Біологічні чинники оптимізації систем удобрення сільськогосподарських культур у сівозміні

Abstract

Goal. With the use of biological testing to substantiate ecologically feasible fertilizer systems of crops for their cultivation in crop rotation on sod-podzolic soil; to investigate the possibility of reducing the rates of mineral fertilizers with the use of microbial preparations. Methods. Field stationary experiment, gas chromatographic (determination of nitrogen fixation activity in the root zone of plants), statistical (substantiation of the reliability of the obtained results), economic calculations (determination of the cost, profit, profitability, and payback of additional costs). Results. In the short crop rotation “potatoes — oats — lupine — winter rye” on the indicators of nitrogenase activity in the root zone of plants they determined the feasibility of action and after-effect of 40 t/ha of manure litter of cattle, organo-mineral fertilization, intermediate green manure (oil radish) and mineral fertilizers in low and medium rates. High doses of fats lead to a significant decrease in the activity of the nitrogen fixation process in the rhizosphere of plants and are excessive. The possibility of reducing the rate of technical nitrogen through the use of biological products without reducing crop yields is real for low and medium in the experiment of mineral agricultural backgrounds. The direct action and after-effect of the intermediate green manure promote the effectiveness of inoculation. Mineral intensive fertilizer system does not provide high efficiency of biofertilizers. A slight increase in crop yields from inoculation was detected with organic and organo-mineral fertilizers. Conclusions. Ecologically acceptable systems of crop fertilization in crop rotation can be realistically determined using biological testing. Mineral fertilizer rates for crops can be significantly reduced without reducing crop yields through the use of microbial preparations. It is recommended to use pre-sowing inoculation of seeds for growing crops on low and medium mineral agricultural backgrounds, as well as for the use of intermediate green manure.