Canadian Stations Research Articles

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: XIV. INTERVARIETAL RELATIONS BETWEEN WORT PROPERTIES AND BARLEY AND MALT PROPERTIES

Data representing 24 barley varieties grown at six experimental stations in Canada were used to examine intervarietal relations among wort properties (degree of attenuation, viscosity, initial turbidity, final turbidity, and stability) and a number of barley, malting, and malt properties.The wort properties show significant associations with malt extract, saccharifying activity (Lintner value), and wort nitrogen, and also with barley salt-soluble nitrogen, hours steep, and malting loss, but they are not significantly related to barley starch, extract, or Lintner value after activation with papain. Degree of attenuation and stability increase, while viscosity and turbidity decrease, with increases in malt extract, saccharifying activity, wort nitrogen, barley salt-soluble nitrogen, and malting loss. It is concluded that the wort qualities are dependent on the development of enzymes in the growing barley and hence they reflect the extent of malt modification.Only one of the correlation coefficients is of such magnitude that a single malt property can be regarded as a measure of a wort property. This is the coefficient (r =.842) between wort nitrogen and wort viscosity. The other associations discussed, though significant, are loose, and it is concluded that wort properties cannot be adequately predicted from the commonly measured barley and malt properties.It is suggested that the results of quality tests on laboratory worts give information of value in assessing the quality of brewery worts.

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: XII. SUMMARY OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN 18 MAJOR BARLEY, MALT, AND MALTING PROPERTIES

A summary is presented of correlation studies based on data, for 11 barley properties and 7 malt properties, obtained by analysis of samples of 12 varieties of barley (and of the malts made from them) grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada. Intra- and intervarietal associations between pairs of properties were studied separately using means over all varieties for each station, and means over all stations for each variety. Simple correlation coefficients for all possible pairs of properties are reported. In addition, intravarietal partial correlation coefficients, independent of total nitrogen, and intervarietal partial correlation coefficients, independent of salt-soluble nitrogen, are also given.The main purpose of the paper is to put on record, for ready reference, tables of statistics that may be useful to other investigators who are interested in the associations that exist between barley and malt properties, and the light that these throw on the nature of malting quality in barley.

Canadian Seismological Stations

ALL seismological stations in Canada now come within the jurisdiction of one department, with the Dominion Observatory at Ottawa as the Central Station (Earthquake Notes, 12, Nos. 1 and 2, Sept. 1940). There are seven stations besides Ottawa, and several improvements have recently been made. The Victoria station is now in the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, where a vertical Wiechert seismograph and improved Milne-Shaw instruments are in operation. At Saskatoon two horizontal Mainka seismographs are in operation, whilst at Toronto the two Milne-Shaw seismographs have been improved by mirror replacements. The Kirkland Lake station commenced operation in December 1939 with a standard geophone and special recorder made by the Heiland Research Corporation. The Shawinigan Falls station employs a Wood-Anderson seismograph, whilst the Seven Falls station has Wood-Anderson and Milne-Shaw seismographs. The Halifax station has been entirely re-equipped. The Mainka instruments have been discarded and the station has now photographic recording Bosch seismographs formerly at Ottawa. Ottawa discarded the Wiechert vertical seismograph and installed Benioff short- and long-period vertical seismometers in addition to the two Milne-Shaw instruments. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation now transmits the Dominion Observatory noon time signals over the entire Canadian network, so that accurate timing is possible at all the seismograph stations. Seismograms from all the Canadian stations are now sent to Ottawa for analysis and interpretation, and the results published in the Monthly Bulletin issued by the Dominion Observatory.

