Stationary Power Generation Research Articles

Evaluation of Combustion and Emission Parameter of CI Engine Using Waste Transformer Oil as Fuel

Abstract: This project gives idea for the effective use of Waste Transformer Oil as an alternate option for petroleum based fuels. Rapid depletion of fossil fuels, increasing pollution and increasing prices of petroleum based fuels have given a base for the research of various fossil fuels. As we all know that, petroleum based fuels are limited in reserves, concentrated in certain regions of the world are shortening day by day. Huge amount of dollars are being invested in research of alternative fuels. Meanwhile, the disposal of waste products like waste transformer oil from different electric power stations from many electric transformers throughout the country is becoming increasingly complex. while biodiesel from certain vegetable oils like Jatropha, Karanja, Soyabean and Rapeseed is acquiring much needed attention. The Waste Transformer Oil is a waste product which comes out from a electrical transformer is used for insulation and cooling purpose. This waste product can be used asansource of fuel for diesel engine applications. The WTO can be used after refining it by transesterification process or catalytic cracking process and then mixed with diesel fuel as an base fuel for evaluating different engine and emission parameters and to use it as an alternate source of fuel. The engine and fuel researchers are devoted to explore alternative fuels as the present world largely depends on petroleum fuel for generating power, vehicle movement and agriculture sectors. Price hike, limited reserve of petroleum oils and stringent emission regulation also forced researchers to find alternative fuels. In Bangladesh, there is limited petroleum reserve to meet the demand of the petroleum product and for this reason it is necessary to spend a lot of foreign currency for importing fuel every year. Recent price hike of petroleum oil incurs lots of money. Bangladesh imports most of the petroleum oils from Middle East. In this point of view, waste transformer oil (WTO) can be an alternative source for petroleum oils. WTO has significant physiochemical properties. WTO can meet a portion of our demand without any hesitation. There is a huge unused amount of transformer oil in Bangladesh which is rejected every year. This oil is not used for any other purpose. So, WTO is an important source for meeting the demand of diesel in Bangladesh. Bangladesh imports approximately 2.4 million ton diesel each year . It is well known that the transformer oil is used mainly in the electrical transformer for insulation purpose. Moreover, cooling is another purpose of using transformer oil in the electrical transformer while the transformer is running. Among various properties, one of the main properties of transformer oil is to sustain high temperature during operation. When an electrical transformer is in operation, the transformer oil is subject to mechanical and electrical resistance. For a certain period of time, it is recommended to check the electrical and chemical properties of the transformer oil. By using WTO, Bangladesh can reduce importing a huge amount of petroleum products from foreign countries. Our attention goes to the WTO. WTO results from the power generation and transmission station. At present 100 per cent transformer oil is not used in place of diesel fuel (DF) to run the engine rather blends of WTO and DF. Keywords: Waste transformer oil, WTO characteristics, Diesel fuel

Increase Stability and Efficiency in PV-Battery-Grid Systems Using PSO Algorithm

In this article, the meta-heuristic algorithm PSO with PI fuzzy logic controller is proposed to develop a new control strategy of bidirectional converter (CSBC), in order to improve the stability and increase the efficiency of energy flow exchange in grid-connected photovoltaic generator (PVG) Battery hybrid system. The proposed command aims to satisfy the DC Motor load demand, manages the power flows from different parts, injects surplus energy into the grid as and when need, ensure charge-discharge battery operation even under the fluctuating condition of power generation, and stabilize the DC bus voltage. This new control has been placed in the network topology, which consists of a PVG Photovoltaic Generator, grid-connected DC/AC converter, storage battery and DC motor load. A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used for optimum exploit of power from PVG along with battery charging/discharging control, and for feeding DC motor load. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated by using MATLAB / Simulink program. The results obtained, show that the proposed control provided the system with the stability of Vdc voltage, and contributed to improving the speed produced by the DC motor load. The results have been compared with the conventional control.

