Stationary Forms Research Articles

Towards the lithium-ion battery production network: Thinking beyond mineral supply chains

The increasing role of electricity as an energy carrier in decarbonising economies is driving a growing demand for electrical energy storage in the form of battery systems. Two battery applications driving demand growth are electric vehicles and stationary forms of energy storage. Consequently, established battery production networks are increasingly intersecting with – and being transformed by – actors and strategies in the transport and power sectors, in ways that are important to understand. Most analyses of battery production adopt a supply chain approach, focussing on the flow and transformation of materials from primary production via manufacturing to final assembly. They pay only limited attention to organisational and geographical relations, and they overlook critical areas of intersection between battery production and OEM manufacturing for automotive and power sectors. As a result, supply chain approaches do not fully account for emergent properties of battery production networks.To remedy this, we deploy a global production network (GPN) approach that highlights the increasing intersection of battery manufacturing with the automotive and power sectors, informed by original research with key respondents in battery R&D and commercialization at the collaborative interfaces of academia, industry and government. Our GPN approach augments conventional supply chain accounts based on battery manufacturing in two ways: it identifies the economic and non-economic actors, network relations and multiple locations that constitute the global battery production network; and focuses on firm strategies of innovation, cooperation and competition through which this network acquires its organisationally and geographically dynamic character, (specifically increasing inter-industry intersections), and the multifaceted role of the state. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications of this alternative account for understanding key areas of policy concern, and for analyses of the geopolitical economy of energy system transformation.

Development of a Non-stationary Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (NSPEI) for Drought Monitoring in a Changing Climate

In a changing climate, drought indices as well as drought definitions need to be revisited because some statistical properties, such as the long-term mean, of climate series may change over time. This study aims to develop a Non-stationary Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (NSPEI) for reliable and robust quantification of drought characteristics in a changing climate. The proposed indicator is based on a non-stationary log-logistic probability distribution, assuming the location parameter of the distribution is a multivariable function of time and climate indices, as covariates. The optimal non-stationary model was obtained using a forward selection method in the framework of the Generalized Additive Models in Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) algorithm. The Non-stationary and Stationary forms of SPEI (i.e., NSPEI and SSPEI) were calculated using the monthly precipitation and temperature data of 32 weather stations in Iran for the common period of 1964–2014. The results showed that almost at all the stations studied, the non-stationary log-logistic distributions outperformed the stationary ones. The AICs of the non-stationary models for 97% of the stations were lower than those of the stationary models. The non-stationary models at 90% of the stations were statistically significant at the 5% significance level. While SSPEI identified the long-term and continuous drought and wet events, NSPEI revealed the short-term and frequent drought/wet periods at almost all the stations of interest. Finally, it was revealed that NSPEI, compared to SSPEI, was a more reliable and robust indicator of drought duration and drought termination in vegetation cover during the severest drought period (the 2008 drought). Therefore, it was suggested as a suitable drought index to quantify drought impacts on vegetation cover in Iran.

Modified Formwork System for Slab Element

Abstract: Formwork in construction is the use of support structures and moulds to create structures out of concrete which is poured into the moulds. Formwork can be made using moulds. Out of steel, wood, aluminium and , or prefabricated forms. 2. Formwork refers to either temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds. 3. Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this mould, fresh concrete is placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms. Keywords: Modified Formwork, Slab

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ПО АДАПТАЦИИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЕ

The issues of realization of the modern social pedagogy technologies to support different categories of citizens as the tools to increase social protection efficiency are discussed. The authors emphasize special importance of the pedagogical component of the technologies, implying the formation of new social experiences of the citizens, positive motivation and vitality enhancement for problem solving. Strategic directions to develop the population social protection system are linked with the rising family role in social problem solving; replacing the conservative stationary forms of helping and supporting certain categories of citizens with innovative ones; approbation and application of new social pedagogy technologies of adaptation and rehabilitation aimed at comprehensive revelation and development of personality potential and its socialization. Family oriented social work is discussed as a form to render assistance to the family, individual on the basis of activation of inner human resources to technologize social pedagogical work and increase the outer resources efficiency contributed to the state social support. Specifics, kinds and significance of extra mural care replacement “assisted living” technology are defined. Reasons, hampering its introduction, are outlined. Circus pedagogy as a new underinvestigated metod to solve the problems of socialization, education, adaptation and rehabilitation of children is considered. The cited publication review and the unique experiences of the Russian regions to introduce circus art into the social pedagogy technologies of family oriented social work, assisted living of psichophysiologically challenged people made it possible to conclude that transformations in the social protection system in the streamline of the innovative and preventive strategies are possible, proving their sustainability and socio pedagogical effect. Main provisions of increasing the modern social pedagogy technologies in the field of population social protection are formulated to intensify the process of realizing the functions of social pedagogical work.

