Verbal Condition Research Articles

On the Verbalization of Space and Direction Concepts

Summary The paper deals with selected problems of the verbalization of the concepts “place”, “space” and “direction”, with a special consideration of their successive development in language and in language acquisition. The theoretical background are assumptions concerning the genesis of the concept of place and movement. Some of them claim that movement and direction precede the conceptualization of place and space. However, numerous linguistic phenomena seem to prove the opposite hypothesis, namely that the concept of place and, thus, its verbalization by means of stative verbs, local adverbs and prepositional phrases is original, whereas the concepts of movement, especially of controlled, caused movement denoted by transitive, regular verbs is derived from the concept of locum encoded by irregular verbs.

Consistently inconsistent: Multimodal episodic deficits in semantic aphasia

Semantic Aphasia (SA) patients have difficulty accessing semantic knowledge in both verbal and non-verbal tasks appropriately for the current context. Automatically activated semantic knowledge overwhelms the system, because it is no longer able to inhibit interference from dominant meanings in order to select weaker alternatives. Episodic memory, like semantic memory, requires control to select relevant memories amongst competing episodes. For example, our memory for what we ate for breakfast last Saturday is affected by competition from numerous other breakfast meals eaten on other days. Where one is unable to guide retrieval, we may rely on automatically activated knowledge about “breakfast foods”, and therefore experience false memories. Brain systems that support semantic control are also implicated in episodic control, and therefore deficits in semantic control are likely to cause more widespread problems. Despite this, nearly all research to date focuses on semantic performance alone. This study explored the impact of this semantic impairment on episodic recall. We used a verbal and non-verbal episodic memory task: participants remembered nursery rhymes in the verbal condition and logos and their associated products in the visual condition (e.g. bowl of cereal and coco-pops). For both tasks, we manipulated a) congruency with pre-existing knowledge (e.g. expectancy of trials: baa baa blackbuild – instead of sheep) and b) whether these trial types were blocked by congruency or mixed, as well as (c) distractor strength. If SA patients experience overwhelming automatic activation, they should find incongruent items more difficult to suppress, particularly when presented in an unpredictable task format. A total of 13 SA patients were compared to 33 controls across three experiments. In line with our predictions, SA patients found it more difficult to retrieve episodic memories which were in conflict with pre-existing semantic knowledge. This was true across modalities. Moreover, these deficits were accentuated when the congruency was presented in a mixed fashion, and so unpredictable across trials. Evidence of these episodic control impairments in SA cases supports the idea of a shared mechanism for semantic and episodic memory control.

Theory of mind as a proxy for Palaeolithic language ability

Abstract Symbolic artefacts have long been archaeology’s primary contribution to tracing the origin and subsequent development of human language. But the identification and interpretation of symbolic behaviour poses numerous interpretive problems, particularly before the Upper Palaeolithic where clearly referential forms of symbolic material are rare. As an alternative, theory of mind is presented here, detailing its intimate relationship with language and likely coevolution, alongside the factors which make it a more effective proxy. As a cognitive ability that grades in complexity and predicts linguistic skill in modern cognition, theory of mind also has the potential to denote specific syntactic and semantic features of language such as word reference, mental state verbs and complementation. The potential to detect theory of mind in the archaeological record is considered here, such as within the cultural transmission of stone tool technology and forms of complex social learning like imitation and teaching in early hominin technologies.

Recent change in stative progressives: a collostructional investigation of British English in 1994 and 2014

The spread of the progressive from dynamic to stative verbs started in the seventeenth century, and slowed down in the late twentieth century. The present study investigates recent change in the use of stative progressives in conversational British English from the early 1990s to the early 2010s. The analysis focuses on a total of 100 stative verb lemmata in the spoken, demographic sections of the original and newBritish National Corpus, restricted to a variable context where a progressive could potentially occur. Results indicate that overall, stative progressives have not become more frequent in the last twenty years, and that the group of stative verbs is highly heterogeneous. However, particular verbs, such asexpectandthink,do indeed combine more frequently with the progressive now, which could be the cause of the popular impression of the continuing spread of stative progressives. In addition to a frequency-based analysis, a distinctive collexeme analysis offers a more fine-grained analysis of the collostructional preferences of individual verb lemmata and semantic classes of stative verbs. This analysis reveals that the stative verbs are heterogenous and that the lemmata most distinctly associated with the progressive belong to the group of stance verbs.

