ukraine and migrants in Poland and direct money flows for investment for further their pension payments.

The extraordinary events as an environment for the development and implementation of the monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine

The paper establishes that the extraordinary events represented by the pandemic and martial law over the past five years have become powerful catalysts for changes in the banking business. It is shown that maintaining the financial stability and defense capability of the country in the conditions of martial law are the main tasks of the NBU. It was established that due to the consistent and predictable position of the NBU, balanced monetary and regulatory policy, it was possible to ensure the stability of the financial system of Ukraine even in the difficult conditions of martial law. It has been proven that the introduction of restrictive measures is a necessary step to ensure the stability and security of the financial system of Ukraine in conditions of extraordinary events. It is shown that the banking system of Ukraine demonstrates the ability to function effectively, even in the extraordinary conditions of war, thanks to a high level of liquidity, sufficient capital and the ability to generate income. The main stages of monitoring the Monetary Policy Strategy of the NBU are proposed. It is shown that its main principles in the conditions of martial law are: preservation of the stability of the financial system and liquidity of banks; development and implementation of a monetary strategy that takes into account the peculiarities of the martial law; financial support to banks and the economy; restrictions and control on the foreign exchange market; readiness to take emergency measures; effective communication with the public and business community. Recommendations for improving the monetary policy have been developed, aimed at increasing its efficiency and flexibility, ensuring the stability of the financial system and supporting the economy in the conditions of martial law. It has been proven that a set of measures for analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of monetary instruments, implementing changes to improve efficiency, revising target inflation indicators, analyzing the situation on the foreign exchange market, strengthening the communication strategy, conducting stress tests, coordinating with other branches of government, creating reserves and flexible mechanisms will make it possible to minimize the negative consequences of martial law and contribute to the faster recovery of Ukraine’s economy.

INNOVATIVE BUSINESS MODELS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND ADAPTATION OPPORTUNITIES IN UKRAINE

In today's globalization and acceleration of technological changes, the agricultural sector is becoming an important platform for implementing innovative business models. Innovation is a key factor in increasing production efficiency, improving product quality, and reducing the negative impact on the environment. International experience, particularly the experience of the United States of America (hereinafter—the USA) and the European Union (hereinafter—the EU), demonstrates significant success in using innovations in the agro-industrial complex. However, the issue of adapting these models to Ukraine's conditions remains open and requires a thorough analysis. The article is devoted to considering the international experience of innovative business models in the agricultural sector and the possibility of its adaptation in Ukraine. It was determined that adapting innovative business models in Ukraine's agricultural sector is a critically important step toward increasing Ukrainian agriculture's competitiveness on the world stage. Business models in the agrarian sector of successful innovative international practices of the EU and the USA were analyzed to adapt them to Ukrainian conditions. It has been established that Ukraine has significant potential for implementing innovative business models thanks to its natural resources and agricultural traditions. However, certain factors must be considered for their successful adaptation, such as infrastructural challenges, financial support and investments, human resources, legal regulation and policy, and circular economy. It's been demonstrated that the introduction of international experience and technologies can optimize production, reduce costs, and enhance resilience to economic challenges. However, to successfully implement these models, it's crucial to address several internal barriers, such as imperfect infrastructure, insufficient investment, and a shortage of qualified personnel. Overcoming these barriers is a key step towards the successful adoption of innovative business models in the agricultural sector. Attention was focused on the broad prospects for introducing innovations. Ukraine has every chance to become a leader in the region by using modern business models in the agricultural sector.

