Statistical Method For Calculation Research Articles

RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH DISORDERS IN EMPLOYEES AT THE MACHINERY ENTERPRISE

Introduction. Adverse effects of environmental factors can cause dysfunction of organs and systems, hormonal dysfunction, genetic disorders, which can adversely affect the health of future generations. The aim is to study occupational risk factors and assess their impact on the health of male workers of machine-building enterprises, to develop preventive measures. Material and methods. The working conditions of 318 male workers of the main professions of the machine-building enterprise (miller, locksmith, electric and gas welder, turner, caster, etc.), having occupational contact with harmful occupational factors, were studied in comparison with 148 employees of the control group. Epidemiological, socio-hygienic, statistical and risk calculation methods were used. Results. 68.2% of respondents were found to have occupational contact with cutting fluid, 24.3% contact with chemicals, 14.4% - with heavy metals, 66.2% of respondents work in conditions of noise exposure, 40.1% - local vibration, 22.3% - in conditions of hypothermia, 14.4% - in conditions of overheating. Excess of maximum permissible concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene, aerosols of mineral oils, epichlorohydrin was detected in the air of the working zone. At workplaces, there were excess levels of noise, general vibration, thermal radiation. The impact of harmful occupational factors in the workplace was established to create a high risk to the health of workers. Conclusion. Working conditions of workers of the machine-building enterprise are mainly estimated as harmful. Critical organs and systems for the development of occupational pathology were identified, the high carcinogenic risk from exposure to benzo(a)pyrene was revealed. Employees of the machine-building enterprise were shown to have a high risk of oncology, respiratory diseases, central nervous system diseases, pathology in offspring. As a result, risk groups were formed and targeted preventive measures were proposed, including monitoring of the health status of high-risk groups, occupational selection, and medical examinations.

A MULTI-HEIGHT LOD1 MODEL OF ALL BUILDINGS IN THE NETHERLANDS

Abstract. The 3D representation of buildings with roof shapes (also called LoD2) is popular in the 3D city modelling domain since it provides a realistic view of 3D city models. However, for many application block models of buildings are sufficient or even more suitable. These so called LoD1 models can be reconstructed relatively easily from building footprints and point clouds. But LoD1 representations for the same building can be rather different because of differences in height references used to reconstruct the block models and differences in underlying statistical calculation methods. Users are often not aware of these differences, while these differences may have an impact on the outcome of spatial analyses. To standardise possible variances of LoD1 models and let the users choose the best one for their application, we have developed a LoD1 reconstruction service that generates several heights per building (both for the ground surface and the extrusion height). The building models are generated for all ~10 million buildings in The Netherlands based on footprints of buildings and LiDAR point clouds. The 3D dataset is updated every month automatically. In addition, for each building quality parameters are calculated and made available. This article describes the development of the LoD1 building service and we report on the spatial analysis that we performed on the generated height values.

Long term accelerated ageing of an ASIC dedicated to cryptographic application

This paper deals with data analysis of long term (2 years) accelerated stress test of a 65 nm ASIC dedicated to cryptographic applications. Several stress conditions have been applied by combining both thermal and electrical overvoltage stresses. At the end of the ageing test, frequency drifts analysis indicates the presence of NBTI. Two statistical calculation methods have been considered in estimating the mean or median time to failure, each one relying on a different failure criterion. We confirm reliability of 65 nm technologic node even in complex architecture.

THE CAREER READINESS AS A TEACHER ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS BASED ON LOCUS OF CONTROL, SELF ESTEEM, AND PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE

This research aims to determine the relationship of locus of control, self-esteem, pedagogical competence and career readiness to be a teacher on university students. The population of the research is students of IED at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The sample is taken using incidental sampling technique. Data collection was conducted by using career readiness scale, locus of control scale, self-esteem scale, and pedagogical competence scale. The data are analyzed using statistical calculation method by using the multiple regressions technique. The results show that; (1) there is no significant relationship between locus of control, self-esteem, pedagogical competence and career readiness to be a teacher, (2) there is a relationship between locus of control and career readiness to be a teacher, (3) there is no relationship between self-esteem and career readiness to be a teacher, (4) there is a correlation between pedagogical competence and career readiness to be a teacher. The total effective contribution of locus of control and pedagogical competence are 14.9%. The effective contribution of locus of control variable is 5.4% and pedagogical competence variable is 9.5%.

Multiparameter Optimization of Two Common Proteomics Quantification Methods for Quantifying Low-Abundance Proteins.

