State Values Research Articles

On the Dependence of the Rate of Deactivation of Triplet Excitations of a Number of Molecules on Their Ionization Potential and the Charge of the Nucleus of Heavy Atoms of the Solvent

Purpose. Establish the nature and reasons for the dependence of the change in the radiative rate constant of deactivation of triplet excitations of a number of molecules, caused by the effect of an external heavy atom, on their ionization potential from the ground state and the energy of the first excited singlet state.Methods. Kinetic methods were used to determine the rate constant for the deactivation of triplet excitations of organic molecules in solid solutions at 77 K. The solvents were n-heptane (neutral), carbon tetrachloride and benzene bromide (containing heavy chlorine and bromine atoms). The molecules studied were coronene, triphenylene, phenanthrene, naphthalene and biphenyl.Results. A linear relationship has been established between an increase in the ionization potential, the energy value of the first excited singlet state, and an increase in the change in the rate of radiative deactivation of triplet excitations of the studied molecules in carbon tetrachloride. It is shown that the increase in the change in the radiative deactivation rate of these molecules with an increase in their ionization potential is due to a decrease in the difference between the ionization energies and the first excited singlet state.Conclusion. The results of the study showed that there is a linear relationship between the increase in the radiative deactivation rate of triplet excitations of the studied molecules and their ionization potential. A linear relationship is also observed between the increase in the rate of radiative deactivation of triplet excitations of these molecules and the first excited singlet state. As the ionization potentials of the molecules under study increase, the difference between the ionization energy and the energy of the first excited singlet state decreases. This is the reason for the increase in the rate of deactivation of triplet excitations of molecules with an increase in their ionization potential.

SIHQR model with time delay for worm spread analysis in IIoT-enabled PLC network

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a product of deep integration between Internet of Things (IoT) and industrial control networks. As an important component of IIoT, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) has become a springboard for many hackers to disrupt industrial networks by spreading viruses. It is known that worm can cause enormous loss. Therefore, revealing the rules of worm spread in PLC networks and exploring methods to inhibit worm spread are increasingly important. To this end, we propose a new worm spread model named SIHQR with time delay. Additionally, we establish a game model between susceptible and infected nodes in order to express the infection rate by several game parameters. Through analysis, we discuss the conditions for the emergence of three scenarios: disease-free equilibrium, endemic equilibrium and Hopf bifurcation. We study the stability at the equilibrium points and obtain an expression for a threshold value which determines whether the system exhibits endemic equilibrium or Hopf bifurcation. In the experimental section, we analyze the impact of initial values of node states and the magnitude of game parameters on worm spread in the three aforementioned scenarios. Finally, we propose a method to mitigate or even eliminate the Hopf bifurcation. The experimental results show that the proposed model has welldone performance.

Simulation of Transient Temperature and Clearance after Shutdown of Aeroengine Based on CFD and FEA Coupled Models

It is crucial to comprehend the heat soak phenomenon, which may result in a significant temperature increase after the shutdown followed by a gradual decrease. This could bring potential risks for the engine including oil coking. The temperature change of engine components dictates the clearance after shutdown, while startup strategies are primarily based on this. A simulation strategy, utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) coupled models, is suggested to investigate the transient temperature and clearance after shutdown. The maximum temperature deviation between the simulation result and experimental data are less than 6%. Flow parameters, including velocity and mass flow rate obtained from the CFD result, were applied as boundaries of the FEA model. Based on the FEA model, transient temperature calculations were also conducted for 20 hours after shutdown. The results indicate that the FEA model demonstrates good agreement with the CFD simulation, with a maximum deviation of less than 5% and at only 0.2% of the simulation time. After the engine shuts down, the stator’s temperature change rate is faster than that of the rotor due to better cooling conditions and relatively small heat capacity. Consequently, the seal clearance increases in the initial period after shutdown and then decreases to a minimum value. The nondimensional minimum clearance can be 0.8 times the cold state value at the location of the high-pressure turbine seal.

Health-related quality of life in patients with conditions affecting the hand: meta-analysis.

