Station Program Research Articles

Tolerant allies: The Joint Arctic Weather Stations, Canadianization, and Canada–United States relations in the Cold War Arctic

From 1947–1972, the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS) program transformed Canada’s High Arctic. This article focuses on Canada’s aspirations to “Canadianize” the joint program from the late 1940s to the late 1960s. Both Canada and the United States questioned the extent and form of American involvement in the JAWS program intermittently over 25 years of joint operations. Was Canadianization of these remote weather stations necessary or practical? This article concludes that, in retrospect, the conventional, dominant narrative that emphasizes the ongoing American threat to Canada’s Arctic sovereignty seems misplaced with respect to the JAWS story.

An automated common algorithm for planetary boundary layer retrievals using aerosol lidars in support of the U.S. EPA Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations Program.

A unique automated planetary boundary layer (PBL) retrieval algorithm is proposed as a common cross-platform method for use with commercially available ceilometers for implementation under the redesigned U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations program. This algorithm addresses instrument signal quality and screens for precipitation and cloud layers before the implementation of the retrieval methodology using the Haar wavelet covariance transform method. Layer attribution for the PBL height is supported with the use of continuation and time-tracking parameters, and uncertainties are calculated for individual PBL height retrievals. Commercial ceilometer retrievals are tested against radiosonde PBL height and cloud-base height during morning and late afternoon transition times, critical to air quality model prediction and when retrieval algorithms struggle to identify PBL heights. A total of 58 radiosonde profiles were used and retrievals for nocturnal stable layers, residual layers and mixing layers were assessed. Overall good agreement was found for all comparisons with one system showing limitations for the cases of nighttime surface stable layers and daytime mixing layer. It is recommended that nighttime shallow stable layer retrievals be performed with a recommended minimum height or with additional verification. Retrievals of residual layer heights and mixing layer comparisons revealed overall good correlations to radiosonde heights (correlation coefficients, r2, ranging from 0.89 - 0.96 and bias ranging from ~ -131 to +63 m, and r2 from 0.88 - 0.97 and bias from -119 to +101 m, respectively).

Tayangan Televisi: Akhlak dan Buruh Industri

The mass media that develops in the community have a variety of forms. There are mass media in the form of audio mass media (in the form of sounds), visual mass media (in the form of images, both non-moving images and moving images), and audio-visual mass media (in the form of sounds and images). Nowadays, the mass media which are the most widely owned and used as media of information, entertainment, education, and social controlled by the public are mostly mass media in the form of television. This media (television) has its own advantages where people can enjoy objects of information and communication in the form of audio-visual at the same time. The existence of mass media including television occupies a place that is urgent, because the mass media in addition to being a medium of communication (channel of communication) that functions as a messenger and acts as a source of messages (massage resource). Television excels in building attraction, perception, change and imagination in constructing reality. Through television, people can choose various shows that are needed by them. These shows are news, entertainment, or educational information shows. While other television station programs offer a very physical, materialistic luxury, Trans 7 offers a different alternative. The talk show so-called Empat Mata, which has now changed its name to not four eyes, was delivered by the presenter, as well as comedian Tukul Arwana who presents contextually related to people’s interest that is effortlessly undertood, immidiately accepted, and non-complicated interpretation to figure out its purpose. This paper reviews the role of television shows on morals and the role of industrial workers in the world of intertiment.

Pengaruh Customer Satisfaction, Calculative Commitment, dan Corporate Image terhadap Attitudinal Loyalty dan Behavioral Loyalty Pada Program Pasti Prima Pertamina (Studi Pada SPBU Pasti Prima Wilayah Jakarta)