Dilution effects analysis on NOx emissions of opposed-jet H2/CO syngas diffusion flames

Syngas is a promising alternative fuel for stationary power generation due to cleaner combustion than convectional fossil fuels. During the gasification processes, the by-products of CO2, H2O, or N2 may be present in the syngas mixture to control the flame temperature and emissions. Several studies indicated that syngas with dilutions is capable of reducing pollutant emissions such as NOx emissions. This work applied a numerical model of opposed-jet diffusion fames to explore the dilution effects on NOx formation and differentiate the inert effect, thermal/diffusion effect, chemical effect, and radiation effect from CO2, H2O, or N2 dilutions. The numerical study was performed by a revised OPPDIF program coupling with narrowband radiation model and detail chemical mechanism. The dilution effects on NOx formation were analyzed by comparing the realistic and hypothetical cases. Regardless the diluent types, the inert effect is the main cause to reduce NO production, followed by chemical effect and radiation effect. The thermal/diffusion effect may promote NO formation because the preferential diffusion due to different diffusivities between diluents and syngas magnifies the reaction rate locally. CO2 dilution reduces NO by radiation effect at low strain rate, and contributes NO reduction by chemical effect at high strain rate. At the same dilution percentage, CO2 dilution reduces NO production the most, followed by H2O and N2. Besides the thermal/diffusion effect, the chemical effect of H2O enhances NO production through thermal route and reburn route.

Physics-based modeling of homogeneous charge compression ignition engines with exhaust throttling

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines create a more efficient power source for either stationary power generators or automotive applications. Due to the absence of direct actuation of ignition, HCCI based combustion control is quite challenging. For the purpose of control synthesis and design, a crank-angle based dynamic model of an HCCI engine with internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is proposed in this paper. The HCCI autoignition timing is controlled by the amount of internal EGR induced by the cost effective exhaust throttling strategy. The zero dimensional single zone model is developed based on conservation of mass and energy and ideal gas law. The model is comprised of five subsystems: cylinder volume, intake, and exhaust runners along with combustion and heat-transfer models. Inputs to the model include engine speed, intake temperature, fueling rate, intake, and exhaust throttle positions. Outputs of the model contain the pressure, temperature, mass and burned gas fraction in the intake, exhaust and cylinder, air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), heat release rate, combustion phasing, and the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). The model is developed based on MATLAB/Simulink and validated against experimental data under steady-state and transient conditions at various intake temperatures, fueling levels, and exhaust throttle positions. Results demonstrate that by changing the exhaust throttle position, the pressure in the exhaust runner is regulated. As a result, the residual gas fraction is altered, leading to changes in mixture temperature and thus control of the HCCI combustion phasing. In the end, closed loop simulation is conducted with a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller applied to the crank-angle based model for regulation of combustion timing CA50 using exhaust throttle during load (fueling level) changes. In the future, this model can be utilized for control development and hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation.

Investigation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of an axial flow pump system under special utilization conditions