Dynamicity and Stativity in a Linguistic Reflection of Space: Megrelian Preverbs and Their Context

Abstract The present paper is aimed at a structural and semantic analysis of dynamic and stative verbs in a linguistic reflection of spatial relations. The investigation is based on the data of dynamic verbs referring to motion/movement- the most widespread and salient kind of motion -and of stative verbs referring to immobility/location. Specifically, I will use dynamic verbs that refer to both motion/movement proper (motion per se) and to transfer (to take): ul-a ‘to go,’ purin-ua ‘to fly,’ nčur-ua ‘to swim,’ rula-a ‘to run,’ and xox-ua ‘to crawl.’ Parallel stative verbs will be presented as forms referring to standard location/state: -rina ‘to be, to stand,’ -xvena ‘to sit,’ -’n’ǯira ‘to lie,’ - ʒvena ‘to be laid,’ and dgvena /dguma ‘to be laid’ (for inanimate objects), etc. I will also use data from morpho-syntactic analyses of dynamic and stative forms. Megrelian dynamic and stative verb roots convey types of motion/immobility, however, they are essentially neutral in terms of any locative reference. This kind of information is rendered by adverbial derivational formants included in the verb stem – preverbs which are taken on by verb roots referring to motion/movement to derive new, semantically distinct, verb stems. Owing to this, it is necessary to discuss in detail the structure and usage of the preverbs as a basic means for the encoding of spatial relations within a neutral root.With respect to the issue in question, the following was established: a) types of directions and orientation of motion encoded in the aforementioned verb forms; b) peculiarities of spatial location of motion/immobility, and; c) semantic features of dynamic and stative forms.

The Contrastive Analysis of Inchoative Aspect of Japanese and Indonesian Language

Compound verb –dasu in Japanese language, adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru (just) in Indonesian language are marks of inchoative aspect. This research aims to describe the difference and similarity of those three marks of inchoative aspect. The method applied in this research is intralingual padan method. As the result of the research, it is proven that compound verb –dasu and adverb baru are focusing on the beginning of an activity or alteration, meanwhile adverb mulai (start) is a sign of the beginning of an event with an exact finished oriented. Compound verb –dasu, adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru can be constructed as activity verb and punctual verb, both volitional and non volitional with animate and inanimate as the subject. Then, the differences are compound verb –dasu shows the beginning of an event that happens suddenly, meanwhile the adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) do not; beside, the adverb mulai (start) can be modified as stative verb, adjective and noun, meanwhile compund verb –dasu can not.

Effect of verbal encouragement on quadriceps and knee joint function during three sets of knee extension exercise

BACKGROUND: Although the common practice of verbal encouragement is scientifically supported, its effect on the maintenance of force output in fatiguing exertions is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of verbal encouragement on exercise-induced quadriceps and knee joint function during three sets of knee extension exercise. METHODS: Sixty-five healthy males (23.3 years, 175.8 cm, 75.3 kg) underwent testing using the administration of verbal encouragement (n= 32) or not (n= 33) during assessment of quadriceps and knee joint function. Assessments were performed at baseline and times 1, 2, and 3. The knee concentric isokinetic extension at 60∘/s, was performed between the time points. For quadriceps function, maximal isometric strength and activation (central activation ratio) were recorded. Absolute error values on knee flexion replications at 15∘ or 45∘ were recorded for knee joint function. RESULTS: There was no verbal encouragement effect over three sets of exercise in quadriceps strength (condition × time: F3,189= 1.71, p= 0.17) and knee flexion replication (condition × time for 15∘: F3,189= 0.11, p= 0.96; 45∘: F3,189= 0.63, p= 0.6). However, subjects who had received verbal encouragement maintained quadriceps activation (condition × time: F3,189= 5.49, p= 0.001). Specifically, quadriceps activation in the verbal condition was 3.0% higher at time 2 (p= 0.01) and 4.7% higher at time 3 (p= 0.0003) versus in the non-verbal condition. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal encouragement appears to be effective in maintaining central activation, but is insufficient for promoting strength. This supports the idea that peripheral contributing factors play a larger role in force production when performing multiple sets of exercises.