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh hasil observasi yang menunjukan bahwa kepuasan pelanggan dalam menggunakan layanan SPBU Pertamina terpantau stagnan selama beberapa tahun terakhir. Dari hasil tersebut, Pertamina menciptakan program SPBU terbaru yaitu Pasti Prima yang merupakan konsep terbaru dari SPBU untuk meningkatkan kepuasan dan layanan konsumen dalam memakai jasa atau produk Pertamina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Customer Satisfaction, Calculative Commitment, Corporate Image terhadap Behavioral Loyalty melalui Attitudinal Loyalty sebagai model variabel Stepwise dalam penelitian ini.
 Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian yaitu deskriptif dan kausal. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan angket atau kuesioner yang disebar di beberapa SPBU Pasti Prima wilayah Jakarta. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode non probability sampling dengan tipe incidental sampling dan jumlah responden sebanyak 100. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis Partial Least Square (PLS). Sebelum melakukan analisis PLS, data ditransformasi menggunakan Method Statistic Interval (MSI) untuk mengubah data ordinal menjadi interval.
 Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Customer Satisfaction berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Attitudinal Loyalty, Calculative Commitment tidak berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap Attitudinal Loyalty, Corporate Image berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Attitudinal Loyalty, dan Attitudinal Loyalty berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Behavioral Loyalty.

Space Materials Science in China: II. Ground-based Researches and Academic Activities

Activities of space materials science research in China have been continuously supported by two main national programs. One is the China Space Station (CSS) program since 1992, and the other is the Strategic Priority Program (SPP) on Space Science since 2011. In CSS plan in 2019, eleven space materials science experimental projects were officially approved for execution during the construction of the space station. In the SPP Phase II launched in 2018, seven pre-research projects are deployed as the first batch in 2018, and one concept study project in 2019. These pre-research projects will be cultivated as candidates for future selection as space experiment projects on the recovery of scientific experimental satellites in the future. A new apparatus of electrostatic levitation system for ground-based research of space materials science and rapid solidification research has been developed under the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. In order to promote domestic academic activities and to enhance the advancement of space materials science in China, the Space Materials Science and Technology Division belong to the Chinese Materials Research Society was established in 2019. We also organized scientists to write five review papers on space materials science as a special topic published in the journal <i>Scientia Sinica</i> to provide valuable scientific and technical references for Chinese researchers.

Interagency Cooperation in the Twilight of the Great Society: Telemedicine, NASA, and the Papago Nation

Abstract:NASA has put people in unique and extreme environments for over six decades. Supporting these individuals with a comprehensive health-care system has evolved over this period. As the Apollo program ended and NASA began to contemplate a space shuttle and space station program, societal pressures in the late 1960s and early 1970s caused federal agencies such as NASA to reconsider how to link the needs of the space program with a growing pressure to address societal needs by forging interagency partnerships. The Space Technology Applied to the Rural Papago Health Care (STARPAHC) project provides an example of how NASA sought to balance these two imperatives in an age of diminishing federal support. This project can provide lessons for today’s uncertain budgetary future for agencies such as NASA, which are once again being asked to find creative and innovative ways to support their missions while demonstrating their larger value to society.

Improvement in Quality of Care for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Hungary Between 2008 and 2016: Results from Two Population-Based Representative Surveys.

IntroductionDue to the increasing trends of recent decades, diabetes prevalence has reached a frequency of 1/11 adults worldwide. However, this disadvantageous trend has not been accompanied by worsened outcome indicators; better short-term (e.g., HbA1c levels) and long-term [e.g., all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients] outcomes can be observed globally. We aimed to describe changes in the effectiveness of type 2 diabetes mellitus care between 2008 and 2016 based on outcome indicators.MethodsThe study is a secondary analysis of data from two previously performed surveys. Both surveys were conducted in the framework of the General Practitioners’ Morbidity Sentinel Stations Program (GPMSSP), which maintains a nationally representative registry of T2DM patients.ResultsThe largest improvement was observed in achieving fasting blood glucose and HbA1c target values [OR = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.56–0.80 and OR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.48–0.70, respectively]. Moderate improvement was detected by reaching body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol target values (OR = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.65–0.93; OR = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.65–0.94 and OR = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.63–0.92, respectively).ConclusionOur study demonstrated that if standardized indicators are investigated in population-based samples, the effectiveness of T2DM care can be monitored by ad hoc surveys. The systematic application of this approach completed with the detailed documentation of the applied therapies could demonstrate the public health impact of certain modifications in T2DM care. An overall improvement in metabolic control (glycaemic control, lipid status and obesity) was observed, which was not accompanied by improved therapeutic target achievement for systolic blood pressure.