Biotic and palaeoecological variations in the Permian-Triassic boundary microbialite (Xiejiacao, South China): Implication for a two-phase ecological crisis in microbialite ecosystems

The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) severely impacted global biodiversity. Extinction selectivity of biotas behaved differently in various environmental settings, and biotic variations before, during, and after the EPME on the shallow platform remain unclear. This paper describes a new microbialite near the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) boundary (PTB) from the Xiejiacao section, South China. The PTB microbialite comprises thrombolite and dendrolite fabrics and yields abundant columnar cyanobacteria and various microspheroids. Abundant metazoan fossils, including conodonts, foraminifers, ostracods, gastropods, ammonoids, brachiopods, and ophiuroids, are reported from the uppermost Permian bioclastic limestone, PTB microbialite (PTBM), and lowest Triassic strata in Xiejiacao. Stratigraphic occurrences of these taxa display a two-fold decline pattern of the end-Permian mass extinction, calibrating to the base and top of the PTB microbialite and corresponding to the first extinction phase (EP1) and second extinction phase (EP2) of the EPME, respectively. This two-fold extinction pattern is also reinforced by fossil fragment components of various clades through the P-Tr transition in Xiejiacao. Updated dataset of metazoan fossil records from 25 PTBM sections in South China is also compiled, and it shows the two-fold declines in biodiversity. The dominance role of foraminifers in the latest Permian faunas switched to ostracods in the PTB microbialite after EP1, and then to bivalves after EP2. Proportions of infaunal, stationary, and omnivore forms declined continuously across the EP1 and EP2, while pelagic, fast-moving, suspension-feeding, and predatory taxa underwent stepwise increases across these two extinctions. Proportions of epifaunal, slow-moving, and deposit-feeding taxa increased after EP1 but decreased after EP2. This might be associated with the extinction of brachiopods and, the immigration, and the proliferation of mollusks (bivalves, gastropods, and ammonoids). The metazoan fossil dataset of all PTBM sections across South China refutes the taphonomic window hypothesis and the refuge scenario, instead, supports that the post-extinction unique palaeoceanographic conditions in microbial ecosystems may have been beneficial to diversification of the PTBM faunas. The dataset of the stratigraphic distributions of all PTBM taxa in all palaeoenvironmental settings across South China shows that the drastic decline in biodiversity of the PTBM faunas during the cessation of microbialite was not due to facies control on fossil preservation, but closely related to the biotic extinction in EP2 of the EPME.

A Review of Seasonal Adjustment Diagnostics

SummarySeasonal adjustment methods are used to process and publish thousands of time series across the world each month, and judgement of the adequacy relies heavily upon seasonal adjustment diagnostics. This paper discusses tests for the adequacy of a seasonal adjustment, first reviewing the broader background on tests for seasonality and then proceeding to four tests that are appropriate for stationary forms of seasonality. We contrast time‐domain and frequency‐domain approaches, focusing upon four diagnostics available in the seasonal adjustment literature (and software packages) and applying the methods to a large collection of public use time series. Each of the four tests is designed around a distinct formulation of seasonality, and hence, empirical performances differ; we compare and contrast the methods and include discussion on how diagnostic results can be used to improve faulty seasonal adjustments. Directions for future research, involving inverse partial autocorrelations and polyspectra, are also discussed, and the methodologies are supported by theoretical and simulation results.

Российские татары в стационарной торговле города Петропавловска во второй половине XVIII – начале XX вв.

The article analyzes the role of Tatars mobilized by the Russian Empire’s government in the process of economic development of the Kazakh steppe and spreading the experience of organizing stationary forms of trade there. The author points out the importance of socio-cultural closeness between identities of Kazakhs and Tatars, that allowed the latter to succeed in outbound periodic trade in auls. Such type of distribution became a mandatory element of stationary trade due to the nomadic type of the local population’s economy. The article highlights the ability of Tatars to select high-demand goods for sale, create and maintain trade relations. The author draws a conclusion that Tatars became active participants in the process of forming a stationary trade network and the city infrastructure of Petropavlovsk.

Mathematical Modeling of the Dynamics of Plant Mineral Nutrition in the Fertilizer–Soil–Plant System

A numerical simulation of the spatial–temporal dynamics of a multi-parameter system has been developed. The components of this system are plant biomass, the mobile and stationary forms of mineral nutrition elements, rhizosphere microorganisms, and environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, and acidity). Parametric identification and verification of the adequacy of the model were carried out based on the experimental data on the growth of Krasnoufimskaya-100 spring wheat on peat lowland soil. The results are represented by temporal distributions of biomass from agricultural crops and the findings on the contents of the main nutrition elements within the plant (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). An agronomic assessment and interpretation of the results are given.

