Stationary Experiment Research Articles

Біологічні чинники оптимізації систем удобрення сільськогосподарських культур у сівозміні

Goal. With the use of biological testing to substantiate ecologically feasible fertilizer systems of crops for their cultivation in crop rotation on sod-podzolic soil; to investigate the possibility of reducing the rates of mineral fertilizers with the use of microbial preparations. Methods. Field stationary experiment, gas chromatographic (determination of nitrogen fixation activity in the root zone of plants), statistical (substantiation of the reliability of the obtained results), economic calculations (determination of the cost, profit, profitability, and payback of additional costs). Results. In the short crop rotation “potatoes — oats — lupine — winter rye” on the indicators of nitrogenase activity in the root zone of plants they determined the feasibility of action and after-effect of 40 t/ha of manure litter of cattle, organo-mineral fertilization, intermediate green manure (oil radish) and mineral fertilizers in low and medium rates. High doses of fats lead to a significant decrease in the activity of the nitrogen fixation process in the rhizosphere of plants and are excessive. The possibility of reducing the rate of technical nitrogen through the use of biological products without reducing crop yields is real for low and medium in the experiment of mineral agricultural backgrounds. The direct action and after-effect of the intermediate green manure promote the effectiveness of inoculation. Mineral intensive fertilizer system does not provide high efficiency of biofertilizers. A slight increase in crop yields from inoculation was detected with organic and organo-mineral fertilizers. Conclusions. Ecologically acceptable systems of crop fertilization in crop rotation can be realistically determined using biological testing. Mineral fertilizer rates for crops can be significantly reduced without reducing crop yields through the use of microbial preparations. It is recommended to use pre-sowing inoculation of seeds for growing crops on low and medium mineral agricultural backgrounds, as well as for the use of intermediate green manure.

INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS AND MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS OF THE FORMATION OF NUTRIENT STATUS OF SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL

Objective. To study the influence of systematic introduction of mineral, traditional organomineral and alternative systems of fertilization and inoculation of seeds on the formation of the nutrient status of sod-podzolic soil. Methods. Field experiment, agrochemical, balance and settlement, statistical. Results. Based on the studies conducted in a long-term stationary experiment on sod-podzolic soil, a significant influence of the studied fertilization systems in combination with microbial preparations on the soil nutrient status was established. The highest levels of mineral compounds of nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium using crop rotation were observed upon long-term use of the organomineral fertilization system NPK + animal manure + + green manure. At the end of the crop rotation, the content of nitrogen mineral compounds increased by 23 %, phosphorus — by 8 % and potassium — by 34 % on the background without inoculation and by 34 %, 10 % and 34 %, respectively, on the background of inoculation compared to traditional fertilization system NPK + animal manure. Due to the use of microbial preparations under this fertilization system, the content of nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil increased by 7 %, mobile phosphorus — by 3 % and exchangeable potassium — by 6 % compared to their content at the beginning of crop rotation. It has been proved that the highest level of crop rotation productivity in terms of feed units was provided by the organomineral fertilization system green manure + animal manure + NPK, which exceeded crop rotation productivity in areas under the traditional fertilization system NPK + animal manure by 21 % on the background without inoculation and by 26 % on the background of inoculation. Due to the use of microbial preparations, there is an increase in crop rotation productivity by 10–13 %. Conclusion. The optimal nutrient status of sod-podzolic soil is formed using microbial preparations and an organomineral fertilization system based on organic fertilizers in the form of animal manure with an average crop rotation dose of 10 t/ha and legume green manure on the background of mineral fertilizers N60P50K60. This fertilization system provides recovery of soil fertility, high rates of economic and energy efficiency of growing crops and their productivity during crop rotation.