In actual operation, axial flow pump stations are often used for various special purposes to meet changing needs. However, because the hydrodynamic characteristics of axial flow pump systems are still unclear when used for special purposes, there are many risks when pump systems are used for special purposes. To explore the hydrodynamic characteristics of an axial flow pump system under special utilization conditions, a high-precision full-feature test bench for an axial flow pump system is established in this paper. For the first time, an energy characteristics experiment and a pressure fluctuation measurement for a pump are carried out for a large axial flow pump system model under zero head, reverse pump and reverse power generation conditions. Then, ANSYS CFX software is used to solve the continuous equation and Reynolds average Navier–Stokes equation, combined with the SST k–ω turbulence model, and the characteristic curve and internal flow field of the pump system under special conditions are obtained. Finally, the numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental results. The results show that the velocity gradient distribution in the pump is uniform under the near zero head condition (NZHC), and there is no obvious flow collision and reflux phenomenon in the pump. Compared with the designed condition (DC), the peak-to-peak value (PPV) of pressure pulsation at the inlet of the impeller decreased by 67.16%, and the PPV at the outlet of the impeller decreased by 8.14% at H = 0 m. The maximum value of the main frequency amplitude (MFA) in the impeller area appears at the impeller inlet. Under reverse pump conditions (RPC), the phenomenon of unstable flow in the pump system is obvious, and a large range of recirculation zones appears in the nonworking face of the blade. Compared with the DC, the PPV of the impeller inlet at the optimal point of RPC increased by 122.61%, and the impeller outlet PPV increased by 11.37%. The maximum value of MFA in the impeller area appears at the impeller inlet. Under the reverse power generation condition (RPGC), no obvious flow separation was found in the nonworking face of the impeller. Compared to the DC, the PPV of the impeller inlet at the optimal point of the RPGC increased by 65.34%, and the PPV of the impeller outlet increased by 206.40%.

Geologic Carbon Storage of Anthropogenic CO2 under the Colorado Plateau in Emery County, Utah

Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS) is a promising technology for storing large volumes of anthropogenic CO2 effectively and permanently. Numerical simulations are an integral part of site selection and characterization for any potential GCS site. As part of the DOE-funded CarbonSAFE Rocky Mountains Phase I project, a regional GCS analysis was undertaken to understand the efficacy of storing CO2 emissions from the power generation and heavy industry in central Utah’s favorable geology. In this study, the injection of CO2 for geologic storage was simulated in the Navajo Sandstone Formation in Emery County, Utah. Carbon dioxide was sourced from regional power generation stations and heavy industries throughout Utah, with an emphasis on emissions reduction at the Hunter Power Plant near Castle Dale, Utah. A simulation grid was extracted from the project’s geological model encompassing an area around Price, Huntington, and Castle Dale in central Utah. The Navajo Sandstone Member of the Glen Canyon Group was the target of CO2 injection with the overlying Carmel formation providing the primary seal. A suite of simulations was performed assessing the viability of this area for permanent CO2 storage. Results indicate that the area can not only store 46 million metric tons of anthropogenic CO2, meeting the project goals, but this area has the capacity to securely store at least 1.3 billion tons of CO2, suggesting the injection site and surrounding geology are suitable locations for commercial-scale GCS.

A 130-to-220-GHz Frequency Quadrupler with 80 dB Dynamic Range for 6G Communication in 0.13-μm SiGe Process

This paper presents a broadband frequency quadrupler (FQ) implemented with a standard 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS process. Two broadband push-push frequency doublers (×2) operate at an input frequency of 32.5–55 GHz and 65–110 GHz, respectively. To properly drive the two doublers with enough input power and bandwidth, two transformer coupled power amplifiers (PAs) have been adopted. The former power amplifier is based on a neutralized capacitor structure and the latter is based on a transformer topology. A nonlinear device model and a systematic methodology to generate maximum power at second harmonic are proposed. By manipulating the device nonlinearity and optimizing the magnetically and capacitively coupled resonator (MCCR) matching networks, optimum conditions for harmonic power generation are provided. The measurement results show that the proposed quadrupler provides a 90-GHz bandwidth with an 80-dB dynamic range and a high energy efficiency η of 3.7% at 210 GHz.

Spark ignition timing effects on a converted diesel engine using natural gas: A numerical study