Key stages of adapting the acquis communautaire to Ukraine's legal system: a historical overview

The article is aimed at clarifying the status of regulatory and legal support for the process of adaptation of the national legislation to the acquis communautaire. It is stated that the Ukrainian state has already completed most of the steps to join the EU. Attention is focused on the relevance of the study, which is due to Ukraine's officially obtaining the EU candidate status and the transition to the negotiation process between the EU and Ukraine on the latter's accession to the EU. The author analyses the provisions of Ukrainian legislation and scientific research on the understanding of the concept of ‘acquis communautaire’. The author's definition of this legal phenomenon is formulated, which should be understood as the sources of EU law, standards, principles of external and internal activities and other achievements of the European Communities. The author's own approach to distinguishing four stages of adaptation of the national legislation to the acquis communautaire in chronological order is proposed. The first stage was when Ukrainian legislation implemented the EU norms and standards to establish economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in various areas for the development of various relations between the partners. The second stage was a testament to the irresistible desire of Ukraine and Ukrainians to be part of the EU community and contributed to the signing and entry into force of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. The third stage demonstrates Ukraine's path from the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement to the EU candidate status. The fourth stage is connected with the European Council's announcement of the start of negotiations with Ukraine on the country's accession to the EU and the need for comprehensive harmonisation and adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the EU acquis in connection with the prospect of EU membership. It is emphasised that the implementation of the acquis communautaire into the national legal system should pursue national interests and be a political, economic, legal and social consensus on key issues of European integration transformations

Modernization of administrative services in Ukraine based on the approval of new principles of their provision

The article is devoted to the topic of introducing new approaches to the provision of administrative services in Ukraine based on the approval of new principles of their provision. It is noted that administrative services are the leading means of realizing the rights of citizens in the field of public administration, because the absolute majority of cases decided by public administration bodies are initiated by citizens themselves and concern their subjective rights. The Ukrainian state quite successfully coped with the challenges in the field of administrative services after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on February 24, 2022. At the current stage, the format of “state-citizen” and “state-business” relations must be modernized taking into account modern technologies, optimization of procedures and improvement of service quality . Of great importance in the process of providing administrative services is the focus on modern, objective principles of their provision determined by socio-economic and technological development. After all, today a widespread phenomenon is the “digitalization” of the process of providing administrative services, which involves the introduction of electronic document management, the creation of online platforms for receiving services, and the automation of administrative procedures. The Center for Political and Legal Reforms developed the “Strategy for the reform of administrative services and their digitalization”. From the analysis of the document, it follows that the principles of providing administrative services today need a doctrinal update in their interpretation. In particular, the system of principles of administrative services should be supplemented with such things as decentralization of powers, simplification of procedures for the provision of administrative services, formality, integration of basic services in the Central Administrative Service, compensability for the provision of administrative services, unification of the procedure for resolving administrative cases, development of electronic public services, proactivity of public administration in in the field of provision of administrative services, protection of personal data.

Characteristics and social significance of the civil service

The article is devoted to the problems of the categorical apparatus of the civil service in Ukraine. The civil service in our country is recognized as one of the most important institutions in the formation and development of Ukrainian statehood. It is from this institute that the quality of functioning of the social and political system as a whole and the solution of multifaceted tasks and functions of the modern state depend. Civil service has the greatest influence on the development of constitutional and legal formations and is the basis of state construction. It is argued that the civil service is a complex and multifunctional, legal and political institution, the essence of which is the performance by officials who are endowed with high professionalism, act in a complex relationship and in close interaction both among themselves and with other systemic entities, political forces, by public organizations and citizens, tasks and functions of the state within the legal field and in accordance with the authority granted to them to create social benefits, further development of social well-being and stability in the state. The most important features of the civil service are highlighted: the content of the civil service is an activity aimed at the practical implementation of tasks and functions of the state (analysis, development and implementation of state policy, ensuring the provision of affordable and high-quality administrative services, etc.); the public nature of this activity; professionalism; politically impartial character. It has been established that the priority of human rights and interests over the interests of the state should be the main feature of modern civil service. The goal of the civil service is disclosed, which consists in streamlining and increasing the efficiency of the processes of formation and implementation of state power and state administration, provided that responsibility for the performance of the powers of the position and social and economic guarantees of the civil service are combined. The main goals and tasks of the civil service have been defined in terms of ensuring the fair, effective and stable activity of state authorities in accordance with their powers and competence, aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of people and citizens, as well as creating conditions for the development of civil society.