Звуковий образ регіональної радіопрограми в контексті провідних тенденцій розвитку медіаринку

The main objective of the study is to determine the typical and peculiar features of the sound image of regional radio station programs in the context of basic trends of development of media industry. The scientific article used the method of analysis of actual scientific information on the research topic, which facilitated to develop its concept. Also, the methods of interpreting data of sociological researches, monitoring and comparative analysis of sound image of radio programs submitted to the Tenth Context of Professional Journalism “Honor of Profession 2019” were applied. The programs of public regional broadcaster, the Internet and FM stations actively use the socalled “trends” of media industry – genre hybridity, tendency to convergence, multiplatform specifics, visualization, purely technical accessibility to the listener. The programs of the Public Radio are characterized by considerable timing that is traditional for literary and artistic programs of the former state radio and its stylistics and manner of material’s presentation. These properties of the sound image cause the questions regarding communicative effectiveness of such programs, as tempo and rhythm of the modern life have accelerated. The programs of regional online radio and FM stations have small timing and use the principle “rip and read” in their material presentations. Their sound images are less because of expressive means. The lack of regional broadcasters in the contest final can indirectly demonstrate their certain information and technological gap with the media industry leaders. The “traditions” in sound image designing of radio programs are established by the practice of daily informing that simplifies and accelerates production of information product. Simultaneously, the routine and template in the approaches to sound images designing do not encourage to heighten interest of the audience to the radio as a source of relevant and interesting information.

Correlation of IRTAM and FPMU data confirming the application of IRTAM to support ISS Program safety

A “Real-Time” plasma hazard assessment process was developed to support International Space Station (ISS) Program real-time decision-making providing solar array constraint relief information for Extravehicular Activities (EVAs) planning and operations. This process incorporates real-time ionospheric conditions, ISS solar arrays’ orientation, ISS flight attitude, and where the EVA will be performed on the ISS. This assessment requires real-time data that is presently provided by the Floating Potential Measurement Unit (FPMU) which measures the ISS floating potential (FP), along with ionospheric electron number density (Ne) and electron temperature (Te), in order to determine the present ISS environment. Once the present environment conditions are correlated with International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) values, IRI is used to forecast what the environment could become in the event of a severe geomagnetic storm. If the FPMU should fail, the Space Environments team needs another source of data which is utilized to support a short-term forecast for EVAs. The IRI Real-Time Assimilative Mapping (IRTAM) model is an ionospheric model that uses real-time measurements from a large network of digisondes to produce foF2 and hmF2 global maps in 15 min cadence. The Boeing Space Environments team has used the IRI coefficients produced in IRTAM to calculate the Ne along the ISS orbital track. The results of the IRTAM model have been compared to FPMU measurements and show excellent agreement. IRTAM has been identified as the FPMU back-up system that will be used to support the ISS Program if the FPMU should fail.

Acoustic test facility at Tianjin spacecraft AIT center of China

The China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) designs and builds a new world-class Assembly, Integration and Test Center (AITC) at Tianjin, China. Modal, vibration and acoustic test facilities are built to support the future environmental testing needs of China space station program. The Reverberation Acoustic Test Facility (RATF) is about 4000 m3 in volume and can achieved an empty chamber acoustic overall sound pressure level (OASPL) higher than 156 dB. It is the largest acoustic facility in Asia. Beijing Institute of spacecraft Environment Engineering (BISEE) started its design and construction work from 2012 and put it into use at October of 2015. The RATF will provide an efficient support for environment testing needs of China and world’s space program in the future.

Administrative Leadership and Long-Term Technology: NASA and the International Space Station

How does a nation geared to short-term politics achieve technological goals that stretch over decades? That is a cardinal question of U.S. space policy. The International Space Station (ISS) provides an important case study. Known originally as Space Station Freedom, it was initiated in 1984 by President Ronald Reagan to project U.S. leadership and compete with the Soviet Union’s space station program. NASA subsequently brought in Europe, Japan, and Canada as partners. The Clinton-Gore Administration reinvented “Freedom” as the International Space Station in 1993, enlisting Russia as NASA’s post-Cold War senior partner. ISS construction was completed in 2011 under President Barack Obama, who extended its utilization period until 2024. President Donald Trump has proposed ending funding in 2025 in favor of commercial take-over. This article uses a policy history of the space station for insights about how NASA Administrators advanced or impeded this long-term program. It employs the concept of “relay leadership” to show how a leader moved this program from one state of evolution, and another continued it to the next point. To accomplish any future long-term technological program, such as a Moon base or mission to Mars, NASA will need to apply policy lessons from the ISS experience.