Since it is not expected to switch to fully electric and/or fuel cell vehicles in the near future, the search for alternative fuels for systems using internal combustion engines has accelerated. At the forefront of these studies is the use of natural gas instead of diesel fuel in on-road, off-road vehicles, or stationary power generation plants. Diesel engines with their special combustion chamber (i.e. bowl in-piston) can be converted to run entirely on natural gas by installing a natural gas fuel injector on the intake manifold and a spark plug instead of a diesel fuel injector. In this study, in-cylinder combustion characteristics, performance, and emission values for different Spark Ignition Time (SIT) of natural gas usage at 2300 rpm and full load in a tractor engine with a compression ratio of 17.5:1 were investigated numerically using ANSYS Forte three-dimensional analysis program. G-equation combustion model, RANS k-ε turbulence model, and methane chemical kinetic mechanism representing natural gas consisting of 29 species and 171 equations (a reduced mechanism) were used. First SIT was accepted as a 719.5 Crank Angle Degree (CAD) which is diesel injection start time. As a result, due to the special shape of the combustion chamber of diesel engines (re-entrant bowl in-piston), it was seen that the flame was faster and thicker in the bowl, while it was slower and thinner in the squish zone. With the advanced of SIT, the in-cylinder pressure ratio increased. By taking SIT too advanced (i.e. 690, 695, and 700 CAD SIT), more than one peak formation was observed in the heat release graph depending on the combustion characteristic. With the effect of both natural gas use and SIT, it was observed that HC and CO formations were almost not seen, while NOX formation remains above a certain level.

Research on multi-objective operation optimization of multi energy integrated service stations based on autonomous collaborative control

Multi energy integrated service stations have strong comprehensive energy and coupling properties, covering functional units such as substation, multi type energy conversion station, data center, distributed power generation, charging and replacement power station, wireless base station and so on. However, with the continuous improvement of the physical complexity of power grid information, there are still great theoretical and practical difficulties on how to build the operation optimization architecture of energy integrated service station and realize the organic integration of energy flow, data flow and business flow. The typical model forms of various equilibrium equality constraints and inequality constraints between stations and stations are established, and the multi-objective operation optimization model is established and solved. The results show that it improves the level of multi energy conversion, multi energy complementarity, comprehensive energy utilization efficiency, realizes the purpose of collaborative control optimization of multiple energy integrated service stations, and effectively promotes the maximum local consumption of renewable energy.

Modeling of Supercritical CO2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Under Extreme Conditions. Part I: Correlation Development

Abstract High-temperature supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles are promising possibilities for future stationary power generation and hybrid electric propulsion applications. Heat exchangers are critical components in supercritical CO2 thermal cycles and require accurate correlations and comprehensive performance modeling under extreme temperatures and pressures. In this paper (Part I), new Colburn and friction factor correlations are developed to quantify shell-side heat transfer and friction characteristics of flow within heat exchangers in the shell-and-tube configuration. Using experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data sets from existing literature, multivariate regression analysis is conducted to achieve correlations that capture the effect of multiple critical geometric parameters. These correlations offer superior accuracy and versatility as compared to previous studies and predict the thermohydraulic performance of about 90% of the existing experimental and CFD data within ±15%. Supplementary thermohydraulic performance data are acquired from CFD simulations with supercritical CO2 as working fluid to validate the developed correlations and demonstrate its capability to be applied to supercrtical CO2 heat exchangers.

Experimental performance and emissions of additively manufactured high-temperature combustion chambers for micro-gas turbines