Quantitative proteomics has been extensively applied in the screening of differentially regulated proteins in various research areas for decades, but its sensitivity and accuracy have been a bottleneck for many applications. Every step in the proteomics workflow can potentially affect the quantification of low-abundance proteins, but a systematic evaluation of their effects has not been done yet. In this work, to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of label-free quantification and tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling in quantifying low-abundance proteins, multiparameter optimization was carried out using a complex 2-proteome artificial sample mixture for a series of steps from sample preparation to data analysis, including the desalting of peptides, peptide injection amount for LC-MS/MS, MS1 resolution, the length of LC-MS/MS gradient, AGC targets, ion accumulation time, MS2 resolution, precursor coisolation threshold, data analysis software, statistical calculation methods, and protein fold changes, and the best settings for each parameter were defined. The suitable cutoffs for detecting low-abundance proteins with at least 1.5-fold and 2-fold changes were identified for label-free and TMT methods, respectively. The use of optimized parameters will significantly improve the overall performance of quantitative proteomics in quantifying low-abundance proteins and thus promote its application in other research areas.

Progression-specific genes identified in microdissected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue containing matched ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal breast cancers

BackgroundThe transition from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) is an important step during breast carcinogenesis. Understanding its molecular changes may help to identify high-risk DCIS that progress to IBC. Here, we describe a transcriptomic profiling analysis of matched formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) DCIS and IBC components of individual breast tumours, containing both tumour compartments. The study was performed to validate progression-associated transcripts detected in an earlier gene profiling project using fresh frozen breast cancer tissue. In addition, FFPE tissues from patients with pure DCIS (pDCIS) were analysed to identify candidate transcripts characterizing DCIS with a high or low risk of progressing to IBC.MethodsFifteen laser microdissected pairs of DCIS and IBC were profiled by Illumina DASL technology and used for expression validation by qPCR. Differential expression was independently validated using further 25 laser microdissected DCIS/IBC sample pairs. Additionally, laser microdissected epithelial cells from 31 pDCIS were investigated for expression of candidate transcripts using qPCR.ResultsMultiple statistical calculation methods revealed 1784 mRNAs which are differentially expressed between DCIS and IBC (P < 0.05), of which 124 have also been identified in the gene profiling project using fresh frozen breast cancer tissue. Nine mRNAs that had been selected from the gene list obtained using fresh frozen tissues by applying pathway and network analysis (MMP11, GREM1, PLEKHC1, SULF1, THBS2, CSPG2, COL10A1, COL11A1, KRT14) were investigated in tissues from the same 15 microdissected specimens and the 25 independent tissue samples by qPCR. All selected transcripts were also detected in tumour cells from pDCIS. Expression of MMP11 and COL10A1 increased significantly from pDCIS to DCIS of DCIS/IBC mixed tumours.ConclusionWe confirm differential expression of progression-associated transcripts in FFPE breast cancer samples which might mediate the transition from DCIS to IBC. MMP11 and COL10A1 may characterize pure DCIS with a high risk developing IDC.

Algorithms for the multi-objective vehicle routing problem with hard time windows and stochastic travel time and service time

This paper introduces a multi-objective vehicle routing problem with hard time windows and stochastic travel and service times. This problem has two practical objectives: minimizing the operational costs, and maximizing the service level. These objectives are usually conflicting. Thus, we follow a multi-objective approach, aiming to compute a set of Pareto-optimal alternatives with different trade-offs for a decision maker to choose from. We propose two algorithms (a Multi-Objective Memetic Algorithm and a Multi-Objective Iterated Local Search) and compare them to an evolutionary multi-objective optimizer from the literature. We also propose a modified statistical method for the service level calculation. Experiments based on an adapted version of the 56 Solomon instances demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Computer-Assisted Wiring Optimization Method for Photovoltaic Power Plant Area