Theoretical and legal nature of the concepts of supervision and control and their relationship

It is indicated that in the modern conditions of the transformation of the legal system of Ukraine, the study of the concepts of supervision and control acquires special relevance. This is due to the need to ensure the effective functioning of state administration, compliance with law and order, as well as to improve the quality of public services. The article examines the theoretical and legal nature of the concepts of supervision and control and their relationship. The author draws attention to the fact that supervision and control are important elements of the legal system of Ukraine, which ensure compliance with legality and proper implementation of legal norms. Despite the common features, these institutes have different theoretical and legal nature and perform specific tasks. The article notes that understanding the theoretical and legal nature of supervision and control, as well as their relationship, is necessary for the effective functioning of the legal system and ensuring the rule of law in Ukraine. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the modern conditions of the development of the Ukrainian state, the role of supervision and control is becoming particularly relevant. They are important tools in the fight against corruption, ensuring legality and increasing the efficiency of public administration. Improving these mechanisms and adapting them to modern challenges is a key task for ensuring sustainable development and strengthening the rule of law in Ukraine. the study of the concepts of supervision and control in Ukraine is extremely relevant and important. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the modern conditions of the development of statehood and the legal system, the study of supervision and control acquires special significance for ensuring the stable and harmonious development of society and the state. One of the key aspects of the relevance of the study of the concepts of supervision and control lies in their role in ensuring legality and law and order. In the conditions of democratic development of the state, it is important that the activities of state bodies, organizations and institutions meet the requirements of legislation.

Regulation of the insurance market as a factor of increasing the national financial security of Ukraine in the conditions of hybrid threats

The article provides an overview of the current state of the influence of hybrid threats on the development of the mechanism of regulation of insurance activity in the context of increasing national security in Ukraine. The hybrid impact on the country's economy and significant countermeasures are clearly identified. Weak points (dangers) and hybrid threats to the national financial security of Ukraine and society at the current stage are highlighted. It was determined that the full-scale invasion and hybrid threats had a negative impact on the financial services insurance market of Ukraine, but the dynamics of its slow development will be evident despite the listed threats. It has been proven that the process of regulation of the insurance market is of great importance in increasing the national financial stability in the socio-economic sector of the state, as well as the financial stability of its residents, which becomes a determining factor in increasing the national financial security of Ukraine in conditions of hybrid threats and requires improvement of the insurance market regulation mechanism in Ukraine

Ensuring quality higher education in Ukraine in times of war

This study focuses on exploring the issue of ensuring quality higher education in the conditions of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. It synthesizes and analyzes literature sources, legal documents, secondary data, original (survey) data, and the author’s experiences with enhancing the quality of higher education. Using analysis of the legal documents, such as the National Doctrine of the Development of Education, the Law of Ukraine ‘On education’, and the Law of Ukraine ‘On higher education’, I study the legal framework for Ukrainian higher education. Using secondary data obtained from online sources, I find irrefutable evidence of mass destruction from Russian military aggression on educational institutions of Ukraine and the educational process in general, and specific initiatives from the Ukrainian state, Ukrainian universities, and international institutions to support the Ukrainian higher education system in wartime conditions. Using original data collected through surveys, I present first-hand information on the processes of changes in higher education in Ukraine under the conditions of Russia’s ongoing military aggression and the issue of ensuring quality higher education through the prism of the experience of students at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. Using the author’s personal teaching experience in the implementation of joint global classrooms, I analyze the possibilities of developed partnerships for motivating students and ensuring quality higher education in the conditions of war. Based on the analysis and synthesis of secondary data, I identify the main responses of the higher education system of Ukraine which enable it to maintain the quality of higher education as the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals during the war, namely (i) improvement and wider implementation of an online education system; (ii) organization of work of higher education institutions relocated from the occupied territories to territories controlled by Ukraine; (iii) support of international institutions; and (iv) partnership programmes with partner universities. The analysis of the results of the survey of students highlighted that the top priority of a Ukrainian university during wartime should be the safety of all participants in the educational and research process and high-quality education, and the most serious problems that create obstacles to ensuring the quality of education are the distressed psychological states of the participants in the educational process and organizational issues in the conditions of military aggression. By analyzing the experience of the implementation of joint global classrooms format, I also highlight that this format can be an effective additional measure in motivating students and ensuring the quality of higher education in the difficult conditions of war, and a developed partnership plays a crucial role in its implementation.