Instrument and Means interpretation of deverbal nominals: The role of ambiguous stative verbs in French VN compounding

This article examines French Verb-Noun compounds with Means value (couvre-pied 'blanket', lit. cover-feet), derived from stative bases. It shows that they are generally ambiguous between Means and Instrument reading. The regularity of this double value discards an analysis relying on verbal homonymy, in favor of Rothmayr's (2009) hypothesis of bi-eventive verbs. We assume that the presence of an agentive as well as a stative component in the verbal bases accounts for the double Means/Instrument value of the VNs studied here. We also examine "pure" Instrument VNs, available with similar verbal bases. We show that the distribution of the Instrument vs. Means/Instrument values relies on the state of the referent of the noun involved in the compound after the event described by the verbal base occurred. A permanent state entails a "pure" Instrument reading, whereas Means/Instrument reading obtains if the state of N is reversible (Fábregas & Marín 2012). Dieser Beitrag ist ursprünglich im Peter-Lang-Verlag erschienen (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/plg/jwf/2020/00000004/00000002/art00009)

A privative derivational source for standard negation in Lokono (Arawakan)

Abstract It has recently been argued that Arawakan languages of South America provide evidence for a novel historical source for standard negation, a privative derivational affix. This hypothesis posits that the prefixal standard negation found in some languages of the family developed from a privative prefix, ma-, present in Proto-Arawakan, that originally derived privative stative verbs from nouns. According to this account, the function of this prefix extended, in many languages of the family, to negating nominalized verbs in subordinate clauses, and then, via insubordination, to standard main clause negation, in a smaller subset of languages. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate this hypothetical trajectory in detail in a particular Arawakan language: Lokono, a highly endangered language of the Guianas. On the basis of modern linguistic fieldwork and colonial-era language materials, we show that 18th-century Lokono exhibited a standard negation construction based on the privative, and that this construction exhibits clear signs of its subordinate clause origin. We show that Lokono also exhibits the full range of functions for the privative ma- that are predicted to be historical precursors to the standard negation function, substantiating the historical trajectory from privative derivation to standard negation. We conclude by observing that the prefixal standard negation strategy has lost ground since the 18th century to a standard negation particle that originally expressed constituent negation, possibly due to contact with colonial languages that employ similar strategies.

English Stative Verbs in Context of Aspectual Choice

This paper aims at identifying interrelationship between a semantic feature of stativity with verbal aspectual opposition progressive/non-progressive in English. Beside telicity and duration, stativity is one of the three distinctive semantic features and expresses the existance of some quality in time without investing any energy, therefore it represents situations without dynamic segments. The procedure of creating aspectual verbal possibilities in English is based both on semantic and syntactic grounds so this paper also applies selectional restrictions that stative verbs impose when choosing aspectual form. Therefore, this paper establishes and analyses the correlation between stativity and aspectual verbal opposition on the corpus excerpted from the modern English novel.