At present, the system wiring method and construction in the photovoltaic power plant area are arbitrary and many design schemes reflect the designers' own habit. In addition, the economic benefit of different cable laying routes and method is not considered in the design stage. To solve these problems, the connection type, length proportion and cable specification of the primary system in the photovoltaic power plant area are scientifically optimized or selected and the expectation formulas of economic indicators for a variety of photovoltaic power stations are proposed on the basis of theoretical analysis; the mathematical and statistical calculation and enumeration method assisted with computer software are employed to obtain the recommended value of wiring lengths of various cables in this paper. Oriented to the three indicators in connection with cables, i.e. minimum installation cost, maximum total system revenue and minimum Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), and taking the selection specification, value and construction cost of cables as the input conditions, these expectation formulas can automatically generate the CAD wiring diagram and cable inventory according to the finally summarized computer operation logic diagram under the conditions where the corresponding computer software is obtained presumably, so that the technical data such as final output design drawing and cable inventory will be the most economic design scheme as expected by the formulas. Furthermore, in the process of theoretical analysis, some variables and principles present in the formulas are reasoned, calculated and demonstrated in a scientific way and the theoretical basis herein is improved accordingly. Introduction of theoretical formulas can guide the computer software developers to write programs for the schemes herein and finally work out cabling design software oriented for optimization of economic benefit for photovoltaic power plant areas.

A Probabilistic‐Statistical Model of the Particle Classification Process in Small Hydrocyclone Classifiers

AbstractVarious chemical engineering processes, such as separation, purification or classification, apply hydrocyclones, either stand‐alone or as cascaded, multi‐level systems. However, calculation of transfer processes in hydrocylcone classifiers remains difficult due to the complex behavior of the dispersed particles. Here, an analytical model of particle classification process of liquid‐solid polydisperse systems in cylinder‐cone hydrocyclone classifiers of small sizes has been developed. The applicability of a probability and statistical calculation method by using diffusion‐type equations and, in particular, the Fokker‐Planck‐Kolmogorov equation, is theoretically shown.

대용량 에너지 저장장치용 2세대 고온 초전도 코일의 특성해석

대용량 초전도 에너지저장장치(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, SMES)용 초전도 권선을 제작하기 위해서는 높은 자장특성을 가고 있는 2세대 고온초전도 (2nd Generation High-Temperature Superconductor, 2G HTS) 선재를 사용하는 것이 효율적이다. 자기에너지 저장 밀도를 높이기 위해서는 권선에 높은 전류밀도를 인가해야 하는데, 도체의 평면에 수직 방향으로 인가되는 자속밀도가 커지면 임계전류가 작아지는 2세대 HTS 선재의 특성상 토로이드 형태의 권선을 구성하는 것이 일반적이다. 이러한 고온초전도 권선을 설계하기 위해서는 권선 특성의 정확한 해석이 필요한데 이를 위해 유한요소법을 사용한 프로그램을 이용하여 해석이 가능하나 토로이드 형태의 권선은 대칭성의 문제로 3차원 해석을 해야만 하며, 이는 모델링에 많은 어려움과 높은 컴퓨터 사양, 그리고 매우 긴 계산 소요시간이 필요함을 의미한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 분석적이고 통계적으로 고온 초전도 코일에서 작용하는 최대 수직자장과 저장된 에너지를 결정하는데 이해하기 쉽고 효율적으로 계산하는 방법을 제시했다. 이 방법은 현저한 시간단축과 효율적인 설계를 할 수 있는 새로운 계산 방법으로 기존의 유한요소법에 의해 소요되는 계산 시간에 비해 1/1000정도로 계산시간 단축을 할 수 있었다. Large scale superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system requires very high magnetic energy density in its superconducting coils to enhance the energy capacity and efficiency of the system. The recent high temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors, so called 2G conductors, show very good performance under very high magnetic field so that they seem to be perfect materials for the large scale SMES coils. A general shape of the coil system with the 2G HTS conductor has been a tor oid, because the magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the surface of the 2G HTS conductor could be minimized in this shape of coil. However, a toroid coil requires a 3-dimensional computation to acquire the characteristics of its critical current density - magnetic field relations which needs very complicated numerical calculation, very high computer specification, and long calculation time. In this paper, we suggested an analytic and statistical calculation method to acquire the maximum magnetic flux density applied perpendicularly to the surface of the 2G HTS conductor and the stored energy in the toroid coil system. Although the result with this method includes some errors but we could reduce these errors within 5 percent to get a reasonable estimation of the important parameters for design process of the HTS toroid coil system. As a result, the calculation time by the suggested method could be reduced to 0.1 percent of that by the 3-dimensional numerical calculation.