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: IX. CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS OF BARLEY AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH TOTAL NITROGEN AND 1000-KERNEL WEIGHT

Samples of 12 varieties of barley from 12 experimental stations in Canada were analysed for starch, barley extract, and crude cellulose plus lignin. Nine six-rowed varieties averaged 3.4% lower in starch, 3.7% lower in extract, and 1.4% higher in cellulose plus lignin than three two-rowed varieties. Maximum and minimum values of the means for the six-rowed varieties were: starch, 55.0% and 52.4%; extract, 77.2% and 74.3%; and crude cellulose plus lignin, 11.3% and 10.1%. Environment had a significant effect. Maximum and minimum values for station means were: starch, 59.2% and 51.7%; extract, 80.8% and 73.6%; crude cellulose plus lignin, 11.0% and 9.6%.Correlation coefficients of carbohydrate fractions with total nitrogen were not significant between varieties but highly significant within varieties for starch r = − 0.95, and extract, r = − 0.91. Partial coefficients, independent of nitrogen between starch and 1000-kernel weight, were significant: between varieties, 0.62; within varieties, 0.75. Those with crude cellulose plus lignin did not attain significance.Starch and barley extract are closely associated within varieties, r = 0.961, and between varieties, r = 0.982. The insoluble cellulose-lignin fraction gave negative inter-varietal associations with starch, r = − 0.952, and barley extract r = − 0.968. Similar relations within varieties are obscured in the simple coefficients but the corresponding partials independent of total nitrogen are significant.

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: VII. STARCH-LIQUEFYING ACTIVITY, AUTOLYTIC DIASTATIC ACTIVITY AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH SACCHARIFYING AND PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY

Determinations made on 144 samples of malt, representing 12 varieties grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada, show that varietal differences exist with respect to starch liquefying activity (max. 768, min. 275 units) and autolytic diastatic activity (max. 958, min. 664 units). Varieties of poor malting quality tend to be low with respect to both properties. The effect of environment is also considerable (liquefying, max. 510, min. 288; autolytic, max. 806, min. 704).The correlation coefficients among liquefying, autolytic diastatic, saccharifying, and proteolytic activities of malt and total barley saccharifying activity were studied. Significant inter-varietal associations exist between each pair of properties, but partial correlation studies suggest that only those between saccharifying activities of barley and malt (r = 0.90), and between liquefying and autolytic activities of malt (r = 0.97), represent real and close relations. The other associations between pairs of enzymatic activities seem to reflect mainly positive correlations between each activity and total salt-soluble nitrogen in the barleys.Significant intra-varietal associations exist between each pair of enzymatic activities, and between each activity and total barley nitrogen. It appears that environmental factors which tend to increase total nitrogen also tend to increase each enzymatic activity, but these do not increase regularly with respect to each other and are not closely related. Partial correlations independent of total nitrogen suggest that only barley and malt saccharifying activities (r = 0.67) and liquefying and autolytic activities of malt (r = 0.63) are related within varieties.It appears that the rate of autolysis in samples of different varieties from the same station is controlled almost entirely by starch liquefying activity, but the latter property is not the limiting factor controlling autolysis in samples of the same variety from different stations. Within varieties some other factor, presumably starch resistance, must play an important part.

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: VI. AUTOLYTIC PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF MALT AND ITS CORRELATIONS WITH WORT NITROGEN AND BARLEY NITROGEN FRACTIONS

The proteolytic activity of 144 samples of malt, representing 12 varieties grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada, was determined by an autolytic method. Certain varieties differed widely in average activity (Olli, 291; O.A.C. 21, 235; and Wisconsin 38, 150 units), those of poor malting quality tending to give low values. The spread between station means was also large (Beaverlodge, 284; and Nappan, 149 units).The correlations between proteolytic activity, barley nitrogen fractions, total barley nitrogen, and wort nitrogen (data given in an earlier paper), were also studied. Intra-varietal partial correlations independent of total nitrogen, between proteolytic activity and nitrogen fractions, were all insignificant. Corresponding inter-varietal partial correlations were insignificant for insoluble and alcohol-soluble nitrogen, but highly significant for salt-soluble barley nitrogen and wort nitrogen. A close inter-varietal relation was found between proteolytic activity and salt-soluble barley nitrogen, and it was impossible to demonstrate that these two properties influenced wort nitrogen independently.