Health state utility values provide the quality component of quality-adjusted life years and are essential for health economic analyses, such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Technology Appraisal. The aims of this systematic review were to: catalogue utility values for health states experienced by patients with hand conditions; provide pooled utility estimates for common hand conditions; and determine how utilities have been estimated. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted (registered in PROSPERO, the international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42021226098)). Five databases were searched from inception until April 2023 (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)). All studies that reported primary utility values for hand health states in adult patients were eligible for inclusion. Pooled utility estimates were determined across conditions and intervention status using random-effects meta-analysis. A total of 10 254 articles were identified; 57 studies met the full inclusion criteria and reported 363 distinct health state utility values. Health state utility values were estimated using a range of methods; the most common measure was the EQ-5D. Pooled utility estimates for carpal tunnel syndrome and hand osteoarthritis before surgical intervention were 0.69 (95% c.i. 0.66 to 0.73) and 0.63 (95% c.i. 0.60 to 0.67) respectively. Pooled utility estimates for patients with untreated carpal tunnel syndrome and hand osteoarthritis are 11% and 18% lower than age-matched population norms respectively. Hand conditions have a significant detrimental impact on health-related quality of life and this study provides catalogued utility values for use in future economic analyses to support the delivery of value-based hand surgery.

Certifying Sets of Quantum Observables with Any Full-Rank State.

We show that some sets of quantum observables are unique up to an isometry and have a contextuality witness that attains the same value for any initial state. We prove that these two properties make it possible to certify any of these sets by looking at the statistics of experiments with sequential measurements and using any initial state of full rank, including thermal and maximally mixed states. We prove that this "certification with any full-rank state" (CFR) is possible for any quantum system of finite dimension d≥3 and is robust and experimentally useful in dimensions 3 and 4. In addition, we prove that complete Kochen-Specker sets can be Bell self-tested if and only if they enable CFR. This establishes a fundamental connection between these two methods of certification, shows that both methods can be combined in the same experiment, and opens new possibilities for certifying quantum devices.

A comparison electrical characteristics of the Au/(pure-PVA)/n-Si and Au/(CdTe doped-PVA)/n-Si (MPS) type Schottky structures using I–V and C–V measurements

In this study, both the Au/(pure-PVA)/n-Si (MPS-1) and Au/(CdTe:PVA)/n-Si (MPS-2) type Schottky diodes (SDs) were fabricated onto the same n-Si wafer in same conditions. After that, their electrical parameters were obtained from the current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements and compared to each other to determine the effect (CdTe:PVA) interlayer on the performance of MPS type SD. The saturation current (Is), ideality factor (n), rectification ratio (RR = Ifor./Irev.), zero-bias barrier height (ΦBo), and series/shunt resistances (Rs, Rsh) were derived utilizing I–V data. The values of Io, n, and ΦBo were found as 9.13 × 10–7 A, 11.07, 0.63 eV for MPS1 and 1.54 × 10–10 A, 3.97, 0.85 eV for MPS2, respectively. The C−2–V graphs were drawn for 0.7 MHz to obtain the doping concentration of donor atoms (ND), Fermi energy (EF), BH/(ΦB(C–V)), depletion layer width (WD), and maximum electric field (Em). The Nss − (Ec − Ess) profile for two SDs was produced from the I–V data by considering the voltage dependence of n and BH. The values of surface states (Nss) were changed between 4.8 × 1013 and 1.7 × 1014 eV−1 cm−2 for MPS1 and 5 × 1012 and 1.15 × 1013 eV−1 cm−2 for MPS2, respectively. All experimental results show that the (CdTe:PVA) interlayer significantly improved the quality of the MS type SDs rather than (pure-PVA) in terms of lower values of leakage/saturation current, n, Nss, and higher RR, BH, and Rsh when compared (pure-PVA) interlayer. The (CdTe:PVA) interlayer may be used instead of the conventional interlayer in the future.

Optimal Tracking Control of Heterogeneous MASs Using Event-Driven Adaptive Observer and Reinforcement Learning.