Effect of Compression Storage on Adsorption Property of Silicone Rubber in Silicone Interfacial Systems

The effect of compression storage on adsorption property of silicone rubber in silicone rubber-stainless steel interfacial system and silicone rubber-simulated X material interfacial system was studied in the paper by means of adsorption force testing and SEM statistical calculation method. The results of adsorption force testing indicated that surface roughness, sample type and compression ratio had important influence on adsorption, i.e. smooth surface tend to absorb, which implied that vacuum adsorption might be the main adsorption mechanism for silicone rubber interfacial systems. Plane-type, spherical type and inclinded plane type of samples had different degree of adsorption. Stainless steel interface tended to have larger adsorption than simulated X material interface. Higher compression ratio might lead to higher adsorption force. A SEM statistical calculation method was proposed to estimate the maximum vacuum adsorption force, and the maximum measurement result of adsorption force was approaching to the calculated maximum vacuum adsorption force by the proposed SEM method.

Log interpretation for coal petrologic parameters: A case study of Hancheng mining area, Central China

Abstract Aiming at a serious obstacle for building a log interpretation model to accurately interpret density and sonic speed value of each coal component which cannot be measured directly in lab scale, a log interpretation method of coal reservoir parameters was studied using the Hancheng mining area as an example. The enumeration method was used to calculate density and sonic speed value of fixed carbon, ash, and volatile according to experimental determination of industrial components, pore, gas content, density and sonic speed value of many coal samples in the Hancheng mining area. On the basis of the relationships of each coal component and its density and sonic speed value, logging response relationships between each component and its compensated density and acoustic travel-time differences were studied using numerical fitting. As fitted carbon content increases and ash content decreases, density decrease and sonic speed difference increase. By combining statistical analysis method and theory model calculation method, interpretation models of industrial components, gas content and pore for coal reservoirs were built and a logging integrated interpretation software was programmed, which have got good effect in actual application.

Вероятностно-статистическая модель процесса осушки воздуха в установках для содержания оболочек под избыточным давлением

Application possibility of probabilistic and statistical calculation method of adsorptive air-drying process by silica-gel in devices for the maintenance of shells under overload static pressure is shown. It is established that distribution density function change of adsorbate and adsorbed substance concentration can be described by Fokker-Plank-Kolmogorov kinetic equation. In such a case the air-drying process by silica-gel can be presented as two-modal function of distribution density.

유도결합플라즈마 질량분석법을 이용한 혈장 중 극미량 납 분석

납에 의한 노출에 대한 평가에는 주로 전혈 중 납을 사용하고 있으나 전혈 중 납은 납의 단기 노출에 대한 정보만을 제공한다는 단점이 있다. 납 노출의 만성적 노출지표인 혈장 중 납을 분석하기 위해서는 수 ng/L의 극미량 분석이 요구되어 납의 만성지표로서의 효용성 검증에 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 납 노출 근로자의 만성 노출 지표로서 혈장 중 납을 분석하기 위하여 유도결합플라즈마 질량분석법을 정립하였다. 외부환경으로부터의 오염을 최소화시키기 위해 class 1,000 수준의 청정실을 설치한 후 가동 전과 후의 부유 분진량을 확인한 후 극미량 시료 분석을 수행하였다. 표준 우태아 혈청을 이용하여 표준물 첨가법에 의한 표준편차를 이용하여 계산한 최소검출한계는 4.3 ng/L, 최소정량한계는 12.2 ng/L이었으며, 신호-대-잡음 비로 계산한 최소검출한계는 7.0 ng/L, 최소정량한계는 22.1 ng/L이었다. 20 ng/L부터 2,000 ng/L 농도 범위에서 정밀도는 4% 이내였으며, 우태아 혈청에 20-2,000 ng/L의 농도로 첨가하여 계산한 회수율은 92.3-101.3%로 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구에서 제시한 방법을 사용하여 납 노출근로자의 혈장 및 혈청 중 납 분석이 가능하였으며 이를 통해 납의 만성노출에 대한 조사가 가능할 것으로 판단된다. The human exposure of lead has usually detected the amount of lead in the whole blood, however, this method has a shortcoming to give the information on the short-term exposure to lead. In that sense, it is desirable to estimates the level of lead in plasma to draw the chronic bio-marker of lead exposure even though it is difficult to measure lead of several ng/L. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method was developed for determining lead in plasma as the chronic bio-marker of lead of workers. To minimize the contamination of lead from the environment, we constructed class 1,000 clean room and compared the amount of floating dust before and after the operation of the clean room. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of lead in fetal bovine serum were 4.3 ng/L and 12.2 ng/L by NIOSH method (statistical calculation method) and 7.0 ng/L and 22.1 ng/L by signal/noise ratio, respectively. The accuracy was in a range of 92.3-101.3%, and the precision of the assay was less than 4% in the samples spiked in the concentration of 20 ng/L and 2,000 ng/L. The method was simple, reproducible and sensitive enough to permit reliable analysis of lead to the ng/L level in plasma and/or serum. The method was also useful for the biological monitoring of chronic exposure to lead.