Queer Radio History: Pacifica Radio

Pacifica Radio was the first listener-sponsored non-commercial radio network in the United States to air queer voices beginning with Allen Ginsberg reading his iconic poem, Howl on KPFA-FM in Berkeley, California in 1956. From that broadcast, Pacifica stations KPFK-FM (LA), WBAI-FM (NYC), KPFT-FM (Houston), and WPFW-FM (Washington, D.C.) have consistently given space to the LGBTQI community and perspective over 60 years, creating a vibrant recorded history relatively unknown and vastly under-researched.What survives of the broadcasts are largely found in the Pacifica Radio Archives (and other repositories) and documented in the printed station program folio guides (1949–2005) and consumer catalogues.This article explores the importance of Pacifica’s queer sound and print archive and looks to identify what survives and what has been lost. It also highlights the many ways the queer story was expressed; bearing witness to the Gay Liberation movement through reportage, literature, poetry, radio drama, music, interviews, live event coverage, documentaries, docudramas, listener call-ins, and group discussions. The author presents this article to bring awareness to these rare instances and help motivate their preservation and access for extended scholarly use.

Special Issue: Klaus‐Werner Benz on his 80th Birthday

Special Issue: Klaus‐Werner Benz on his 80th Birthday

Biological challenges of true space settlement

“Space Settlements” – i.e., permanent human communities beyond Earth's biosphere – have been discussed within the space advocacy community since the 1970s. Now, with the end of the International Space Station (ISS) program fast approaching (planned for 2024–2025) and the advent of low cost Earth-to-orbit (ETO) transportation in the near future, the concept is coming once more into mainstream. Considerable attention has been focused on various issues associated with the engineering and human health considerations of space settlement such as artificial gravity and radiation shielding. However, relatively little attention has been given to the biological implications of a self-sufficient space settlement. Three fundamental questions are explored in this paper: (1) what are the biological “foundations” of truly self-sufficient space settlements in the foreseeable future, (2) what is the minimum scale for such self-sustaining human settlements, and (3) what are the integrated biologically-driven system requirements for such settlements? The paper examines briefly the implications of the answers to these questions in relevant potential settings (including free space, the Moon and Mars). Finally, this paper suggests relevant directions for future research and development in order for such space settlements to become viable in the future.

Brain Quantitative MRI Metrics in Astronauts as a Unique Professional Group.

As part of its technological sophistication, the International Space Station (ISS) Program operates a robust medical surveillance schedule for its rotating 6-person crew to control the known health risks and to address knowledge gaps related to human health in space flight environment. Recent evidence on visual impairment in a subset of ISS crew has renewed the interest in the effects of long-duration space flight on the central nervous system (CNS). Through retrospective analysis in a sample of 10 healthy astronauts, we demonstrate the utility of multimodal quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based customized brain templates to examine the structural attributes of various CNS compartments in this occupational group. The study included 10 healthy astronauts (45-55 years). All subjects had previous space flights with the median duration of 110 days. Multimodal quantitative structural imaging modalities performed and used in analyses. A host of CNS features are presented, which are largely commensurate with the available normative data. Remarkably, some of our findings demonstrate statistically significant positive features suggestive of structural neuroplasticity conceivably associated with the professional activities of astronauts, and compensatory neurogenesis that counterweighs the expected normative volume loss with age. The novelty of this exploratory report is in the demonstration of a qMRI toolset as a potential capability for characterization and surveillance of unique professional groups, and for future prospective examinations of the effects of various long-term exposures on CNS.

National Report on Space Medicine Progress

The development of Chinese manned space engineering has a great role in promoting the progress of Chinese space medicine. With the accelerated implementation of Chinese Space Station Program, China's space medicine has made fruitful achievements over the past three years. This report summarizes the major progress of Chinese space medicine in terms of basic research and space applications from 2016 to 2018.