This article considers the output tracking control problem of nonidentical linear multiagent systems (MASs) using a model-free reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, where partial followers have no prior knowledge of the leader's information. To lower the communication and computing burden among agents, an event-driven adaptive distributed observer is proposed to predict the leader's system matrix and state, which consists of the estimated value of relative states governed by an edge-based predictor. Meanwhile, the integral input-based triggering condition is exploited to decide whether to transmit its private control input to its neighbors. Then, an RL-based state feedback controller for each agent is developed to solve the output tracking control problem, which is further converted into the optimal control problem by introducing a discounted performance function. Inhomogeneous algebraic Riccati equations (AREs) are derived to obtain the optimal solution of AREs. An off-policy RL algorithm is used to learn the solution of inhomogeneous AREs online without requiring any knowledge of the system dynamics. Rigorous analysis shows that under the proposed event-driven adaptive observer mechanism and RL algorithm, all followers are able to synchronize the leader's output asymptotically. Finally, a numerical simulation is demonstrated to verify the proposed approach in theory.

Resilient distributed optimization for cyber–physical systems under adversarial environments: An event-based method

This work presents a resilient distributed optimization algorithm based on the event-triggering mechanism for cyber–physical systems (CPSs) to optimize an average of convex cost functions corresponding to multiple agents under adversarial environments. Two attack scenarios, including the f-total (each agent is affected by at most f malicious agents in the whole network) and the f-local (each agent is affected by at most f malicious agents in its in-neighbor set) attacks are considered. Subsequently, the convergence conditions under these two attack scenarios are provided, respectively, both of which guarantee that the state values of benign agents converge to a bounded error range. The optimality conditions are also presented by theoretical analysis, which guarantee that the state values of benign agents converge to a safety interval constructed by local optimal values under certain graph conditions, despite the misbehavior of malicious agents. In addition, four numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness and superiority of the event-triggering resilient distributed optimization (RDO-E) algorithm. Compared to existing resilient algorithms, the proposed method achieves resilient distributed optimization with higher accuracy and less demanding communication overheads. Finally, by applying the proposed method to the multi-microgrid system, a resilient economic dispatch problem (REDP) is successfully solved, which validates the practical viability of the RDO-E algorithm.

Neocolonialism and Imperial Dominance of the Post-Colonial African States

The study examines the impact of imperial dominance on the socio-economic development of the Post-colonial African States. There is a core search to the argument that globalizing the world with developing countries, has grossly embedded a horizontal gap among the nation states. The consequences of these interactions and impacts, have incredibly premised such dominant structures on the continent as they are examined to be colonial legacies. These apparently, control a state of international dependency and a culture of corruption within the new states. Imperialism and neocolonialism, created a structurally weak nations in Africa and beyond. Having incessantly exploited the indigenous populations. The political aspects of the menace, have deeply asphyxiating as these weak political structures which were created by the western imperialist nations, received political and socio-economic functions at Independence, which they are not developed enough to handle. Subsequently, after Europe was through by under-developing the continent of Africa, it simply left. No measures were taken to help Africans migrated to self-governance or to be better organized. This of course, was argued that Africa was not prepared for a modern economy that would benefit from industrialization and it consequently plunged the Post-colonial African States into a primarily subsistence farming economy. Hence, the state of economy and socio-cultural values of African States as at the time were not properly structured to govern as this resulted the continent into poverty and civil war. At the end of the Second World War, Europe’s two major and remaining colonial powers (French and British) found that they could no longer rule their African colonies as before. For reasons mostly economic but also geopolitical and nationalistic, they were not willing to give them up entirely. Thus, sought mechanisms to maintain control of Africa as the second wave of colonial rule. Therefore, came in form of ‘’neocolonialism and imperialism” as these imply the external control and dominance of economic, political, technological, educational and military strength of the continent with respect to a globalizing paradigm. Keywords: Globalization, Imperialism. Neocolonialism, Post-colonial African States, International Dependency

Effective skills supply and grand vocational education: Interdisciplinary thinking on China's vocational education

Vocational education, the product of specialized division of labor in modern society, seeks to address the challenges of modern life by offering vocational culture and technical education. There are two opposite theoretical judgments on the function of vocational education. One argues that it is merely a means to produce diplomas for occupational monopoly, lacking efficacy in skill formation. Conversely, the other views it as a crucial carrier of effective skills supply and a significant comparative advantage in shaping national competitiveness. In China, the ongoing tension between the supply of diplomas and that of effective skills has long influenced the evolution of the vocational education system. It is urgent for China to revive Yanpei Huang's Grand Vocational Education (GVE) to achieve high-quality development of vocational education. Although there is still a long journey ahead, we have a promising future ahead in building a skill-based society where "the state values skills, society promotes skills, and individuals possess skills", as it underscores the significance of GVE.