For the Relation of the Inversion and the Perfect Semantics in Georgian verbs

In Georgian the verbal form comprises the names expressing the subjectiveobjective references of certain quantity, which shows the representing signs to express the category of the subjective and objective person. However, sometimes the subjective person is expressed by the sign of the objective person or vice versa, which is called inversion in Georgian language. There are many options about the reason of inversion. Bipersonal static verbs are considered as the oldest verbs as believed by many scientists. These are the verbs of feeling and owning, they are inverse, bipersonal and hold the dative construction. We think that inversion cannot be only explained with the static character. There are the verbs, which are not static but are inverse. We believe that it must be one and the same aspect in every case: perfect semantics. In Indo-European languages, the verbs of the perfect semantics have been converted from the class of the lexical words into the grammar perfect. When the Georgian language encountered the need to express the perfect forms respective to Indo-European languages and thus, the third series has been generated and it used the form as the model, belonging to the verbs of bipersonal non-transitional “perfect semantics” in present. This form has been supplemented by preverb, has become dynamic and gradually acquired various semantic nuances characterizing the perfect tense: resultativity, will, evidentiality, interrogative and negative, etc. In our opinion such verbs are not the continuation of the I and II series, they are the standalone link of the verb system, namely the perfect group characterized with the dative construction, which is inverse and always bipersonal.

Mental state verbs used by mother–child dyads in Japanese and English: Implications for the development of Theory of Mind

Mental state terms are believed to be closely related to the development of Theory of Mind (ToM). This study focuses on mental state verbs (MSVs) and investigates how they are used by Japanese-speaking mother–child dyads compared to their English-speaking counterparts. Analyses of their spontaneous speech from the CHILDES archives show that children’s production of MSVs is greatly influenced by the mothers’ input in both languages and that Japanese MSVs are used less frequently than English MSVs in both the children’s and mothers’ utterances. In addition, the syntactic properties of MSVs show that complements under MSVs tend to be null in Japanese, whereas those in English are more likely to be overtly expressed. This difference observed in the mothers’ input and children’s production can be a contributing factor underlying the developmental delay of ToM in Japanese.

Why Plurality of the Possessor Matters in Mandarin Chinese Inalienable Possession

Abstract In this paper, I first introduce what inalienable possession structure (IPS) is cross-linguistically as well as how to form an IPS in Mandarin Chinese, i.e., pronoun + body part or kinship term, etc. With the help of postverbal IPS, I relate the lack of plural pronominal possessor in IPS, which is never discussed in the literature, to the prohibition of distributivity over distributivity, i.e., the semantic anomaly of distributive plural possessor over the stubborn distributivity inherent to Chinese IPS nouns. I also argue that the requirement of a plural pronominal possessor seen in the IPS of public places, spatial directions, and professional titles is a result of stubborn collectivity shared by these nouns. In the end, I discuss the association between the distinction of inalienable and alienable nouns and that of active and stative verbs.

SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS INTERFACE ANALYSIS ON VERB TELICITY IN ENGLISH SENTENCE

As the core of a sentence, a verb can be analysed using syntax and semantic interface based on the verb situation type. One aspect in the verb situation is telicity which shows the process shown by the verb whether involve a bounded activity or unbounded activity with inherent endpoint. This paper analyzes the verbs telicity based on the verb classes proposed by Vendler (1967) namely achievement, accomplishment, activites and states. The aim of the analysis is to find the semantic feature of a verb using syntax and semantics interface. The data in form of sentences were taken from Hemingway’ short story The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber. The analysis employs descriptive qualitative method using observation technique. The data was presented in both formal and informal method. The results show that ity can be analysed both syntactically and semantically. Accomplishment and achievement verbs are while activities and state verbs are a.

ADHD 아동의 마음상태 동사 이해 능력

ADHD 아동의 마음상태 동사 이해 능력

Communicating Dynamic Behaviors in Basketball: The Role of Verbal Instructions and Arrow Symbols

ABSTRACTPurpose: Guided by cognitive load theory and cognitive theory of multimedia learning, the purpose of this study was to evaluate players' ability to integrate dynamic information presented under different conditions: a verbal condition, in which instructions were given orally; a visual condition, in which instructions were shown using arrow symbols; and a redundant condition, in which both visual and verbal instructions were presented simultaneously. Method: In a 2 × 3 design, we asked basketball players with varied levels of skill (less-skilled, skilled) to rate their invested mental effort and to perform a recall test after learning from either the verbal, visual or redundant condition. Results: Results demonstrated that the less-skilled players benefited more from the redundant condition, whereas the skilled participants benefited more from the visual condition. Conclusion: Recommendations for improving instructional design techniques aimed at the transmission of tactical instructions in team games are proposed.