Development of precision farming technologies

The research was carried out on the territory of the Vladimir Opolye (Suzdal, Russian Federation). For the experimental site, in the watershed part of the plakor terrain with a slope of < 1°, a soil map was compiled. Field studies were carried out in a long-term stationary field experiment measuring 86 m by 280 m with the total area of 2.41 hectares. Four tillage systems were studied in the experiment: 1. generally accepted dump-annual dump plowing; 2. combined-energy-saving-alternation of small non-fall treatments with dump plowing of perennial grasses; 3. combined-tier-alternation of small non-fall treatments with plowing with a long-line plow of perennial grasses; 4. anti-erosion-alternation of deep non-fall treatments with plowing of perennial grasses. The results showed a different reaction of soil to agrotechnological techniques. Gray forest soils with a second humus horizon have a higher potential fertility, the advantage of which when applying moderate doses of mineral fertilizers was 3.3-4.4 centners per hectare of grain units compared to the background gray forest soils. A further increase in the dose negates these differences. Deep soil loosening by 25-27 cm also shows the advantage of soils with a second humus horizon, the yield increases were 4.4-5.2 centners per hectare.

The effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of hay of leguminous grasses

The article presents the results obtained in the stationary experiment of the Novozybkovskaya SHOS. In the experiment, single-species crops of yellow alfalfa, boneless stalk and grass mixtures based on them were studied against the background of various doses of potash fertilizers (K120-180). The influence of potash fertilizers on the yield and quality of legumes and cereals, their mixed crops and a decrease in the content of 137Cs in hay is considered. It was found that the highest yield of hay of perennial grasses in both the first and second mowing was obtained in the P60K180 variant. The highest level of hay yield among the studied crops was noted in a grass mixture of yellow alfalfa with a boneless stalk. In terms of the yield of feed units and exchange energy per hectare, the alfalfa + stalk grass mixture exceeded single-species crops. Studies have established that the guaranteed receipt of normatively clean feeds based on yellow alfalfa, boneless stalk and grass mixtures based on them is provided by the use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in a dose P60K120.

Influence of different fertilization and chemical recruitment systems on the phosphorus regime of gray forest soil

Phosphorus is extremely important in agriculture. This is due to the fact that without its participation in the plant body does not undergo any biochemical reaction, because it is part of the ATP molecule, which provides energy. It is an essential element of nucleic acids, phospholipids and the others is actively involved in the regulation of enzymatic reactions. It is part of human, animal, plant and bacterial cells. The research was conducted on the basis of a stationary experiment conducted in 1992 on gray forest coarsegrained light loam soil, studied the effect of long-term chemical reclamation and various fertilization systems (mineral, organic, organic-mineral) on the transformation of Optimal phosphorus nutrition promotes the development of the root system, which improves the supply of plants with moisture and nutrients, increases the share of marketable products in the organic crop, increases the starch content in potatoes, sugar in roots, vegetables and fruits, oilseeds, oilseeds the output of a long fiber, its strength increases. That is why the management of phosphorus nutrition of plants is one of the key issues. Changes in various forms of phosphorus (gross, mobile, water-soluble) under the influence of the above factors are analyzed. For a more objective assessment of these factors on the phosphate regime of the soil on the variant results of the analysis were compared not only with absolute control, but also tied to baseline (age of fallow 28 years), located next to the experimental field. It was found that the content of gross phosphorus, which characterizes the genetic characteristics of the soil, depends almost entirely on the total humus reserves and clearly repeats the parameters of the profile accumulation of carbon, taking into account the depth and thickness of humus horizons. The particle size distribution is of great importance in the processes of gross phosphorus accumulation, as defects are quite easily adsorbed on the surface of soil structures. Evaluation of the results of the analysis shows a large gap in the gross forms of phosphorus and low concentration of its mobile forms, the content of which is 4.7% of the total. According to our data, water-soluble salts of phosphoric acid in gray forest soil are generally found in very small quantities (0.62 mg / kg in the horizon NOT with a gradual decline down the profile), which often becomes a limiting factor in phosphorus nutrition of crops. Lime, by reducing the activity of one and a half oxides, weakens the adsorption bonds of phosphorus and increases the relative amounts of calcium phosphates. The application of mineral fertilizers replenished the pool of gross phosphorus (by 0.08% of the control dock), but mobile forms of phosphorus (according to Kirsanov) increased by only 23 mg/kg, which was second only to liming. In general, the effect of liming significantly increases the use of soil phosphates and fertilizers.