Расчет времени охлаждения надземного водовода с теплоизоляцией в условиях отрицательных температур

Objective: transport infrastructure facilities include a variety of water supply systems. In the event of an emergency, after stopping the movement of water in the pipeline, it is cooled first, and then there is a risk of freezing and destruction of water pipelines. This work is devoted to the calculation of the cooling time of water in the above-ground water conduit with thermal insulation from the specified temperature value in the initial state to the freezing temperature. Methods: when building a mathematical model of the water cooling process, an approach is used based on averaging the equations of hydrodynamics by the volume of water in the pipeline and averaging the equations of thermal conductivity in the wall of the pipeline and in the layer of the heat insulator by the polar angle. To obtain a quasi-stationary form of equations, a comparative analysis of the rates of thermal processes in different layers of the water conduit is used. Results: a new mathematical model for cooling the water pipeline is formulated — a model of average temperatures. The applicability of the quasi-stationary form of the equations of the model is justified and its analytical solution is found. Explicit formulas are obtained for cooling time of water conduit as a function of its parameters. Cooling time was calculated in a wide range of parameters. The results of model calculations are compared with calculations according to traditional semi-empirical formulas. Practical importance: the formulas obtained in the work can be used to estimate the cooling time of water in an above-ground water pipeline with heat insulation to the freezing temperature in the case when the ambient temperature drops to negative values.

ENERGY SPECTRA, EXPECTATION VALUES, AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF HCl AND LiH DIATOMIC MOLECULES

The Schrödinger equation is solved by applying the Nikiforov-Uvarov-Functional Analysis method to the Hulthén plus screened Kratzer Potential. The Greene-Aldrich approximation is employed to determine the closed form expressions for the energy equation and the wave function. The Hellmann-Feynman theorem was employed to calculate the energy spectra and expectation values of various quantum states for diatomic moleculesof HCl and LiH. Subsequently, we employed the energy equation that we had previously derived to compute the partition function, which in turn enabled us to determine the thermodynamic properties associated with the diatomic molecules. The partition function for the diatomic molecules of 2Hand LiHwas calculated at different temperatures. The results indicate that the partition function of the two diatomic molecules rose as the temperature increased.The findings we obtained align with the results documented in the literature.

The definition of the state value in terms of functional quintessence

The article examines the issue of the quintessence of the State's axiology in terms of functional definition. For the purpose of the study, the scientific issue is divided into components which are the substantive elements of the scientific problem. First of all, the issue of the essence of the State as a legal phenomenon is revealed, which is the main basis for the emergence of the scientific problem. The relevant views of scholars on the definition of the State are also considered. It has been concluded that the State is a sovereign, political and territorial organisation of society, on the territory of which there are authorities, legal system and taxation system, as well as other additional elements. The author further provides the features inherent in the State which constitute its ontology.
 Based on a comprehensive analysis of the essence of the concept of “state”, the article presents some theories of the origin of the state which reflect the purpose of its emergence and existence. The most common theories of the origin of the State include: patriarchal, contractual, violence, organic, and psychological. After analysing some of the theories, the author concludes that the purpose of the State’s emergence and existence is to unite society, resolve disputes and develop it.
 The quintessence and diversity of the functions of the State are analysed. As a result, it has been concluded that the functions of the State are a set of activities and processes whose impact is directed at society. Differentiation of functions also has different manifestations. Some scholars distinguish between basic and additional functions, some – internal and external. Internal functions include, for example, regulatory, defence, etc., while external functions include diplomatic and economic (in the context of foreign activities). Based on the analysis of the functions of the State which reflect the directions of its influence on society and which are regulatory in nature (and the very essence of the State is organisational in nature), the article concludes that the axiology of the State in terms of the functional definition is to organise society with the help of its inherent properties and to regulate social relations on the basis of its existing functions with a view to social development.