Passive and anticausative constructions: A new perspective to morphosyntax and lexical semantic interfaces

There is a growing body of literature that recognises the relationship between verbal argument alternations such as passives and anticausatives. However, alternation types in Bantu languages have been treated in a rather fragmented way. In addition, the relationship between passive and anticausative constructions with regard to the realisation of an implicit external argument poses a challenge to the study of argument alternations within and across languages. The present article examines the morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic properties of passive and anticausative constructions in Kiwoso (Bantu), invoking different combinations of Voice, vCAUS and Root, as assumed in the syntactic decomposition approach. The properties of change of state verbs in licensing the anticausative and passive alternations form an integral part of this article. This article argues that the passive and anticausative in Kiwoso are distinguished on the basis of a Voice functional head, which determines the nature of events expressed by passive and anticausative verb constructions. The distinction between the (non-) occurrence of na- and ko-phrases in Kiwoso provides diagnostic evidence for this property.

Egophoric marking and person indexation in Japhug

AbstractJaphug, like other Gyalrong languages, is one of the very few languages with both a full-fledged person indexation system and an egophoric evidential category. A detailed account of the uses and meanings of the Egophoric and its interaction with person is thus of interest to the typology of evidential systems. This paper describes the uses of Egophoric marking in Japhug and of the other two evidential categories with which it contrasts (Factual and Sensory), as well as their interaction with person indexation. Due to the limited distribution of the Egophoric in Japhug (it only occurs in present contexts), the present paper exclusively focuses on the uses of evidentials with stative verbs in present (imperfective) contexts, where minimal pairs are available in the corpus.

Enactment effect in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Subjects can improve their performance on memory for action phrases if, during the encoding condition, they self-perform actions associated with verbs (subject-performed condition), or if they perceive the actions carried out by experimenter (experimenter-performed condition), with respect to a verbal task condition in which they only read or listen to the stimuli. This facilitation is labeled “Enactment effect” (EE), and is thought to be associated with episodic integration processes binding actions and nouns together in a coherent representation. Only recently, studies addressed EE in AD individuals reporting significant improvements on memory tasks in the subject-performed encoding condition. However, no studies tried to explore the cognitive mechanisms supporting EE in AD individuals.Method: Performance on recognition and cued recall tasks for action phrases were assessed in a sample of 32 mild-to-moderate AD individuals and 30 healthy adults, in verbal, subject-performed and experimenter-performed encoding conditions. Moreover, a cognitive assessment was completed to explore the possible correlates of EE in our participants.Results: Results showed that both subject-performed and experimenter-performed encoding conditions produced similar advantages over the verbal condition, in both memory tasks in both groups. Moreover, these memory advantages were strongly associated to executive processes, in both AD and healthy adults.Conclusions: The present study confirmed that EE is spared in mild to moderate AD. Our findings supported the role of episodic integration processes and suggested a contribution of executive processes in EE.

Mental Predicate Feel Subtype Feel and Think in Japanese: A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach

According to Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014) the original meaning of the mental predicate consists of six types namely, think, know, feel, see, hear, want and don't want. This finding was then forwarded to Japanese by Asano Cavanagh (2015), finding 12 verbs of Japanese language conditions that are matched with those found by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2014). Of the twelve state verbs that were passed on by Asano, the type FEEL was matched with the mental predicate ???kanjiru. Mental predicate???kanjiru has a subtype which turns out to produce more mental predicate than the other six types. Found subtypes FEEL and THINK, FEEL and HAPPEN, FEEL and DO, FEEL and TELL. Subtype FEEL and THINK produces 2 sub-subtypes namely FEEL and THINK (GOOD) and FEEL and THINK (BAD).
 Keywords: mental predicate, feel, type, subtype