Institutional and legal prerequisites for the formation of the highest authorities of the Ukrainian People’s Republic of the Directory period during the Hetmanate (May 21 - December 14, 1918): historical and legal research

A historical and legal study of the institutional and legal prerequisites for the formation of the highest authorities of the UPR during the Directory during the Hetmanate (May 21 – December 14, 1918) was carried out. The process of formation of bodies that have gone through the evolution from public to the highest state bodies of the UPR during the Directory, began during the functioning of the Ukrainian State. The struggle for the restoration of the UPR was carried out by: the Ukrainian National Union, the Directory, the Council of Heads of State Affairs, the Council of Commissars, the Revolutionary Committee. Of greatest importance in the struggle against the Hetman was the creation of party and trade union organizations on May 21, 1918. Ukrainian National-State Union, which in August 1918 was renamed the Ukrainian National Union – an alternative public body to the existing state apparatus, which claimed to be transformed into a constituent state power. The directory was created on November 14, 1918. Ukrainian National Union. Links of this public institution were: the head of the Directory and members of the Directory, one of whom was the Chief Ataman. At the beginning of December 1918 departments were established under the Directory. In the process of struggle for the creation of the UPR in December 1918 the Council of Commissars was created – a public authority, which in fact was a prototype of the executive body of the UNR. After the abdication of power by the Hetman of Ukraine on December 14, 1918 The Directory, the Council of Commissars acquired the legal status of the highest bodies of state power of the UPR. Soon, instead of the Council of Commissioners, the Directorate created the Council of People’s Ministers – the government of the UPR. The formation of the UPR during the Directory was facilitated by the revolution in Germany, the support of the Entente. The stage of the struggle between the supporters of the Directory and the Hetman (May 21 – December 14, 1918) can be considered as the preparatory stage for the formation of the highest authorities of the UPR during the Directory, which was imposed on the period of the existence of the Ukrainian State.

Diplomatic Ukraine in the international arena: miscalculations and gains in wartime conditions

The key tasks of domestic diplomacy in strengthening the international coalition in support of Ukraine are argued, promoting the ideas of improving the security system and forming new formats of international cooperation to effectively confront modern threats. The necessity of reforming international security organizations in view of increasing their efficiency and ability to quickly and decisively respond to violations of international law and the use of force is justified, promoting the ideas of creating effective mechanisms of collective security and preventive diplomacy. The strategic directions of Ukrainian diplomacy during the war, regarding active sanctions actions, which included fourteen packages of economic and personal sanctions against the Russian Federation adopted by the Council of the EU, were analyzed. The effectiveness of sanctions pressure and the possibility of achieving peace are characterized. It was emphasized that close coordination of efforts with partner countries, on the one hand, and coordination of sanctions policy, on the other, as well as the provision of military and financial assistance, development of the national defense industry, are the key to the stability of the Ukrainian state. The research used a number of scientific methods, including systematic, comparative, historical, expert evaluation methods, as well as analysis and synthesis methods.

Stress exposure, perceived stress, protective psychosocial factors, and health status in Ukraine after the full-scale invasion.

The concept of stress as a cause of ill health has received much attention in social sciences. The distinction between stress exposure and perceived stress emphasizes the importance of cognitive dimension of stress. This quantitative study (N = 213) conducted in Ukraine in November 2022 collected self-reported cognitive data on stress exposure, perceived stress, and self-rated heath. The goals of the study included (1) testing if stress exposure and perceived stress differ in terms of breadth and depth of their impact; (2) isolating psychosocial factors that reduce stress; and (3) testing if individuals who have relocated within Ukraine or abroad to escape the war had worse health outcomes than those who remained at their domiciles. The results suggest that while perceived stress was a stronger predictor of negative health outcomes, optimism and social support served as protective psychosocial factors. Having moved abroad predicted higher stress levels and more adverse health symptoms.