A happiness approach to valuing health states for children

Preference weights are widely used to score generic health states into utility indexes for estimation of quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and to aid health care funding decisions. To date, health state utilities are predominantly derived using stated preference methods based on decision utility. This paper tests an alternative and generates preference weights using experienced utility for children based on the Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D) descriptive system. We estimate the relative values of the CHU9D health states with regard to experienced utility, where experienced utility is approximated by self-reported happiness. A nationally-representative longitudinal survey was used including 6090 Australian children aged 12–17 years surveyed over 2014–2018. The derived weights were then applied to calculate the utility decrements for a few common child health conditions. We found that the estimated utility decrements are largely similar to those estimated using the published CHU9D Australian adolescent weights based on decision utility, except for pain and depression. A smaller utility decrement for pain and a larger utility decrement for depression were indicated by experienced utility. We contribute to the literature by showing that using experienced utility methods to generate preference weights for health states is possible, and we discuss some important methodological challenges for future studies such as the impracticability of anchoring to ‘dead’ when utilizing experienced utility.

SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN A p - i - n DIODE BY THE METHODS OF PERTURBATION THEORY

In the paper a mathematical model of the dynamic process of the electron-hole plasma formation in the active region ( i - region) of a semiconductor p - i - n - diode in the direct bias mode with a harmonic signal fed on the diode is developed. The basis of the model is a nonlinear nonstationary sin- gularly perturbed boundary value problem for a system of continuity equations of electron-hole currents and Poisson's equation. The algorithm for searching the charge carrier concentration distributions and the potential distribution is based on the asymptotic method of boundary functions and the Fourier method. In the course of the research, a technique for decomposing a nonlinear problem based on the development of perturbation theory me- thods was proposed. The initial nonlinear problem is reduced to a recurrent sequence of linear stationary boundary value problems, solved by classical and partially original analytical-numerical methods. The identification of the boundary functions in the solution of the problem provides, in particular, in contrast to the classical approximation of ambipolar diffusion, an adequate description of the electric field strength behavior in the active region of p - i - n - diodes. The obtained research results shed light on the peculiarities of the formation of the impedance characteristics of p - i - n - structures. The results of the work reveal more deeply the nature of the physical processes in the studied technical system and are aimed at improving the methodology for modeling and designing control semiconductor devices.

From Past to Future: Rethinking Eligibility Traces

In this paper, we introduce a fresh perspective on the challenges of credit assignment and policy evaluation. First, we delve into the nuances of eligibility traces and explore instances where their updates may result in unexpected credit assignment to preceding states. From this investigation emerges the concept of a novel value function, which we refer to as the ????????????? ????? ????????. Unlike traditional state value functions, bidirectional value functions account for both future expected returns (rewards anticipated from the current state onward) and past expected returns (cumulative rewards from the episode's start to the present). We derive principled update equations to learn this value function and, through experimentation, demonstrate its efficacy in enhancing the process of policy evaluation. In particular, our results indicate that the proposed learning approach can, in certain challenging contexts, perform policy evaluation more rapidly than TD(λ)–a method that learns forward value functions, v^π, ????????. Overall, our findings present a new perspective on eligibility traces and potential advantages associated with the novel value function it inspires, especially for policy evaluation.

The Investigation of Surface Radio Refractivity Over Lokoja, Kogi State Nigeria

This research investigated the variation of Surface Radio Refractivity and its propagation effects on radio signals over Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. The study used six years (2015-2020) of satellite data on temperature, pressure, relative humidity and rainfall at the surface (12 km) above ground level. The data retrieved were used to determine the monthly, seasonal, and annual Surface Radio Refractivity value for Lokoja Kogi State. Results show that high Surface Radio Refractivity values were recorded generally during the wet season months compared to the dry season months in all Six years (2015-2020). The average values of Surface Radio Refractivity 307.7407 (N-units) and 323.4674 (N-units) were obtained during the dry and wet season, respectively. The minimum surface radio refractivity values of 280.7245, 284.6583, 308.0021, 285.2304, 304.2521 and 285.9139 (N-units) were recorded for the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 respectively. On the other hand, the highest values of 330.8153, 331.8133, 330.3580, 330.9278, 332.4704, and 331.1316 (N-units) were recorded for the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Higher values of Surface Radio Refractivity were recorded generally during the wet season compared to the dry season months in all years (2015-2020) in Lokoja, Kogi State. This implies higher radio signal attenuation due to Ns during the wet season compared to the dry season. The correlation coefficients between Surface Radio Refractivity Ns and temperature are -0.41, -0.51, -0.49, -0.48, -0.46, -0.50, pressure 0.07, -0.15, -0.28, -0.08, -0.11, -0.26, relative humidity 0.89, 0.84, 0.75, 0.84, 0.77, 0.83, and the amount of rainfall 0.76, 0.64, 0.73, 0.58, 0.51, 0.65 respectively in the year 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020. The overall findings of the work will be useful to radio engineers for properly planning a reliable power budget for terrestrial radio communication over Lokoja, Kogi State.