The impact of multi-year straw and green fertiliser application on grain yields in a grain steam crop rotation

The research proves the advantage of the direction of biological farming using agrocenosis bioresources (straw and green manure) as fertiliser. These studies were carried out in a field stationary experiment of the agrochemical service. Regular application of fertilisers showed a stable tendency to increase grain crop yields. At applying straw with nitrogen for 20 years, the yield increase is reliable 5.0 c/ha (26.8%). The application of green manure fallow on the background of regular application of straw provided an increase in grain yield by 3.6 c/ha (20.6%), which is also significantly higher than the application of straw alone without nitrogen, which provided a steady trend of the average annual increase in yield by 1.1 c/ha (6.3%). Over four rotations (2000-2019) of grain and fallow crop rotation in the conditions of the Tomsk region, there is increasing efficiency of green manure fallow and regular use of straw as a fertiliser. This efficiency leads to the preservation of soil fertility and increased grain crop yields compared with pure fallow. In the first rotation, the grain yield in these variants was at the same level. In the second rotation, the outcome after green manure fallow was higher by 11.7% than after pure fallow. In the third rotation, the yield was 18% higher. In the fourth rotation, the green manure fallow was better than pure fallow in grain yield by 40%. The results were statistically processed by analysis of variance using SNEDEKOR software.

Soil biological activity of short rotation crop at the maximum saturation with sunflower

Soil biological activity of short rotation crop at the maximum saturation with sunflower

Effect of long-term organo-mineral fertilizer application on the fertility of eroded soils

The research was carried out in 1986–2019 in a multi-factor stationary experiment located in the Rostov region, Russia. The dynamics of organic matter and basic nutrients has been studied depending on the structure of crop rotation and tillage in conditions of an erosion hazard slope. The use of soil–protecting crop rotations on slope lands with 20% of perennial grasses reduced soil washout by 34.8–42.5%, runoff by 32.7–40.6%. An increase in the share of perennial grasses halved soil washout by 54.3–60.0%, runoff – 76.1–97.6%. The use of soil-protecting tillage along the contour lines and leaving stubble on the surface of the field reduces soil loss by 13.0–23.8%, runoff by 11.7–24.1%. As a result of the extensive technology of cultivation of agricultural crops, due to the removal of nutrients with the crop and erosion processes, the content of organic matter and nutrients in the soil decreases in all the studied crop rotations. Systematic application of fertilizers in high doses contributes to the expanded reproduction of soil fertility. It has been established that the nutrient regime of the soil affects the productivity of both individual crops and the entire crop rotation as a whole.

Influence of the after effect of various fertilizer systems on the yield and quality of the green mass of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense)

In agro-ecosystems, fertilization practices are crucial for sustaining forage grasses. At the same time, the aftereffect of fertilizers on the productivity of meadow clover has not been studied enough. Here, based on a stationary field experiment, we studied the influence of various fertilizer systems on the yield and quality of the green mass of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.) of the Dymkovskiy variety. The research was carried out in accordance with the methodology of field experience on sod-mediumpodzolic light-loamy soil in the conditions of the north of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia on the educational and experimental field of the Vologda State Dairy Academy during 2018 to 2020. The scheme of the experiment included 3 fertilizer systems (organic, mineral and organo-mineral) and 2 levels of soil acidity. It was found that in the conditions of a five-field grain-grass crop rotation, the aftereffect of the organo-mineral fertilizer system, in which the use of cattle manure at a dose of 50 t/ha was combined with the application of mineral fertilizers during liming, contributed to the formation of the highest yield of meadow clover – 51.2 to 64.8 t/ha. According to the results of the experiment, the effectiveness of the aftereffect of the organo-mineral fertilizer system against the background of liming was proved, which contributed to the additional collection of crude protein by 24.6%, feed units – 12.3%, exchange energy by 11.42% compared to the control. The results of this experiment indicate that use of organic joint with mineral amendments not only reduces the need for higher amount of fertilizer but also improves its’ feed qualities of meadow clover.

