Static Stretching Group Research Articles

The Additional Effect of Neurodynamic Slump and Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition to Passive Stretching of the Short Hamstring: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

Background/Objectives: Hamstring shortening is a significant musculoskeletal condition affecting the posture and mobility of the spine and lower extremities. This study examined the impact of incorporating neurodynamic slump stretch and suboccipital muscle inhibition into passive static stretching on hamstring flexibility in individuals with short hamstrings. Methods: 117 female participants were classified into three groups: the control group, which received passive static stretch of the hamstring muscle; the neurodynamic slump group, which received neurodynamic slump stretch with passive static stretch; and the suboccipital muscle inhibition group, which received suboccipital muscle inhibition with passive static stretch, for three sessions a week, 10 min each, for four weeks. The outcome measures were the popliteal angle test (PAT), straight leg raising (SLR) test, and forward bending test (FBT) at baseline, immediately following the first session and after four weeks. Results: Statistically significant differences were found within groups (p < 0.001) for all outcome measures. Between the groups, there was a more significant improvement in the PAT and the SLR tests, favoring the neurodynamic slump and suboccipital muscle inhibition groups in comparison with the passive static stretch group (p < 0.001) with no significant difference between the two groups after the first session and at four weeks of treatment. However, the FBT showed no significant differences immediately following the first session or at four weeks of treatment (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study found that incorporating neurodynamic slump stretch and suboccipital muscle inhibition into passive static stretch techniques effectively treats short hamstrings in healthy individuals.

Investigating the Immediate Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching Exercises of Lower Extremities Muscles on Core Stability in Young Healthy Females

Introduction: This study investigates the immediate effects of warm-up exercises, specifically static and dynamic stretches for the lower extremities, on strength, endurance, flexibility, motor control, and core stability function in young, healthy females. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 healthy, active women aged 19-30 years were randomly divided into three groups as follows: Static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and a control group (CG), which received no exercises. Evaluation methods for core stability included strength, endurance, sit-and-reach, Y-balance, and bilateral squat tests. Meanwhile, these tests were conducted before and after the prescribed exercise protocols. Results: Both the SS and DS groups experienced significant increases in all core stability components compared to their baseline values (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the analysis of variance/ analysis of covariance indicated that immediately after performing the stretching exercises, the SS and DS groups exhibited significantly greater improvements in parameters, such as strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance tests (except for the posterior-medial direction) when compared to the CG (P<0.05). Regarding functional parameters after the exercises, there were no statistically significant differences between the study groups (P>0.05). In addition, dynamic exercises demonstrated a higher effectiveness than static exercises for most parameters (P<0.05). Conclusion: Warm-up exercises, involving both static and dynamic stretches for lower limb muscles appear to have an immediate positive impact on core stability parameters. In sports that demand strong trunk muscles and balance, the dynamic protocol may be more effective

Effect of improving asymmetry through self-myofascial release in adolescent soccer player with hypomobility syndrome hip: A randomized controlled trial.

Hypomobility syndrome (HMS), or limited hip range of motion (ROM), is often reported in adolescents who train heavily. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of traditional static stretching (STR) and self-myofascial release (MFR) in adolescents with HMS hip. This study was a randomized controlled trial. Adolescent athletes with HMS hip were grouped as 23 STR and 23 MFR. Foam rolling was employed as the training method for MFR. Both interventions were performed twice a day for 20 minutes in 6 weeks. The training was filmed and distributed via the mobile video. Self-assessed Copenhagen Hip & Groin Outcome Score, ROM, strength, and hop tests were measured before and after the interventions. The healthy side without limitations was designated as non-HMS (nHMS) and taken as reference value. The study participants had limitations in flexion (FLX), abduction (ABD), internal rotation (IR), and external rotation (ER). The ROM of STR group was recovered to nHMS level. The FLX and ABD of MFR group was also recovered, however the IR and ER had lower angles compared to nHMS. MFR FLX, ABD, ER strength, and single hop test were restored like that of nHMS, however STR group was substantially lower than nHMS despite the improvements. Both groups depicted lower pre-intervention Copenhagen Hip & Groin Outcome Score subscale activities daily living, sport, and physical activity compared to nHMS. Activities daily living and physical activity were improved to healthy levels after the intervention, however sport was lower than that of nHMS. Both STR and MFR had impact on hip mobility and hip self-assessment score. Furthermore, MFR had strength improvements in FLX, ABD, and ER. However, the improvements in MFR group regarding triples, crossover hops, and self-assessed sports were limited. Therefore, STR and MFR are effective in improving not only ROM but also muscle function asymmetry in HMS hip.