Glacial sea surface temperature of the East Sea (Japan Sea) inferred from planktonic foraminiferal assemblage

In order to reconstruct the last glacial sea surface temperature (SST) of the East Sea, we investigated planktonic foraminiferal assemblage in the marine sediments of a piston core recovered from the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. For core top, the most dominant species is right coiling Neogloboquadrina incompta, while left coiling Neogloboquadrina pachyderma and Globigerina bulloides clearly dominate the glacial assemblages. Based on fauna count, we reconstructed past SST using modern analog technique (MAT) with a global dataset. However, the application of the global dataset may hinder the reconstruction of regional SST. In order to validate this, we tested for the foraminiferal assemblages of 51 surface sediments in the East Sea with MAT and the global dataset. The results show that the estimated MAT temperatures were completely different from the real SST of core top sites, indicating that MAT with the global dataset may not be applicable for the East Sea SST reconstruction. Therefore, we developed new statistical calculation method using East Sea fauna dataset only. According to this method, the glacial SST was 2 °C lower than today for August, and 6 °C lower for February. This glacial-interglacial change of August temperature is relatively smaller than other results, while February temperature is comparable.

A decade of sectoral initiative to promote consistent and reliable quantification of greenhouse gas emissions

With the increased focus on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and their role in the implementation of policy measures for their mitigation, there continues to be a need for accurate, reliable and transparent characterisation of these emissions. A myriad of mandatory reporting regulations and voluntary initiatives with diverse protocols and methodologies are emerging globally. This poses a particular challenge to multinational companies, such as in the oil and natural gas industry sector, which operate globally and in joint ventures. The American Petroleum Institute (API) and its member companies recognised these challenges over a decade ago and launched a multi-year initiative to map out and provide tools for the quantification of GHG emissions from oil and natural gas industry operations and similar industrial sources. During this time span, the industry developed several key guidance documents to promote the consistent and accurate quantification and reporting of GHG emissions. This paper will focus on two recent publications: the 2009 Edition of API’s Compendium of GHG Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry (3rd revision); and, a new document addressing technical considerations and statistical calculation methods for assessing the uncertainty of GHG emission estimates. The paper will discuss case studies pertinent to oil and natural gas exploration and production activities and will put these in context with emerging US mandatory GHG emissions reporting. It will also discuss the broad applicability of these estimation methods, and uncertainty considerations, to most industry sectors that rely on fossil fuels for their energy sources.

The Step Similarity Comparisons on Method Patents

The objective of the study is to establish the technologies of automatic similarity analysis and comparison of two method patents in order to reduce the cost and human efforts. We propose a method to compare the similarity between the components and prepositions. The proposed methods automatically extract components, relations between components, steps, and relations between steps, and establish a machine readable tree structures for similarity comparison. Our experiments use the USPTO database [1] as data resource. The study conducts two experiments to evaluate the performance: 1) applying genetic algorithms to learn the weightings in calculation of step similarity and 2) comparing the performance with a statistical similarity calculation method, BLEU. The experimental results show that the system performs better in terms of recall and precision than BLEU methods that are usually adopted in machine translation.

The Repeatability of Fish Biomass and Size Distribution Estimates Obtained by Hydroacoustic Surveys Using Various Sampling Strategies and Statistical Analyses

AbstractSuccessive hydroacoustic surveys were conducted on a small lake in the Jura Mountains (eastern France) to test several sampling strategies and methods of calculation. The results show that night samples give a better picture of the fish populations than daytime ones; that parallel transect surveys are the ones easiest to conduct, and that, all the survey designs tested, gave statistically equivalent biomass estimations and size distributions. The results obtained are also similar for all the statistical calculation methods used. Repeated samplings on several successive days gave similar results for the estimated biomass and fish size structure in the hypolimnion, but gave different results for the fish populations in the epilimnion. As part of the Water Framework Directive monitoring of fish populations, these hydroacoustic methods can be used to estimate fish stocks, and to track their change over time and spatial differences, but they need to be combined with complementary sampling methods. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The STATFLUX code: a statistical method for calculation of flow and set of parameters, based on the Multiple-Compartment Biokinetical Model