To date, 59 countries, representing 54% of global greenhouse gas emissions have made pledges for net-zero emissions targets within this century. This will require cleaner and more efficient sources of energy which is driving research into small-scale engines and auxiliary power units for hybrid vehicles and stationary power generation. A suitable candidate for such applications is the micro gas turbine due to its high-power density, reliability and low emissions. Further development of such engines is required though due to their increasing parasitic energy losses relative to net power output as size decreases. Additive manufacturing offers the design freedom to not only increase efficiencies but to also reduce emissions when applied to the various components of micro gas turbines. This article reports the effects of several additive manufacturing (AM) enabled design features for micro gas turbine combustion chambers via experimental testing of full-scale parts. The main objective of the additively manufactured features is the reduction of exhaust emissions by improving the air-fuel mixture distribution and consequently ignition and combustion. Using additive manufacturing a novel conical radial swirl-stabilized tubular combustor with internal vane fuel injection was created as a baseline for the laboratory testing. Several other features, including augmented backside liner cooling surfaces, in-vane lattice structures for fuel mixing and upstream liner fuel injection rings were also generated to further the investigations into additively manufactured features and their effects on fuel mixing. Using multiple combinations of all these features, 10 geometries were generated and tested at a variety of operating conditions. Three inlet temperatures were tested (500°C, 600°C and 700°C) with varying fuel flow rates to investigate their operating limits at a constant inlet pressure of 4 bar absolute. Test results for the full range of equivalence ratios and operating conditions showed that the upstream liner fuel injection designs generated NOx, CO and THC emissions on par with the baseline but showed a reduction in the maximum and minimum operating ranges. This design, however, demonstrated the distinct advantage of being able to ignite at full air mass flow; this is not possible with the baseline designs and is also an added benefit to its main use which is the reduction of liner temperature. Overall, the test results underscore that designing combustion chambers for additive manufacturing can provide a myriad of benefits not only for micro gas turbines but also for other applications requiring high efficiency combustion chambers.

Functions and effective generation conditions of typical switched reluctance power generation systems

Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is a new type of high technology motor used in the most advanced warplanes. This paper combines the principle of SRM and takes the typical SRM power generation system of modern warplanes as an example to analyze the functions and power generation process of each part of the system, as well as its effective power generation conditions.

Environmental DNA detection and abundance estimates comparable to conventional methods for three freshwater larval species at a power plant discharge

AbstractEarly life stage (ELS) fishes provide a valuable metric for species, population, and ecosystem monitoring. Industrial, manufacturing, and power generating facilities in the United States can be required to monitor ELS fishes to assess impacts of facility intake waters. Traditional methods for collecting, identifying, and enumerating ELS fishes include ichthyoplankton netting and pumping from intake and discharge waters. However, sampling at these sites can prove challenging from logistical and safety standpoints, with added challenges of identifying and post‐processing of ELS fishes to quantify facility impacts on waterbodies for regulatory purposes. Methods utilizing environmental DNA (eDNA) may offer improvements in these areas. This study assessed the utility of novel, species‐specific qPCR assays to detect eDNA from three differentially abundant fish species (alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus; Wilson, 1811), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum; Lesueur, 1818), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens; Mitchill, 1814)) at the outflow of an industrial site. eDNA concentrations were compared with abundance estimates derived from two conventional collection methods to explore the potential utility of eDNA‐based methods in future monitoring. The likelihood of detecting gizzard shad, yellow perch, and alewife in the discharge waters of the power generation station was not significantly different among eDNA, plankton netting, or pump sampling. Results suggest successful detections differ by species and time of year for each method. Gizzard shad eDNA relative abundance correlated strongly with total larval abundances captured by the pumping but not the netting methods, whereas yellow perch eDNA abundance was found to correlate with both conventional methods. Alewife was not detected by any method, consistent with documentation of the decline in this species within the lake. Overall, our study found a positive relationship between eDNA abundance and larval fish abundance in both daily and seasonal sampling, suggesting that fluctuations in eDNA concentration may be linked to larval abundance.

Demonstration of photoreactor platform for on-sun unassisted photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation with tandem III–V photoelectrodes