Comparison of resistance training vs static stretching on flexibility and maximal strength in healthy physically active adults, a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to compare the effects of resistance training through full range of motion and static stretching (SS) of the hip and lower back extensors on flexibility and strength in healthy, physically active, adults.MethodsEighteen participants (age: 24.2 ± 3.0 years, body mass: 71.3 ± 8.9 kg, height: 172.8 ± 7.5 cm) were randomly assigned to either a Resistance Training (RT) (n = 6), SS (n = 6), or control (CON) group (n = 6). The sit & reach (S&R) flexibility test and maximum isometric straight legged deadlift (ISLDL) at 95% and 50% range of motion (ROM) were tested pre- and post-intervention with significance set at p < 0.05. Both groups conducted four to eight sets per session. Within each set, the RT group performed eight repetitions each lasting four seconds, while the SS group stretched continuously for 32 s. The rest periods between each set were 60–90 s. Consequently training volume and rest times were matched between the groups.ResultsThe RT and SS groups achieved significant, large magnitude improvements in the S&R test compared to the CON group (p < 0.01 g = 2.53 and p = 0.01, g = 2.44), but no differences were observed between the RT and SS groups (p = 1.00). Furthermore, the RT group demonstrated a larger improvement in 50% and 95% ROM ISLDL compared to SS (p < 0.01, g = 2.69–3.36) and CON (p < 0.01, g = 2.44–2.57).ConclusionResistance training through a full ROM was equally effective as SS for improving S&R flexibility, but improved hip- and lower back extensor strength more than SS and the CON. The authors recommend using large ROM resistance training to improve hip and lower back extensor flexibility and muscle strength.Trial registrationISRCTN88839251, registered 24. April 2024, Retrospectively registered.

Seven weeks of pectoralis muscle stretching does not induce non‐local effects in dorsiflexion ankle range of motion

AbstractBoth an acute bout, as well as chronic static stretching (SS), can increase the joint range of motion (ROM). However, ROM increases of a non‐stretched muscle (non‐local) are reported following an acute SS session, and these effects have not been studied for long‐term SS training. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a comprehensive 7‐week SS training program of the pectoralis muscles on ankle dorsiflexion ROM. Thirty‐three healthy, physically active participants (20 male and 13 female) were assigned to either the SS (n = 18) or the control (n = 15) group. The SS group performed a 7‐week SS intervention that comprised three sessions a week, including three exercises of the pectoralis muscles for 5‐min each. Before and after the intervention period, the ankle dorsiflexion ROM was tested with a dynamometer. There was no significant time (p = 0.93, F1,31 = 0.008; η2 = 0.000) or time x group effect (p = 0. 56, F1,31 = 0.342; η2 = 0.011) in ankle dorsiflexion ROM, indicating no changes in ROM in the intervention as well as the control group. Although previous studies on the acute effects of stretching reported non‐local increases in ROM, our study showed no such changes after 7 weeks of SS training. Consequently, if the goal is to chronically increase the ROM of a specific joint, it is recommended to directly stretch the muscles of interest.

Study of Static Vs Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching of Tight Hamstrings, and Its Effect on Lower Limb Flexibility and Speed of Sprinter - A Comparative Study

Background: Hamstring injuries are one of the most common injuries seen in sprinters, leading to reduction in flexibility and speed in sprinters. The study aimed at comparing the two most appropriate methods of hamstring stretching, i.e., static stretching (SS) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNFS), in sprinters for the management of tight hamstrings and measurement of their effectiveness on flexibility and speed. Materials and Methods: After ethical clearance and informed consent, 80 male subjects who met inclusion criteria were recruited and randomised into the SS (n = 40) and PNFS (n = 40) groups. Baseline data on age, height, weight, BMI, hamstring flexibility (knee extension deficit (KED) on active knee extension test (AKET), and speed parameters (30-metre sprint test) documented at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 12-week study period. Results and Conclusion: subjects showed variable results. Flexibility differences within groups pre- and post-intervention were statistically significant, but not between groups, indicating both methods are effective on flexibility. The differences in speed components of athletes were statistically significant within and between groups. The PNFS group has shown better improvements than the SS group on speed testing. This may be attributable to the neurological mechanism involved in the contract-relax method, where muscle is elongated and tone is stabilised during the contraction phase of PNF stretching. Keywords: static stretching, PNF Stretching, knee extension deficit, active knee extension test, 30-meter sprint test, Pheezee, Range of motion tool, Hamstrings flexibility, Hamstrings tightness.