The code STATFLUX, implementing a new and simple statistical procedure for the calculation of transfer coefficients in radionuclide transport to animals and plants, is proposed. The method is based on the general multiple-compartment model, which uses a system of linear equations involving geometrical volume considerations. Flow parameters were estimated by employing two different least-squares procedures: Derivative and Gauss–Marquardt methods, with the available experimental data of radionuclide concentrations as the input functions of time. The solution of the inverse problem, which relates a given set of flow parameter with the time evolution of concentration functions, is achieved via a Monte Carlo simulation procedure. Program summary Title of program:STATFLUX Catalogue identifier:ADYS_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADYS_v1_0 Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: none Computer for which the program is designed and others on which it has been tested:Micro-computer with Intel Pentium III, 3.0 GHz Installation:Laboratory of Linear Accelerator, Department of Experimental Physics, University of São Paulo, Brazil Operating system:Windows 2000 and Windows XP Programming language used:Fortran-77 as implemented in Microsoft Fortran 4.0. NOTE: Microsoft Fortran includes non-standard features which are used in this program. Standard Fortran compilers such as, g77, f77, ifort and NAG95, are not able to compile the code and therefore it has not been possible for the CPC Program Library to test the program. Memory required to execute with typical data:8 Mbytes of RAM memory and 100 MB of Hard disk memory No. of bits in a word:16 No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.:6912 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.:229 541 Distribution format:tar.gz Nature of the physical problem:The investigation of transport mechanisms for radioactive substances, through environmental pathways, is very important for radiological protection of populations. One such pathway, associated with the food chain, is the grass–animal–man sequence. The distribution of trace elements in humans and laboratory animals has been intensively studied over the past 60 years [R.C. Pendlenton, C.W. Mays, R.D. Lloyd, A.L. Brooks, Differential accumulation of iodine-131 from local fallout in people and milk, Health Phys. 9 (1963) 1253–1262]. In addition, investigations on the incidence of cancer in humans, and a possible causal relationship to radioactive fallout, have been undertaken [E.S. Weiss, M.L. Rallison, W.T. London, W.T. Carlyle Thompson, Thyroid nodularity in southwestern Utah school children exposed to fallout radiation, Amer. J. Public Health 61 (1971) 241–249; M.L. Rallison, B.M. Dobyns, F.R. Keating, J.E. Rall, F.H. Tyler, Thyroid diseases in children, Amer. J. Med. 56 (1974) 457–463; J.L. Lyon, M.R. Klauber, J.W. Gardner, K.S. Udall, Childhood leukemia associated with fallout from nuclear testing, N. Engl. J. Med. 300 (1979) 397–402]. From the pathways of entry of radionuclides in the human (or animal) body, ingestion is the most important because it is closely related to life-long alimentary (or dietary) habits. Those radionuclides which are able to enter the living cells by either metabolic or other processes give rise to localized doses which can be very high. The evaluation of these internally localized doses is of paramount importance for the assessment of radiobiological risks and radiological protection. The time behavior of trace concentration in organs is the principal input for prediction of internal doses after acute or chronic exposure. The General Multiple-Compartment Model (GMCM) is the powerful and more accepted method for biokinetical studies, which allows the calculation of concentration of trace elements in organs as a function of time, when the flow parameters of the model are known. However, few biokinetics data exist in the literature, and the determination of flow and transfer parameters by statistical fitting for each system is an open problem. Restriction on the complexity of the problem:This version of the code works with the constant volume approximation, which is valid for many situations where the biological half-live of a trace is lower than the volume rise time. Another restriction is related to the central flux model. The model considered in the code assumes that exist one central compartment (e.g., blood) that connect the flow with all compartments, and the flow between other compartments is not included. Typical running time:Depends on the choice for calculations. Using the Derivative Method the time is very short (a few minutes) for any number of compartments considered. When the Gauss–Marquardt iterative method is used the calculation time can be approximately 5–6 hours when ∼15 compartments are considered.

Process to adapt the signal amplification in a hearing device as well as a hearing device

A input signal for a hearing device signal processing unit is generated with the aid of an electro-acoustic converter. An output signal is generated by applying signal amplification. The signal amplification is adapted by determining a reference level of the input signal using statistical calculation methods. A minimum input signal level is determined by subtracting a predefined difference value from the reference level of the input signal. An amplification function is applied to the input signal when the signal level is less than the minimum input signal level. This amplification function is different from an amplification function applied when the signal level is greater than the minimum input signal level.