Impact of different tillage on soil physical properties, CO2 emissions and winter oilseed rape yield

The investigation presents data on winter rape agrocenosis productivity, soil physical properties, and CO2 metabolism intensity using different tillages. The object of the research is the winter rape (Brassica napus L.) crop using different tillages. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the effects of different tillages and direct sowing on winter oilseed rape, soil physical properties and CO2 emissions. Methods of analysis. The studies have been carried out in accordance with established procedures. The methods used to apply the Stationary Single Factor Field Experiment were installed at the Vytautas Magnus University Experimental Station in 1988. The study factor is tillage systems: normal deep pruning at a depth of 23–25 cm in autumn (DP), control; shallow pruning at a depth of 12 to 15 cm in autumn (SP); deep loosening at a depth of 8 to 10 cm in autumn (DL); shallow loosening 13–25 cm (SL); direct seeding with cultivation up to 5 cm (NT). Results. For a long time, direct seeding into the stubble (with cultivation up to 5 cm) increases the resistance of the soil shear. During the whole investigation period, a lower CO2 concentration was observed in shallow loosening and direct seeding fields. Simplified tillages did not have a significant impact on the yields of winter rape.

Influence of long-term use of various doses of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of grain-fallow crop rotation in the arid steppe of the Volga region

The work reflects the analysis of changes in the productivity of crops of crop rotation during the long-term use of fertilizer systems in a stationary experiment for the period from VI to VIII rotation (1999-2001 - 2016-2018). The influence of various doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers on the change in the content of nitrate nitrogen and mobile phosphorus in the conditions of the southern chernozem for the specified period of research was determined. The responsiveness of crop rotation crops to the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers in minimum, medium and high doses has been established.

HUMIC ACIDS COMPOSITION OF ARABLE SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL AFTER LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF TRADITIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

The elemental composition and structure of humic acids (HA) of arable sodpodzolic soil (Eutric Albic Retisols (Abruptic, Loamic, Cutanic) was studied inPerm Agricultural Research Institute – division of PFRC. Application of traditional and unconventional organic fertilizers was fulfilled in long-term stationary experiment. The carbon content in HA of sod-podzolic soil varied from 30.7 to 34.6; hydrogen – 28.9-35.5, oxygen – 21.1-27.9, nitrogen – 1.9-2.2%. The Н/С ratio for all treatments was &gt;1, the structure of the supramolecular associations of humic acids is predominantly aliphatic. Long-term use of manure, sewage sludge (SS) and their combination with mineral fertilizers led to the enrichment of humic acids with nitrogen. The maximum degree of HA oxidation was observed with the use of cattle manure. The FTIR spectra of humic acids had absorption bands of carboxyl, hydroxyl, methyl, methylene, methoxyl and other groups in a wide wavelength range. At 1720 cm-1, an absorption band was recorded, which had a high intensity in the control variant and was due to oscillations of the &gt;C=O group of carboxylic acids. With an increase in the load of the anthropogenic factor on the soil (application of organic and mineral fertilizers), a decrease in its intensity is observed. The structure of supramolecular HA aggregates of the control variant, with the introduction of NPK and unconventional organic fertilizer – SS, is characterized by a higher content of aromatic fragments, as evidenced by a clear existence of the absorption band at 1628 cm–1. Cattle manure application promoted the formation of humic acids with a branched aliphatic structure.

Differentiated Fertilization in the System of Precision Farming on the Complex of Gray Forest Soils in Vladimir Opolye

The studies were carried out in a long-term stationary field experiment from 1997 to 2008 on gray forest soils of Vladimir Opolye. The soils of Vladimir Opolye are distinguished by a high complexity and heterogeneity of the soil cover. The higher potential fertility is possessed by the soils with the 2nd humus horizon, the lower–by the gray forest non-podzolized soils. This heterogeneity leads to the “variegation” of crop yields. As a result of the experiment, it was established that when applying high doses of mineral fertilizers, the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium increases, but the physicochemical and chemical properties of the soil deteriorate. Exchangeable and hydrolytic acidity increases, and the humus content decreases. This leads to a decrease in crop yields. The use of differentiated doses of fertilizers–low on soils with a 2nd humus horizon and high on gray forest and podzolized soils–will make it possible to achieve an even yield of agricultural crops, reduce the unproductive costs of mineral fertilizers and improve the ecological state of agricultural landscapes.