Synthesis of Control of Spatial Motion of a Rigid Body Using Dual Quaternions

In this paper, we develop a new method of analytical design and control of the spatial motion of a rigid body (in particular, a spacecraft considered as a rigid body) in a nonlinear dynamic formulation using dual quaternions (Clifford biquaternions). The control provides the asymptotic stability in general of any selected programmed motion in the inertial coordinate system and the desired dynamics of the controlled motion of the body. To build control laws, new biquaternion differential equations of perturbed spatial motion of a rigid body are proposed, in which unnormalized biquaternions of finite displacements, biquaternions of angular and linear velocities of the body and accelerations with nonzero dual scalar parts are used. The concept of solving the inverse problems of dynamics, the feedback control principle, and the approach based on the reduction of the equations of perturbed body motion to linear stationary differential forms of the selected structure invariant with respect to any selected programmed motion due to the corresponding choice of dual nonlinear feedbacks in the proposed biquaternion control laws is presented. Analytical solutions of biquaternion differential equations are designed to describe the dynamics of controlling the spatial body motion using the proposed biquaternion control laws. The properties and patterns of such control are analyzed.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ДИНАМИКИ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО ПИТАНИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ В СИСТЕМЕ «УДОБРЕНИЕ-ПОЧВА-РАСТЕНИЕ»

A numerical simulation of the spatial-temporal dynamics of a multi-parameter system is developed. The components of this system are plant biomass, mobile and stationary forms of mineral nutrition elements, rhizosphere microorganisms and environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, acidity). Parametric identification and verification of the adequacy of the model were carried out based on the experimental data on the growth of spring wheat «Krasnoufimskaya-100» on peat lowland soil. The results are represented by temporal distributions of biomass from agricultural crop under study and the findings on the content of main nutrition elements within the plant (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). An agronomic assessment and interpretation of the obtained results are given.

Нанесение неполярных силиконовых неподвижных фаз на поликапиллярные колонки с использованием золь-гель метода

Высокоэффективные поликапиллярные колонки (ПКК) с иммобилизованными неподвижными фазами (НФ) получены нанесением на многоканальные трубки (МКТ) неполярных полисилоксанов PS 347.5 и SE-54 динамическим способом с использованием золь-гель технологий. При применении свежеприготовленного золь-геля степень иммобилизации НФ составляет более 86%. Полученныеколонки демонстрируют повышенную термостойкость и пониженный уровень фона, вызванный уносом НФ

The Impact of ICT Penetration on Deforestation: A Panel Data Evidence

Abstract A growing number of case studies and reports suggest that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play an important role in fighting against deforestation, and the penetration of ICT help decrease deforestation in a different part of world’s forests. The aim of this study is to test whether diffusion of ICT contributes to decreasing in deforestation in the world. For this purpose, the effect of ICT penetration on deforestation is estimated by using bivariate and multivariate fixed time effect models. In the sample selection process, those countries having 2% or more forest area as a percentage of total land area we included in our analysis. The largest sample includes 174 countries. The period under study is between 1991 and 2012. It is found that ICT penetration is significantly and negatively associated with deforestation. The results are robust to the inclusion of a number of control variables as well as different indicators of ICT penetration and deforestation as such all available four ICT indicators and two deforestation indicators are used. To avoid potential spurious regression problems in the analyses, the original models are re-estimated by using the stationary forms of all independent and dependent variables. A strong negative correlation between ICT indicators and deforestation indicators is also supported by the findings of re-estimated bivariate and multivariate models. Empirical evidence at the macro level provided in this paper confirms the results mentioned in the case studies.

Colonization and immune modulation properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm-dispersed cells

Biofilm-dispersal is a key determinant for further dissemination of biofilm-embedded bacteria. Recent evidence indicates that biofilm-dispersed bacteria have transcriptional features different from those of both biofilm and planktonic bacteria. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo phenotypic properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae cells spontaneously dispersed from biofilm were compared with those of planktonic and sessile cells. Biofilm-dispersed cells, whose growth rate was the same as that of exponential planktonic bacteria but significantly higher than those of sessile and stationary planktonic forms, colonized both abiotic and biotic surfaces more efficiently than their planktonic counterparts regardless of their initial adhesion capabilities. Microscopy studies suggested that dispersed bacteria initiate formation of microcolonies more rapidly than planktonic bacteria. In addition, dispersed cells have both a higher engulfment rate and better survival/multiplication inside macrophages than planktonic cells and sessile cells. In an in vivo murine pneumonia model, the bacterial load in mice lungs infected with biofilm-dispersed bacteria was similar at 6, 24 and 48 h after infection to that of mice lungs infected with planktonic or sessile bacteria. However, biofilm-dispersed and sessile bacteria trend to elicit innate immune response in lungs to a lesser extent than planktonic bacteria. Collectively, the findings from this study suggest that the greater ability of K. pneumoniae biofilm-dispersed cells to efficiently achieve surface colonization and to subvert the host immune response confers them substantial advantages in the first steps of the infection process over planktonic bacteria.