Boundary-aware value function generation for safe stochastic motion planning

Navigation safety is critical for many autonomous systems such as self-driving vehicles in an urban environment. It requires an explicit consideration of boundary constraints that describe the borders of any infeasible, non-navigable, or unsafe regions. We propose a principled boundary-aware safe stochastic planning framework with promising results. Our method generates a value function that can strictly distinguish the state values between free (safe) and non-navigable (boundary) spaces in the continuous state, naturally leading to a safe boundary-aware policy. At the core of our solution lies a seamless integration of finite elements and kernel-based functions, where the finite elements allow us to characterize safety-critical states’ borders accurately, and the kernel-based function speeds up computation for the non-safety-critical states. The proposed method was evaluated through extensive simulations and demonstrated safe navigation behaviors in mobile navigation tasks. Additionally, we demonstrate that our approach can maneuver safely and efficiently in cluttered real-world environments using a ground vehicle with strong external disturbances, such as navigating on a slippery floor and against external human intervention.

UNDERSTANDING THE EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF ADHD IN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Today, a remarkable place in society is occupied by children who need special conditions of education and their inclusion in schools, which determines the peculiarities of the organization of education. In all historical eras, the development system of special education has been connected with the socio-economic structure of the country, the state's value system and society, and the state's policy towards children who have developmental problems.
 The article highlights children with special educational needs, especially children with attention deficit and hyperactive behavior syndrome. Children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder are included in the inclusive education system, and the organization of their educational activities, their inclusion in schools is considered an important and primary issue. To organize the effective teaching of hyperactive children, it is necessary to study the features of the emotional sphere of these children, which will make it possible to identify their strengths, highlight their problems, and accordingly organize their education more effectively, as well as interpersonal interactions with classmates in public schools. At present, the syndrome of attention deficit and hyperactivity is the subject of study of many psychologists, because the features of the emotional sphere of these children are not so well studied.

Reproducibility of arterial spin labeling cerebral blood flow image processing: A report of the ISMRM open science initiative for perfusion imaging (OSIPI) and the ASL MRI challenge.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a widely used contrast-free MRI method for assessing cerebral blood flow (CBF). Despite the generally adopted ASL acquisition guidelines, there is still wide variability in ASL analysis. We explored this variability through the ISMRM-OSIPI ASL-MRI Challenge, aiming to establish best practices for more reproducible ASL analysis. Eight teams analyzed the challenge data, which included a high-resolution T1-weighted anatomical image and 10 pseudo-continuous ASL datasets simulated using a digital reference object to generate ground-truth CBF values in normal and pathological states. We compared the accuracy of CBF quantification from each team's analysis to the ground truth across all voxels and within predefined brain regions. Reproducibility of CBF across analysis pipelines was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), limits of agreement (LOA), and replicability of generating similar CBF estimates from different processing approaches. Absolute errors in CBF estimates compared to ground-truth synthetic data ranged from 18.36 to 48.12 mL/100 g/min. Realistic motion incorporated into three datasets produced the largest absolute error and variability between teams, with the least agreement (ICC and LOA) with ground-truth results. Fifty percent of the submissions were replicated, and one produced three times larger CBF errors (46.59 mL/100 g/min) compared to submitted results. Variability in CBF measurements, influenced by differences in image processing, especially to compensate for motion, highlights the significance of standardizing ASL analysis workflows. We provide a recommendation for ASL processing based on top-performing approaches as a step toward ASL standardization.