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a direct solar-driven technology that converts solar energy to storable chemical energy in the form of hydrogen. In addition to semiconductor and catalyst development for improved photoelectrodes, designing reactors for testing and operation of PEC systems under inherently dynamic outdoor solar illumination is necessary to further the commercial viability of PEC technology. Herein, we present a versatile photoreactor system mounted on a solar tracker for outdoor PEC testing and demonstrate unassisted PEC water splitting under real world on-sun conditions. GaInP 2 /GaAs tandem absorber photoelectrodes with a MoS 2 catalyst were fabricated and exhibit >8% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. On-sun efficiency and stability of the photoelectrodes were characterized on both sunny and partly cloudy days with continuous monitoring of insolation and weather conditions. The versatile photoreactor and outdoor PEC testing capabilities and methods presented here can accelerate the development of other solar fuel generating systems and technologies. • A reactor is designed for on-sun testing of PEC water splitting • GaInP 2 /GaAs electrodes split water efficiently outdoors, under natural sunlight • Stability is measured under real-world operating conditions, both sunny and cloudy Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting harnesses solar energy to generate hydrogen, storable chemical energy for use in hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity in vehicles or stationary power generation. Deployable PEC technologies require outdoor operation using sunlight as the energy source and must be durable with respect to insolation, temperature, and weather conditions that vary seasonally and diurnally. This work presents a photoreactor platform for on-sun testing of PEC water splitting devices, incorporating a solar tracker and hydrogen collection capability. Using GaInP 2 /GaAs tandem absorber photoelectrodes, unassisted water splitting was demonstrated under real-world operating conditions. PEC stability was probed on both a sunny day and a partly cloudy day. On-sun PEC testing can help to accelerate progress in the field by characterizing performance and durability under variable operating conditions and advancing reactor design. We designed a photoreactor platform for outdoor, on-sun testing of PEC water splitting devices toward accelerating the development of PEC water splitting as a viable hydrogen production technology. Testing tandem absorber GaInP 2 /GaAs photoelectrodes, unassisted water splitting is demonstrated with high efficiency under realistic operating conditions. Real-world stability is also tested on both sunny and partly cloudy days.

Short review on global trends in SOFC scenario and future perspective

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are high-efficiency cogeneration devices that can improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of various fuels: hydrocarbon, coal gas, biomass, hydrogen, and other renewable fuels. Several types of SOFCs have been used in a variety of applications, including grid-scale, stationary, and portable power generation. Ceramic materials with high chemical stability, good mechanical strength, and low activation energy are used in SOFC technology. However, the high cost of the catalyst and its operating conditions are significant barriers to commercialization. This review summarises current progress in SOFC development, focusing on; (i) current trends and publication patterns and (ii) challenges and opportunities in the SOFC advancements.

Анализ характеристик ветроэлектростанций и метеоусловий влияющих на энерговыработку

The characteristics of wind power plants as sources of renewable energy are investigated. The main types of wind power plants, differing in design parameters and operating modes, are considered. Design features of wind power plants are considered. The shortcomings of wind energy are revealed. The issue of wind power generation variability is investigated based on wind power generation data. Graphs of data on power generation and meteorological conditions are obtained, and the relationship between them is revealed. Correlation dependence coefficients are calculated.

Adaptive control algorithm to interface fuel cell and photovoltaic energy sources

This paper presents the control algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) interfaced voltage source converter (VSC). The control algorithm ensures uninterrupted power supply and reliable operation under variable power generation and load conditions. Hyperbolic tangent based least mean square (H-LMS) system is proposed to generate proper gating signal of the inverter. The basic function of generation sources is to meet the active power demand. Furthermore, the proposed system architecture has added features to balance the load, suppress the harmonics and compensate reactive power. These functionalities make sure that the supply current is sinusoidal even under nonlinear and unbalanced load conditions. The proposed algorithm provides fast computation and convergence rate. The comparison with conventional LMS is presented in terms of convergence rate and supply current harmonics under MATLAB/Simulink platform. The control algorithm is also examined for stability through Lyapunov stability criterion, thus, the error function of the algorithm converged to zero asymptotically.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with a Thin Film Electrolyte: A Review on Manufacturing Technologies and Electrochemical Characteristicses