50­річна динаміка вмісту рухомих сполук азоту, фосфору і калію в чорноземі опідзоленому за даними стаціонарного польового досліду

Goal. To establish the regularities of dynamics of changes in the supply of basic nutrients at the systematic use of mineral fertilizers and after the cessation of their application. Methods. Statistical-mathematical analysis of observations on the content of mineral nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, and potassium in degraded chornozem of the stationary field experiment with fertilizers in 1970 -2020 on the territory of SE «SF Hrakivske» of NSC ISSA named after O.N. Sokolovskyi» (Kharkiv district, Kharkiv oblast). Results. Without the use of mineral fertilizers, the content of mineral nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil depends on the number of deposits and mostly corresponds to gradations of very low or low levels, and the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium corresponds to the limits of low and medium supply of these elements. With the systematic application of mineral fertilizers, the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in the soil increases at the rate of 50 kg of the active substance (a.s.) per 1 ha with an intensity of 2.3 mg/kg per year and 1.2 mg/kg per year, at the rate of 100 kg a.s. per 1 ha — 3.1 mg/kg per year and 2.4 mg/kg per year, respectively. The consumption of phosphorus fertilizers to change the content of mobile P2O5 in the arable soil layer by 1 mg/kg depends on the duration of systematic fertilization and is 13.1-25.9 kg of P2O5 per 1 ha. The cost of potassium fertilizers to change the content of mobile K2O in the arable soil layer by 1 mg/kg is much higher than phosphorus and on average during the experiment was 49.5 kg a.s./ha. After the cessation of fertilizer application, there was a decrease in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil in the first 10 years by 5.5 mg P2O5/kg per year, 20 years — by 4.8 mg P2O5/kg, for 30 years — by 4.1 mg P2O5/kg. The reduction of mobile potassium content in the soil after the cessation of fertilizer application is almost twice as fast as phosphorus. Conclusions. Using modeling of different levels of mobile phosphorus and potassium, the intensity of changes in the trophic state of the soil with the systematic application of mineral fertilizers under field crop rotation and after the cessation of fertilization. The estimated costs ic calculated of the active substance of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium by 1 mg/kg of soil, as well as the intensity of its reduction with extensive use of chornozem (without mineral fertilizers).

Ефективність вирощування жита озимого на осушуваних ґрунтах Полісся в умовах змін клімату

Goal. To study the formation of productivity and quality of winter rye grain at different levels of organo-mineral nutrition. Methods. Field — for stationary experiment, laboratory — to determine the quality of soil and grain by conventional techniques, processing of experimental data by using a computer program Microsoft Office Excel. Results. Observations of 2016-2020 on the dynamics of moisture reserves in sod-podzolic drained soil showed that during the formation and filling of grain stocks of productive moisture in the layer 0-100 cm decreased to a critical level of 60-80 mm. In the conditions of low soil moisture supply under the biological fertilizer system (by-products of winter rape) 2.69 t/ha of grain were obtained (11.6% increase to absolute control). Against the background of by-products, the application for zone rate of the recommended mineral fertilizers N60P60K60 grain yield increased to 3.61 t/ha. The highest grain productivity was observed with the use of an increased (intensive) rate of mineral fertilizers N90P90K90 with a separate application of nitrogen in 3 stages on the background of by-products — 3.94 t/ha. The fullness of rye grain did not significantly depend on the fertilizer system. The weight of 1000 seeds was 37.9-40.2 g, the nature of the grain was in the range of 641-663 g/l. The protein content with fertilizer application in the variants was 11.8-12.2%, on an increased background — 13.0, which is 1.2% more than in the biological fertilizer system. Conclusions. The highest level of profitability of growing winter rye was in the biological system of fertilizers using by-products of winter rape 152%. Although the use of the increased N90P90K90 fertilizer system in combination with by-products resulted in the highest grain yield and protein content, the profitability of growing winter rye decreased to 70%. That is, the cost of mineral fertilizers increases the cost and reduces the profitability of grain production.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ПОЧВЕННОГО ПЛОДОРОДИЯ И УРОЖАЙНОСТИ КУКУРУЗЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СИСТЕМ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