뒤넙다리근의 편심성 훈련과 정적 신장 운동이 허리 통증 환자의 통증, 요통장애지수, 유연성 및 관절 가동범위에 미치는 영향

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of eccentric training (ET) of hamstring and static stretching (ST) exercise on the pain intensity (VAS), Oswestry disability Questionnaire (ODQ), flexibility, and range of motion (ROM) in lumbar region of patients with low back pain (LBP).&#x0D; Method: ET (n=9) and ST (n=9) groups were received intervention 3 times per week for 3 weeks. A VAS, ODQ, flexibility of hamstring, ROM in lumbar region were measured before and after interventions for each group. A paired t test was used to compare variables before and after intervention between groups, and the independent t test was used to compare variables before and after intervention between groups, and the significance level was p&lt;.05.&#x0D; Results: Both the hamstring eccentric training group and static stretching group showed a statistically significant decrease in the VAS, ODQ (p&lt;.05), and sit and reach test value in the static stretching group was statistically significant increased (p&lt;.05). There were no significant difference in VAS, ODQ, Flexibility, ROM between the two groups before and after intervention.&#x0D; Conclusion: These results suggest that Eccentric training and static stretching intervention of hamstring are effective method to improve the VAS, ODQ of patients with LBP.

Effects of a 4 Week Cyclic Stretching Program on Muscle Stiffness and Hardness and Jump Performance in Healthy Adults: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Category: Sports; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: In general, Static Stretching (SS) is widely used during warm-ups and cool-downs at competitive practices and events. Previous studies have shown that SS have improved muscle stiffness. On the other hand, previous studies have not shown range of motion, or vertical jump. Recently, acute effects of Cyclic Stretching (CS) have suggested to improve muscle stiffness and dynamic balance. CS is moved at a constant speed and angle using continuous passive and dynamometer-equipped exercise equipment. However, long-term CS and SS programs have been shown to improve muscle stiffness, hardness, and It is not known if muscle strength or physical performance is altered. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 4-week CS and SS program on muscle stiffness and hardness, muscle strength, and jump performance. Methods: The subjects participated 18 healthy men and were randomly assigned to a CS or SS group. Each stretching program was stretched in each condition for 2 minutes in a standing position in 5 days a week for 4 weeks. To assess muscle stiffness, muscle- tendon junction (MTJ) displacement and MTJ angle of gastrocnemius medialis (MG) were measured using ultrasonography and 20° before (pre-training) and after (post-training) conducting CS and SS program. MG hardness was measured using ultrasound real- time tissue elastography (RTE). ROM max and normalized peak torque (NPT) of ankle plantar flexor, squat jump (SJ) performance were measured in the pre- and post-training. The effects of the intervention on all outcome measures were determined using 2- way repeated-measures ANOVA with two group as a between participants factor and time (pre-training, post-training) When interaction effects were detected, post hoc comparisons were performed to test the differences in physical variables between pre- and post-training. Results: ROM max was significantly affected by time between CS and SS program (P &lt; .001, F = 26.0). MTJ displacement from 0°to 20°were significantly affected by time (P &lt; .05, F = 5.49; P &lt; .01, F = 10.26; P &lt; .01, F = 9.74). RTE from 0°to 20°were significantly affected by time (P &lt; .01, F = 13.27; P &lt; .01, F = 8.33; P &lt; .01, F = 53.52). There was significantly interaction for NPT between CS and SS program (P &lt; .01, F = 4.80). SJ were significantly affected by time (P &lt; .05, F = 5.70). Conclusion: This study examined the long-term effect of CS and SS on ROM max, muscle stiffness, NPT, and SJ. The results indicate that CS training had greater improvement than SS training in muscle strength between pre- and post-training. A significant decrease in muscle stiffness and hardness after SS was observed compared with CS. However, CS not only improves muscle stiffness and hardness as shown the effect of SS but also suggests the possibility of being a new extension method to improve muscle strength.

Kadın Voleybolcularda Farklı Isınma Protokollerinin Sprint Performansına Akut Etkisinin İncelenmesi

The number of studies on warm-up protocols has increased in recent years. However, there are very few studies that are specific to the population of female athletes and consist of a large number of participants. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 3 different warm-up protocols on sprinting performance in young female volleyball players. A total of 62 licensed female volleyball players aged 13-17 years participated voluntarily. There were 3 sessions in the study. The participants were randomly divided into a warm-up group (GWG), a dynamic stretch group (DSG) and a static stretch group (SSG). After completing the warm-up protocols, the groups underwent a 5-minute transition period. The 20-metre sprint performance test was then performed. Data analysis was performed with the Python programming language and IBM SPSS 26 software. Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and kurtosis and skewness checks were performed. The data were indicated to be normally distributed (p&gt; 0,05). Repeated Measures Anova test was used to detect the differences and the significance level was chosen as α=0,05. When the results were examined, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the GWG and SSG 20 meter sprint time values (p&gt;0,05), whereas when the DSG and GWG and SSG 20 metre sprint time values were compared, it was found that the DSG group's sprint time improved statistically significantly (p

Immediate and Long-Term Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching on Joint Range of Motion, Flexibility, and Electromyographic Activity of Knee Muscles in Older Adults.