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: V. WORT NITROGEN AND MALT EXTRACT AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH BARLEY NITROGEN FRACTIONS

Data representing 12 barley varieties grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada were used to examine relations among wort nitrogen (w), malt extract (e), barley nitrogen fractions (x), and total barley nitrogen (n).Significant inter-varietal partial correlations, independent of total nitrogen, were found between wort nitrogen and salt-soluble nitrogen (rwx.n = 0.88), and between extract and salt-soluble and insoluble nitrogen fractions (rex.n = 0.60 and − 0.65). Partial correlations between wort nitrogen and alcohol-soluble and insoluble nitrogen were negative but insignificant (rwx.n = − 0.54 and − 0.32).Intra-varietal simple correlations between wort nitrogen and insoluble, alcohol-soluble, and salt-soluble nitrogen fractions were all positive and significant (rwx = 0.77, 0.74, and 0.61), and those between extract and each fraction were all negative and significant (rex = − 0.88, − 0.96 and − 0.77). All of the corresponding partial correlation coefficients were insignificant.The differences between the inter- and intra-varietal relations can be summed up as follows: between varieties, total nitrogen and factors associated with it have little influence on wort nitrogen or extract, whereas nitrogen distribution and factors associated with it have a measurable effect; within varieties, total nitrogen and factors associated with it are largely responsible for the control of wort nitrogen and extract, and one of these factors is nitrogen distribution. The differences result mainly from the fact that whereas within varieties nitrogen distribution is closely related to total nitrogen content, between varieties nitrogen distribution is independent of total nitrogen content.

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: IV. COMMONLY MEASURED PROPERTIES AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH NITROGEN AND 1000-KERNEL WEIGHT

Samples representing 12 varieties of barley grown at 12 widely separated experimental stations in Canada were malted and subsequently analyzed. Varietal differences were found in steeping rate, malting loss, sprouts, extract, wort nitrogen and diastatic activity.O.A.C. 21 and Mensury, varieties which Canadian maltsters prefer, gave high values for all six properties. Olli, which maltsters consider promising, gave still higher values. Pontiac equalled O.A.C. 21 only in diastatic activity, and the remaining six-rowed, rough-awned variety, Peatland, which has proved less satisfactory, gave lower values for all properties, and this inferiority was more apparent when adjustments were made for its high nitrogen content. In general, the six-rowed, smooth-awned varieties, particularly Regal and Wisconsin 38, gave much lower values. However, Nobarb was only 1% lower in extract than O.A.C. 21, and Velvet equalled the latter in wort nitrogen and diastatic activity. The two-rowed varieties, Charlottetown 80, Hannchen and Victory, were higher in extract but lower in other malt properties than O.A.C. 21. Hannchen, of which considerable quantities are malted in the United States, proved most similar to O.A.C. 21.Amongst the inter-varietal correlations between malt properties and nitrogen content or 1000-kernel weight of the barley, only the partial correlations for diastatic activity and 1000-kernel weight, independent of nitrogen, proved significant (r = 0.609). Amongst the inter-station correlations, indicative of intra-varietal associations, those for nitrogen and extract (r = −0.957), nitrogen and diastatic activity (r = 0.962), and nitrogen and wort nitrogen (r = 0.764), surpassed the 1% level of significance; whereas those for nitrogen and steeping time (r = −0.637), nitrogen and malting loss (r = 0.694), and 1000-kernel weight and steeping time (r = 0.652), surpassed the 5% level. The inter-station multiple correlation coefficient for steeping time and nitrogen and 1000-kernel weight (R = 0.840) proved highly significant. The corresponding multiple correlation coefficient for extract was not significantly higher than the coefficient of correlation with nitrogen alone.

VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: III. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN NITROGEN AND SACCHARIFYING ACTIVITIES

Investigations made with samples representing 12 varieties of barley, grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada, show that fairly close intra-varietal correlations exist between the total nitrogen of barley and the saccharifying activities of the barley and of the malt made from it; and that these correlations are closer than the corresponding correlations with nitrogen fractions. No inter-varietal correlation exists between saccharifying activities on the one hand, and total nitrogen, alcohol-soluble nitrogen, or insoluble nitrogen, on the other, but inter-varietal correlations appear to exist between saccharifying activities and the more soluble nitrogen fractions.The correlations between the nitrogen, or nitrogen fractions, and total barley saccharifying activity (papain method), and between the nitrogen, or nitrogen fractions, and free malt saccharifying activity (Lintner value), are closer than the corresponding correlations for free and latent barley saccharifying activities. Latent barley saccharifying activity is more closely correlated with total nitrogen than with any of the nitrogen fractions studied.A study of the multiple correlations between malt saccharifying activity, and total nitrogen and 1000-kernel weight of barley, shows that the improvement resulting from the introduction of 1000-kernel weight as a second independent variable is very small.

Canadian Stations Consolidated

Canadian Stations Consolidated

Imperial Airways New Programme

SPEAKING at the annual meeting of Imperial Airways, Sir Eric Geddes outlined the possibilities of, at least experimental, passenger- and mail-carrying operations across the North Atlantic next summer. A ‘Mayo’ composite aircraft in which a large seaplane, with good ‘get off’ characteristics, carries a smaller long-distance machine upon its back, releasing it at a suitable height, and also a large flying boat of more normal design are under construction, both of them having sufficient range to fly the Atlantic with adequate reserve. The westward journey will probably be London, Azores, Bermuda, New York, the latter stage being operated in conjunction with Pan-American Airways. Eastwards the direct line New York, Port Botwood (Newfoundland), Cork or Bantry Bay (Ireland), London has been surveyed, although the intermediate stations in Canada and Ireland are not yet definitely settled. The longer route outwards is necessary as stops are needed for refuelling. The prevailing west to east winds make it impossible to fly the more direct route, without landing between Ireland and Newfoundland, with sufficient fuel and still to have an economic load-carrying capacity. On the return journey, this following wind not only reduces the air mileage but also increases the relative speed.

Canadian Stations in the Arctic

Canadian Stations in the Arctic

Canadian Stations in the Arctic

Canadian Stations in the Arctic

Notes on Lophozia alpestris (Schleich.) Evans

In THE BRYOLOGIST for March, I9go, the writer discusses Some Lophozias of the Ventricosa-group and one of these species, Lofhozia confertffolia Schiffner approaches Lofhozia alpestris (Schleich.) Evans, the subject of the present notes. The former, however, is of a more delicate texture, has larger leaf-cells with more delicate walls, and the American specimens so far collected have been sterile. Also it is a bluer-green in color; and the shallow sinus with unequal, frequently obtuse leaf-tips is very similar in the two species, except that it is more uniform in Lofihozia confertif olia. Lofizozia alfestris, especially in some of its larger forms, might be confused with Lophozia ventricosa (Dicks.) Dum. but it has two individual characters. According to Dr. Evans, the smaller leaf-cells, IS8p instead of 23P, and Gottsche points out the diversity of the sinus of the leaves on the same stem. It is a species of subalpine and alpine regions, taking the place of Lofiozia ventricosa in the higher altitudes. Bernet says it is common on bare siliceous ground on all the range of Mt. Blanc, replacing the Lopfhozia Muelleri (Nees) Dum. of the calcareous Jura and Bernese Oberland. It is polymorphous, as the great number of synonyms attests. In New England it has been reported from Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, being fairly common in the White Mountains, although not ubiquitous, like Lofkhozia attenuata (Mart.) Dum. Macoun' gives various Greenland and Canadian stations. Dr. Evans, in Collins' report of the Katahdin mosses, Rhodora III, p. 181, 1901, first puts it into Lofhozia. Kaalaas' says well distributed over all the mountainous parts of Norway--always on a siliceous substratum-varies most markedly in habit, color, size and leaf-form, especially specimens from lower-lying stations seem to approach Lofhozia ventricosa. Fertile specimens are on the whole collected seldom; yet seem in certain mountain sections to be somewhat common, but the majority of tufts are of male plants only. The conditions are similar at Waterville, N. H. It grows on damp ground, either in pure stands or mixed with other mosses, while typical

Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1884

Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1884