Transformation of the Сharacter of the Аctivities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the Сonditions of the Legal Regime of the Martial Law

The article analyzes the process and results of the transformation of the nature of the activity of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law caused by large-scale Russian aggression against the Ukrainian state. The study of the political discourse of changes in the organization of the activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the conditions of Russian aggression proved that this problem was actively discussed by parliamentary factions in the context of implementing the possibility of normative and legal consolidation of holding plenary sessions in remote mode and, accordingly, online voting of people's deputies of Ukraine. Against the background of the lack of international experience of using such an organizational form of activity of the national parliament as remote plenary sessions, Ukraine may be the first country in which the legislative body of power will introduce this innovation. The study of renewal of the activity format of the Parliament of Ukraine in the context of the problem of compliance with the standards of law-making activity indicates that it took place by means of the turbo regime, which: marked by a significant increase in the number of adopted Laws of Ukraine; is characterized by a reduction in the time of processing and passage of draft laws according to the procedure for their review provided for by the Regulation; caused a decrease in the number of registered draft laws, led to an increase in the number of violations of the law-making procedure. Analysis of the dynamics of the forms of information and communication activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law indicates the need to disseminate information about the content of the legislative activities of the Ukrainian parliament only in the communication space of interested target audiences. The conducted analysis proved that the Ukrainian parliament is characterized by a high level of institutional stability and political capacity.

The Genesis of the Institution of Presidency in Ukraine: Characteristic Features at the Formation Stage

This article explores the formation of the institution of the presidency in Ukraine, a process that has evolved significantly and continues to undergo transformation in the context of political science. The ongoing evolution emphasizes the uniqueness of the Ukrainian presidency and presents new scientific challenges and opportunities for in-depth analysis. During the Soviet period, prior to Ukraine's independence, state power was exercised by a collegial body, the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada. According to Article 2 of the 1978 Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR, all power in Ukraine belonged to the people, who exercised it through the Councils of People's Representatives. This system allowed the people to delegate their governance rights to the Councils, which were organized in a unified structure where lower-level councils were subordinate to higher-level ones. Consequently, all state authorities were accountable to these councils. Based on an analysis of the political system's functioning during that period it can be asserted that the political structure was insular and precluded the establishment of the institution of the presidency. The practice of introducing the institution of the presidency began to gain traction among the union republics before their secession from the USSR. Scholars agree that this development was partly due to the political weakness of Mikhail Gorbachev, who should have insisted for the establishment of a singular presidency with authority extending across the entire Soviet Union. A significant milestone in fully introducing the institution of the presidency was the removal of Article 6 from the Constitution, which had previously enshrined the Communist Party's leading role in society. This legislative change paved the way for the conceptualization of an ideal presidential model, addressing issues such as constitutional status, scope of powers, and mechanisms for accountability. The initial attempt to introduce the institution of the presidency within the Soviet Union set a precedent that other republics, including Ukraine, followed. The establishment of the institution of the presidency in Ukraine in July 1991 marked a crucial phase in the development of Ukrainian statehood. This move represented a first step towards creating a modern political system, enabling the Ukrainian people to elect their leader and facilitating the implementation of state policies by political institutions more effectively.

Ready, Steady, No? The Contested Legitimacy of Weapon Deliveries to Ukraine in German Foreign Policy Discourse