Tillage system is one of the factors that influences crop yield. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of the basic tillage systems on the change in soil fertility, yield and quality of corn grain in the soil and climatic conditions of the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory. The surveys were conducted in 2018–2020 on the experimental fields of the FSBSO “National Center of Grain named after P. P. Lukyanenko”. Soil – chernozems leached. All the experiments were carried out according to the standard methodology. In a stationary experiment, observations were performed to study several tillage practices: conventional tillage (25 cm depth plowing), mulch tillage with soil decompaction (reduced tillage done with a chisel plow to a depth of 32 cm for row crops), mulch tillage (deep tillage is excluded, disking to a depth of 10 cm twice or thrice is used instead). Plowing to a 25 cm depth improves the bulk of the soil in the 0–30 cm layer. However, chiseling to a depth of 32 cm and disking to a depth of 10 cm twice or thrice caused soil compaction. Standard tillage practice led to a decrease in the number of agronomically valuable aggregates (61.1 %) and their water resistance (59.4 %) compared to soil decompaction and minimum-tillage systems. The highest rates of productive moisture reserves were on the plots with traditional tillage and decompaction (140.6 and 141.5 mm, respectively, which is 14.7 % higher compared to the minimum mulching). The studied soil cultivation systems did not affect “1000-grain weight” but significantly affected the yield of grain from one ear (124.3 g) and the number of formed ears per one plant (1.04 pcs.). The corn yield on the fields with traditional and decompaction tillage methods was 56.9 and 55.9 c/ha, respectively; on minimum-tillage system, it decreased by 4.8 %. Protein content in grain harvested from the plots with traditional tillage practice was 11.4 %, which is higher compared to the minimum-tillage system. No significant differences were detected for crude ash and dry matter.

Вміст обмінного калію у ґрунті залежно від способу обробітку та метеорологічних факторів

The article is a continuation of a series of publications on the results of the study of nutrient elements in the soil-plant system against the background of global and regional climate change, given the possibility of minimizing tillage. In the conditions of stationary field experiment on ordinary chernozem (Calcic Chernozem) in the Donetsk region for five years (1994-1998) it was monitored the content of exchangeable potassium in the arable layer of the soil under the row crop corn within the grain-growing crop rotation on the options of plowing and subsurface non-turning tillage under the same mineral fertilizer system. At the same time, the dynamics of precipitation and air and soil temperature were recorded. According to the results of research, it is a steady effect of meteorological factors on the level of potassium nutrition of plants and a general tendency to decrease the average level of exchangeable potassium contents in the soil under vegetative plants of maize within the arable layer, mainly due to layers of 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. It is shown that for plowing the optimum of humidity of the previous year is characterized by hydrothermal coefficient of Selianinov (HTC) 1.0, and for subsurface non-turning tillage - 1.25. With a very dry (HTC 1.5), subsurface non-turning tillage may be more favorable for potassium mobility. But within the HTC 0.5-1.5 is more acceptable plowing. It is determined that the refusal to plowing leads to a decrease in the dependence of potassium mobility in the soil layer 0-30 cm on temperature, protecting from temperature fixation of potassium, and enhances the influence of the humidification regime in May. But dry and cool autumn is a likely cause of reduced potassium mobility without plowing. All conclusions are confirmed by the results of correlation, regression and variance (ANOVA) analysis.

Вплив мінеральних добрив на якість зерна пшениці озимої на чорноземі типовому Лісостепу Лівобережного високого

The goal was to study the effect of certain types of mineral fertilizers (N, P, K) and their paired compounds (NP, NK, PK) on the protein and gluten content in the grain of winter wheat on chernozem typical (Haplic Chernozem (Profundihumic)). The research was carried out in the conditions of a field stationary experiment which was laid down in the experimental farm of the NSC "Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O. N. Sokolovsky" in the Kharkiv region. Eight variants with the following norms of fertilizers were studied for winter wheat: 1 – without fertilizers (control); 2 – N60; 3 – P120; 4 – K90; 5 – N60P120; 6 – N60K90; 7 – P120K90; 8 – N60P120K90. The effectiveness of fertilizers was reseached on two agrophones - natural and aftereffect of fertilizers (240 t/ha for crop rotation). The content of protein and gluten in wheat grain was determined on the Spectran-119M. On typical chernozem of the Forest-Steppe of the left-bank high application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in norm N60P120 provides the content of protein in grain of winter wheat at the level of 12,9 – 14,7 % that corresponds to the 1st and 2nd classes of quality of grain according to the National standard (DSTU 3768 : 2010). The gluten content ranges from 23.6 to 25.0 %, which corresponds to the 2nd class of grain quality of winter wheat.