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical systems converting the energy released during fuel oxidation into electrical energy. SOFCs are considered as a promising clean energy technology due to the high efficiency of fuel-to-power conversion and environmental friendliness. The potential applications of SOFCs extend from stationary power generation units for industrial and household facilities to auxiliary power units in vehicles and portable power sources. One of the main elements of SOFCs is a solid oxide electrolyte possessing ionic conductivity at high temperatures (above 700 °C). The main challenge in the SOFC commercialization is related to their high operating temperature, which entails materials degradation, short life-time, long start-up and shut-down times, and high cost. One of the most effective ways to reduce the SOFC operating temperature is to minimize the electrolyte thickness. In this regard, fabrication of SOFCs with a thin film electrolyte has been attracting high research activity over the past few decades. Different fabrication techniques were reported to be applicable for manufacturing thin film SOFCs, and the fuel cell performance was found to be highly dependent on the appropriate selection of materials and processing technologies. The present review is focused on state-of-the-art fabrication technologies of the thin film SOFCs. A brief survey of configurations and geometries of the thin film SOFCs and methods of deposition of solid-oxide films is given. Special attention is focused on the electrical generation performance of the thin film SOFCs.

Power quality and stability assessment of hybrid microgrid and electric vehicle through a novel transformation technique

In this study, a novel transformation technique based on combined AC and DC grid-based hybrid microgrid and electric vehicle operation is proposed to offer better power quality and power reliability operation. To produce constant wind speed, a novel wind speed generation method is proposed by using a 10 kW rating-based constant ventilation fan. Due to the suggested AC-DC hybrid microgrid approach, the conversion device requirement is reduced during the direct integration of EV and the battery energy storage device. In addition to that, an adequate centralized energy management control structure is proposed by combining wind power control, battery storage, and EV power control, and coordinated inverter control respectively, to offer excellent parallel action of numerous wind plants and inverters without needing extra voltage and frequency controller. Further, to reduce the computational burden, a novel transformation having the capability to handle both three-phase unbalanced voltage and current components is applied through a vector representation in a novel d′q′ revolving frame. The MATLAB/Simulink-based developed system undergoes different test system conditions as a failure of one inverter and sudden addition of wind plant during varying EV conditions and varying non-linear/unbalanced load demand at the shutdown conditions of wind power generation. From the simulated results, it is found that with the presence of 19.96% non-linear load, the improvement percentage of utility, top, and bottom inverter is 97–98%, 96–97%, and 99% respectively. In addition to that, the proposed transformation-based grid current results are compared with the traditional instantaneous power theory-based grid current results and found that significant harmonic percentage improvement results are achieved with the presence of the same non-linear load condition. Further, the proposed method takes minimum time i.e., only two to three cycles to settle the power fluctuation during transient conditions. As the above limits are well within the IEEE-1541 and IEEE 1547–2018 and offer faster settling time, then it can be suggested for real-microgrid test systems to achieve better power quality and reliability.

Electrical Power Generation System: Optimal Design for Medium-Load Industries with High-Rated Generators

The demand for electrical power is rapidly increasing due to the rise of industries in developing countries. Power generation stations are having troubles to strike a balance between demand and generation. In this situation, it is urged that appropriate remedial action be taken. Rising power demand can be met by designing an efficient electric power generation system which will also help lowering the generation cost. It is shown that while high rated electric power generators are connected in parallel the value of neutral current is rising and the cooling temperature is also increased. Here, the goal of this experimental work is to present a new model for designing an efficient power production system for average-load (ranging up to 8000 Amp, 440 V) industries to minimize the demand on centralized interconnected grid. A scheme is proposed with four generators (2500 kVA, 2000 kVA, 2000 kVA and 1250 KVA) in parallel and enough cooling arrangement is provided with minimal cost. The coolant temperature is maintained 61 °C to 61.5 °C and at that time diesel temperature is not more than 38.5 °C. The amount of neutral-current is also optimized (up to 8.5 Amp.) which was more than 12 Amp. At the morning and afternoon, the neutral current is almost constant, but it is bit fluctuating between 7.5 Amp to 8.2 Amp at mid-day. The final outcome shows, the suggested system is efficiently stable with the change of load and generates optimal electricity.