Transformation of Urban Spatiotemporal Systems: the Influence of Retail on the Post-Socialist Large Housing Estates Areas in Leningrad–St. Petersburg in 1989–2016

A case study of growth in retail trade and services in districts with socialist-time large housing estates in Leningrad–St. Petersburg during the period of 1989–2016 has revealed and validates the three principles of development of spatiotemporal systems (STS) in the process of transformation: change in the essence of transformation of an urban STS; continuity of spatial, temporal, and essential parameters of transformation of an urban STS; and the principle of possible misalignment of hierarchies of the spatial, temporal, and essential parameters of transformational urban STSs. Six stages of development of retail trade during the studied period are described: early transformation, the first stage of administrative reform, the stage of pavilions and markets, the stage of displacement of specific transformational forms, the stage of predominance of stationary trade forms, and the stage of corner stores. The corresponding spatial forms and particular features of the organization of retail STS are characterized by: the agglomeration of kiosks and vendors near metro stations and public transport stops; the agglomeration of kiosks and pavilions near metro stations plus markets; tents and mobile forms of trade near metro stations plus new markets; trade malls, stationary markets plus kiosk trade chains; hypermarkets, trade chains, temporary agglomerations near public transport stops and metro stations; neighborhood stores and illegal kiosks. A methodology for studying complex STSs is developed, and its effectiveness is fine-tuned and tested.

Analysis of programs for ensuring active longevity of persons of older age groups in the moscow region

Aim. To study non - stationary and semi - stationary forms of health - improving services of multifunctional regional social welfare centers and determine satisfaction with their quality. Material and methods. The annual reports of state budgetary institutions of Territorial Centers for Social Welfare for 2017, projects to ensure healthy longevity. A survey of 210 respondents was conducted (average age - 71 years) of the participants in the Moscow Longevity project about satisfaction with the provision of recreational services of Territorial Centers for Social Welfare. Statistical analysis included the study of the absolute and relative values of the indicators obtained. Results. An analysis of the activities of 6 organizations of the Moscow Territorial Centers for Social Welfare revealed the implementation of all federal and regional programs, as well as two of them - local projects to stimulate active longevity. Women (68%) and persons with a higher education (48%) prevailed among the surveyed participants in the Moscow Longevity project. The frequency of chronic diseases and the attendance of medical care increased with age of the respondents. The average cost of purchasing drugs amounted to 25% of the monthly pension. Within one to three years, 54% of respondents used the services of Territorial Centers for Social Welfare. The analysis of satisfaction with the quality of social and health services showed high rates (4.7-4.9 points out of 5) for the criteria “Goodwill and competence of employees”, “Organization of educational, physical, leisure and social and cultural activity”. Average values (4.5-4.6 points) were obtained for the criteria “Openness and availability of information about the services provided” and “Comfort of conditions for the provision of services”. The lowest number of points - 4.2 - was obtained according to the criterion "Organization of medical and pharmaceutical care". Conclusions. In addition to federal and regional programs, organizations of the Moscow Territorial Centers for Social Welfare also implement local projects to stimulate active longevity. The majority of respondents use the services of Territorial Centers for Social Welfare for more than one year and positively evaluate their activities, but consider it expedient to increase the semi - stationary and non - stationary bases of the Territorial Centers for Social Welfare, create conditions for the provision of medical and medicinal care.

Low-Energy State Electron Beam in a Uniform Channel

In our earlier work, we showed that a low-energy state of an electron beam exists in a nonuniform channel between two virtual cathodes in a magnetron with diffraction output, which consists of three uniform sections with increasing radius. A uniform axial magnetic field fills the interaction space. This led to magnetron operation with >90% efficiency when combined with a magnetic mirror field at the output end. In this present paper, we show that a low-energy state of an electron beam can be realized in a uniform channel in which an increasing magnetic field is used in order to create a magnetic mirror at the output end. We consider two cases, one where the injected beam current slightly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current and the other where the injected beam current greatly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current. On the time scale of relevance to planned experiments (∼30 ns), when the injected current slightly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current a stationary virtual cathode forms and when the injected current greatly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current the virtual cathode oscillates back and forth.