AbstractHow were arms deliveries to Ukraine (de)legitimized in the German Bundestag? This paper is based on a discourse analysis of parliamentary debates held between December 2021 and January 2023 on the question of military support for Ukraine. It shows how the legitimization of arms deliveries and various identity narratives of German foreign policy are mutually constitutive but also reconfigured. Members of Alliance 90/The Greens, the Free Democratic Party, and the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union legitimized arms deliveries by referring to Germany’s identity as a European “shaping power” from which a “responsibility” to provide military support was derived. Ukraine had become part of the Western European community; therefore, arms deliveries were necessary to defend the European “we” against the Russian aggression. Criticism of arms deliveries was voiced by The Left, who emphasized Germany’s pacifist identity, which had been established as a lesson from National Socialism and should not be abandoned. The Alternative for Germany party also rejected any military support, pointing to the negative consequences for economic relations with Russia and openly questioning the legitimacy of Ukrainian statehood, as Putin derives geopolitical claims over Ukraine that “must be respected.” The most radical change was observed within the Social Democratic Party parliamentary group. Just a few weeks after his appearance in the Bundestag, Scholz and his parliamentary group mobilized a vocabulary that was less associated with “Zeitenwende” and more with Germany’s traditional identity as a “civilian power” in order to legitimize a “balanced” approach so that “Russia does not win” but Germany is not dragged into the war either.

Assessment of the cybersecurity of Ukrainian public companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange S.A.

Nowadays, the number of sophisticated cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure or banking systems is increas- ing. Cases of successful attacks are not uncommon, as statistics in Ukraine demonstrate, and they are becoming more frequent and advanced. This results in an increased risk for companies listed on the stock exchange. The article provides examples of cyberattacks in Ukraine, including those using ransomware, attempts to infiltrate energy systems, and attacks on government institutions. It is noted that the presence of cyber threats is strongly linked to the politi- cal and international situation of the country. Analyses conducted focus on the examination of cyber threat events in Ukraine and their impact on the WIG_UKRAIN stock index from 2015 to 2023. The evalu- ation includes the index’s return rates on the day of the cyber threat occurrence, the following day, and the average return rate within five sessions after the threat. An analogous study for the WIG index is adopted as a benchmark. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that before the year 2022, cyberattacks on Ukraine did not have a significant impact on the value of the Ukrainian company stock index. The situation changed after 2022, where each potentially economi- cally harmful cyberattack contributed to the decrease in the value of Ukrainian-listed companies. Generally, the start of hostilities in 2022 significantly increased the volatility of the WIG_UKRAIN index quota- tions. This is to be expected, as markets react badly to uncertainty.

Prospects for Applying Artificial Intelligence Technologies by Public Libraries of Ukraine

The aim of the article is to study prospects for the artificial intelligence technologies usage by public libraries of Ukraine in conditions of digital transformation of society. Research methods. General scientific research methods are used, in particular, analysis and generalisation of possibilities of language prognostication models based on neural networks in the activity of Ukrainian public libraries. The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in actualising the problem of using ChatGPT 3.5, Gemini, Microsoft Bing and Grok technologies in the library sphere, and outlining the key possibilities of using these language models of artificial intelligence among public libraries. The usage of new generation chatbots for interacting with users of public libraries, searching the information and generating content are actively gaining popularity, moving from theory to practical level. Linguistic models of neural networks are used to create marketing campaigns, analysis and familiarisation with the content of works and archival materials, interaction with library users, and finding answers to professional questions. Main conclusions. The potential of language prognostication models based on neural networks in the practical activity of public libraries is analysed. By means of the analysis of ChatGPT 3.5, Gemini, Bing Chat and Grok technologies, and their usage in the library sphere, the main potential possibilities of interaction of information institution employees with these technologies are determined. In particular, the integration of ChatGPT functions through API into the system of public libraries will allow to optimise searching the information in the database and and feedback opportunities with library users. Using the ChatGPT 3.5 neural network service will speed up the development of a marketing content plan, instructions, as well as automate book recommendations based on the analysis of the readers’ preferences and books read. It is found out that the methods of implementing innovative models can allow not only to qualitatively improve the service of public libraries users, but also to automate their work in order to optimise the performance of everyday tasks, preserve cultural heritage and access to digital resources. In the future, the level of deepening the involvement of these technologies will inevitably grow. The sooner library institutions start using neural networks in everyday practice, the sooner they will be able to facilitate the work of library sphere workers, provide improved users’ service, and increase the effectiveness of library marketing support. It is emphasised that experiments on the use of artificial intelligence language models still need an empirical research method. Particularly, they require attention not only from the point of view of usage for personal purposes, but also in the professional activity of the library sphere.