Agrophysical and agrochemical properties of dark grey forest soils under different systems of basic tillage

The effect of long-term use of different systems of basic tillage of dark grey forest soils on the agrophysical properties, nutrient regime and yield of grain crops in grain-fallow crop rotations was determined. The study was carried out in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals in a stationary experiment in 1996-2018. The traditional moldboard and resource-saving systems of basic tillage were studied. The experiment took place during the third-sixth rotations of two grain-fallow crop rotations spread in time and space: bare fallow - winter rye - spring wheat - spring vetch - spring barley; bare fallow - winter rye - spring wheat - spring wheat - spring barley. When cultivating a grain crop that completes a grain-fallow crop rotation, in the fourth field after the fallow with a legume forecrop (spring vetch), it is advisable to use systems of basic tillage with elements of minimization. These include non-moldboard and combined tillage with subsurface loosening by a plow with SibIME tines to a depth of 20-22 cm differentiated with stubble-mulch at 12-14 cm and disk harrowing at 10-12 cm. The studied tillage systems ensured the conditions of the water regime, soil composition and nutritional regime close to the moldboard tillage system. The yield of barley almost equal to the moldboard system was formed: against the background of natural land fertility - 2.97-3.03 t/ha, with the use of N40P40P40 - 3.47-3.65 t/ha. Application of tillage systems with minimization elements in a grain-fallow crop rotation without planting a leguminous crop with a given crop for a repeated grain crop (wheat) led to the following results. Productive moisture availability in the soil layer 0-1.0 m decreased by 8.6-28.0%, the nutrient regime worsened significantly, especially nitrogen (by 15.5-43.8%) and phosphorus (by 39.1-51.1%), with the negative differentiation of soil fertility, and reduction of grain yield by 0.09-0.40 t/ha.

Influence of conditions of mineral nutrition, clean and occupied fallows on the fertility of the chestnut soil of the Eastern Ciscaucasia

In conditions of a shortage of manure and high prices for mineral fertilizers, the preservation and improvement of soil fertility is an urgent problem of agriculture. The studies were carried out at the Prikumsk experimental selection station in two 6-field crop rotations from 1969 to 2019 The purpose of the research is to study, in a long­ term stationary experiment on various nutritional backgrounds, the effect of grain crop rotations with clean and busy fallow on the fertility of the chestnut soil in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory. In the grain-and-row crop rotation with 16.6% of pure fallow, the decrease in the humus content in the control was 0.10%, the humus reserves were 2.6 t/ha, against the fertilized background — 0.09%, 2.3 t/ha, and with the occupied fallow on the contrary, it increased by 0.10%, 2.6 t/ha and 0.11%, 2.8 t/ha. The content of mobile phosphorus in the topsoil in the control with clean fallow increased by 1.7 mg/kg, stocks — by 4.3 kg/ha, with occupied fallow — 3.4 mg/kg and 8.7 kg/ha, and on the fertilized variant — 7.5 mg/kg, 19.1 kg/ha and 7.4 mg/kg and 18.9 kg/ha. The content and reserves of exchangeable potassium increased by 3 — 46 mg/kg and 8 — 115 kg/ha. In the crop rotation with clean fallow, they were 4.2-4.1 times lower on the control, and 13.7-13.0 times lower on the fertilized background, compared with the occupied fallow. The application of fertilizers contributed to a decrease in the potassium content in the crop rotation with clean fallow by 3.7 times, reserves by 3.5 times, and with busy fallow by only 12.2 and 10.6%. Sainfoin fallow significantly increased the content and reserves of potassium in the soil in the control and significantly reduced its consumption in the fertilized variant.