Transformation of urban spatiotemporal systems, by the example of retail impact to large hosing estate areas of Leningrad—St. Petersburg, 1989—2016

Using the example of retail development in the former socialist large housing estate areas of Leningrad—St. Petersburg in 1989—2016 the paper outlines and provides evidence for 3 principles of the spatiotemporal systems (STS) development under urban transformation: principle of essence changing during transformation of a STS; principle of joined-up nature of spatial, temporal and essence-based parameters of urban STS (USTS); possibility of mismatch of spatial, temporal and substantive hierarchies of transformational USTSs. Paper describes 6 stages of spatial development of retail during the studied period and corresponding spatial forms and peculiarities of retail STS spatial development: early transformation; first stage of administrative reform; pavilions and market places; specific transformational forms displacement; domination of large stationary trade forms; convenience shops stage. Corresponding spatial forms and specificities of retail STSs organization in former socialist large housing estate areas are characterized as well: kiosks and stand-alone-sellers agglomerations near metro stations and public transport stops; kiosks and pavilions agglomerations near metro stations plus market places; retail tents and other mobile trade forms near metro stations plus new market places; large shopping centers, stationary market places plus kiosk chains; hypermarkets, chained stationary shops, temporary agglomerations of mobile facilities near metro stations; convenience shops and illegal kiosks. Specific methodology of complex STSs research was developed and tested.

Ярмарочная торговля в Забайкалье в последней трети XVIII – первой четверти XX в.: этапы развития

As a result of distance barriers of Transbaikalia from industrial centers and the underdevelopment of communications, fair trade for a long time became the main form of commercial entrepreneurship. In its development, it went through three stages. The first was before the Trans-Siberian Railway construction, when, in the absence of stationary forms of trade, it experienced a period of flourishing and dominated completely. The second was after its construction, when fair volumes declined, fair trade was decentralized: a large number of small fairs in villages replaced the large fairs. However, in general, fair trade retained its value and even expanded the network. The task of rapid economic recovery after the Civil War demanded the revival of fair trade, in which private traders took the first positions. However, having played a role in the restoration of goods/money relationship, the fair form of trade was quickly curtailed in accordance with the policy of the struggle with private capital.

Effects of Static, Stationary, and Traveling Trunk Exercises on Muscle Activation

Background: A new fitness trend incorporates stability exercises that challenges trunk muscles and introduces crawling as an exercise, but has yet to be investigated for muscle activity. Purpose: To compare the effects of static (STA), stationary (STN), and traveling (TRV) trunk exercises on muscle activation of the rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, external oblique, and erector spinae using surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: Seventeen recreationally active women (mean age ± SD = 22.4 ± 2.4 years, body mass 62.9 ± 6.9 kg, height 165.1 ± 5.8 cm) and twenty-three men (23.6 ±3.9 years, 83.2 ±17.1 kg, 177.1 ± 9.1 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects performed maximal voluntary contractions for normalization of each muscle’s EMG activity. They then performed the three exercises in random order for thirty seconds each with a two-minute rest in between. Results: For the rectus abdominis, STA was significantly lower than STN (P = 0.003) and TRV (P = 0.001). For the external oblique, STA was significantly lower than STN (P = 0.001) and TRV (P = 0.001) and STN was significantly greater than TRV (P = 0.009). For the erector spinae and rectus femoris, STA was significantly lower than STN (P = 0.001) and TRV (P = 0.001) Conclusions: There was greater muscle activation in all muscles tested in the stationary and traveling exercises versus the static. Strength and conditioning coaches and allied health professionals could potentially use stationary and traveling forms of trunk stabilization exercises as a viable strategy to increase muscle activation.

1,3-Bis(aryloxy)propan-2-ols as potential antileishmanial agents.

We describe herein the synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 1,3‐bis(aryloxy)propan‐2‐ols. Five compounds (2, 3, 13, 17, and 18) exhibited an effective antileishmanial activity against stationary promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC 50 < 15.0 μm), and an influence of compound lipophilicity on activity was suggested. Most of the compounds were poorly selective, as they showed toxicity toward murine macrophages, except 17 and 18, which presented good selective indexes (SI ≥ 10.0). The five more active compounds (2, 3, 13, 17, and 18) were selected for the treatment of infected macrophages, and all of them were able to reduce the number of internalized parasites by more than 80%, as well as the number of infected macrophages by more than 70% in at least one of the tested concentrations. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential of these compounds as new hits of antileishmanial agents and open future possibilities for them to be tested in in vivo studies.