Effects of a Community Care Station Program With Structured Exercise Intervention on Physical Performance and Balance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Prospective 2-Year Observational Study.

The Taiwanese government has developed community care stations (CCSs) for community-based older adult care. We investigated the effects of a structured exercise intervention, applied at CCS for 6months, on physical performance and balance in community-dwelling older adults, including a 2-year reassessment. Fifty-eight participants (aged 76.9 ± 6.3years) participated in the study. The Elderly Mobility Scale, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Timed Up and Go (TUG), gait speed, functional reach, one-leg-stance (OLS), and flexibility were evaluated at baseline, 6months, and 2years. Compared with baseline, the participants improved significantly in the SPPB (0.93 points), TUG (1.94s), gait speed (0.13 m/s), and right and left OLS (2.56 and 3.12s) at 6months. Furthermore, these significant effects, except for OLS, were maintained at the 2-year reassessment according to repeated-measures ANOVA (p < .01). Our preliminary data suggest that adding a structured exercise program can benefit older adults participating in Taiwanese CCSs.

Discrete event simulation of long-duration space station operations for rapid evaluation

A long term space station operational scenario involves a large number of on-orbit missions, however, for their successful implementation they require various logistics missions to be performed. Logistics missions are triggered by on-orbit missions and there are complex interactions between different missions. Based on the computational efficiency afforded by event-based simulation, Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is used to model diverse on-orbit and logistics missions holistically within an integrated scenario and schematize it as a discrete system. It helps to quickly evaluate the physical feasibility and performance effectiveness of complex space station operations. Moreover, operational uncertainty is introduced into the DES model, comprising launch delays of visiting vehicles and onboard emergencies hazarding the safeties of space station or astronauts. Monte Carlo simulation is adopted to help in stochastic analyses and five measurable metrics are further defined to quantify the impact of uncertainty on nominal scenarios. The proposed DES model and associated metrics are demonstrated with both nominal and contingency operations. Simulation results indicate that such an approach is effective and efficient in simulating space station operations and able to support the top-level mission design of China's future space station program.

GeneLab: Multi‐Omics Investigation of Rodent Research‐1 Biobanked Tissues

NASA's Rodent Research (RR) project is playing a critical role in advancing biomedical research on the physiological effects of space environments. Due to the limited resources for conducting biological experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS), it is imperative to use crew time efficiently while maximizing high‐quality science return. NASA's GeneLab project has as its primary objectives to 1) further increase the value of these experiments using a multi‐omics, systems biology‐based approach, and 2) disseminate these data without restrictions to the scientific community. The current investigation assessed viability of RNA, DNA, and protein extracted from archived RR‐1 tissue samples for epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic assays. During the first RR spaceflight experiment, a variety of tissue types were harvested from subjects, snap‐frozen or RNAlater‐preserved, and then stored at least a year at −80°C after return to Earth. They were then prioritized for this investigation based on likelihood of significant scientific value for spaceflight research. All tissues were made available to GeneLab through the bio‐specimen sharing program managed by the Ames Life Science Data Archive and included mouse adrenal glands, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, soleus, eye, and kidney. We report here protocols for and results of these tissue extractions, and thus, the feasibility and value of these kinds of omics analyses. In addition to providing additional opportunities for investigation of spaceflight effects on the mouse transcriptome and proteome in new kinds of tissues, our results may also be of value to program managers for the prioritization of ISS crew time for rodent research activities.Support or Funding InformationSupport from the NASA Space Life and Physical Sciences Division and the International Space Station Program is gratefully acknowledged

Photochemical assessment monitoring stations program adapted for ozone precursors monitoring network in Mexico City

The purpose of this study is to select a number of stations from the existing Sistema de Monitoreo Atmosférico (Atmospheric Monitoring System, SIMAT) of Mexico City to serve as an equivalent to the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations according to the US-EPA criteria, in order to improve the study of urban ozone occurrence. The results indicate that four existing SIMAT stations meet the criteria to form such network. The relevance of this study is to present an ozone precursors monitoring network with continuous measurements for future trustful studies on air quality for ozone, considering the atmospheric chemistry and photochemical modeling for the design control strategies appropriate for the particular conditions of Mexico City.