Introduction and Objective: Previously, various stretching techniques were compared to study their effects on the different physiological parameters of hamstring muscles in the elderly population. There is no research that compares the immediate and long-term effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation-contract-relax (PNF-CR) and static stretching (SS) techniques on knee range of motion (ROM), hamstring flexibility, and knee flexor muscle EMG activity in the elderly. This study intends to compare the same. Methods: A total of 30 males aged 55-75 years were randomly assigned into the PNF-CR group (n = 10), SS group (n = 10), and control group (n = 10). The PNF-CR group received four trials of the contract-relax technique, the SS group received passive stretching of an 80 s duration by the therapist, and the control group received no intervention. A total of 12 sessions were given during the four-week period. Knee range of motion, electromyographic activity of the biceps femoris, and the sit-and-reach test were taken for the dominant side thrice: pre-intervention, immediately after stretching, and after the training period. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of biceps femoris between the PNF and the control groups (p = 0.01) after four weeks of intervention. The knee ROM and hamstring flexibility for the PNF group showed significant improvement immediately post-test (p = 0.01) and after four weeks of training (p = 0.07 and p = 0.001). SS showed significant results for both ROM and flexibility after four weeks of intervention (p = 0.001), and significant immediate post-test improvements were seen for ROM only (p = 0.007). Conclusions: PNF stretching has an immediate, as well as long-term, effect on knee ROM and hamstring flexibility, whereas it has only a long-term effect on muscle electromyographic activity. SS has an immediate, as well as long-term, effect on knee ROM and only a long-term effect on hamstring flexibility, without any immediate or long-term effects on muscle electromyographic activity.

폼롤러를 이용한 일회성 자가근막이완이 중학교 배드민턴 학생선수의 하지 근기능에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to evaluate compare the acute effects of self-myofascial release(SMR), static stretching(SS) and no stretcing(NS) used as part of warm-up on muscular functions of elite badminton athletes in middle school. The subjects were eight male badminton athletes The subjects were classified into three group; SMR group, SS group and NS. The subjects visited three times at two week intervals. All subjects were tested for body composition, physical fitness factors, wingate test, and isokinetic knee functions. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA. As the result of this study, in the vertical jump, the SMR group(p=.005) was significantly higher than the NS group and the SS group. In addition, the SMR group was significantly higher than the SS group for backward flexibility(p=.016). The SMR group(p=.021) was observed a significantly higher dynamic balance than the NS group. In the wingate test, the relative average power was significantly higher in the SMR group (p=.014) than in the SS group. The isokinetic knee muscle strength was significantly higher in the SMR than in the SS in 60°/sec(PT) Right:extension(p=.014) and 60°/sec(%BW) Right:extension(p=.026). The 180°/sec(AP) was significantly higher in the SMR than in the SS and NS in Right:extension(p=.012). The 180°/sec(%BW) was significantly higher in the SMR than in the SS in Left:extension(p=.019) and Right:extension(p=.013). In conclusion, it is thought that SMR treatment before exercise may increase lower body muscle function in badminton players.

Immediate effects of muscle energy technique (post isometric relaxation) and static stretching in improving lumbar range of motion and iliopsoas flexibility on iliopsoas muscle tightness

Iliopsoas is a compound muscle which consists of the psoas major and iliacus. Shortening of the iliopsoas muscle was found to be the primary cause of lumbar hyper lordosis and excessive anterior pelvic tilt. iliopsoas is a muscle of lower extremity prone to tightness with prevelance of 83% in young and middle-aged adults leading to lower back pain. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of static stretching and muscle energy technique to improve lumbar range of motion and iliopsoas flexibility. Study design: A Research with experimental design was performed in 2 groups that were selected from collage in Navsari. Methodology: Immediate effect comparative study to evaluate the effectiveness of MET versus Static Stretching techniques for iliopsoas tightness. One group was given MET and other group was given Static Stretchig. Modified Thomas test and schobers test was taken for lumbar flexibility and lumbar range of motion in iliopsoas tightness subject.Result: The MET (Group A) was associated with a statistically significant change in Lumbar flexibility than Static Stretching (Group B). There was no statistically significant change observed Lumbar range of motion in both the groups. Conclusion: The present study concluded that both MET and Static Stretching technique are shown to have an effect on improving lumbar range of motion and lumbar flexibility. The MET technique was found clinically more effective in improving lumbar range of motion and lumbar flexibility in iliopsoas tightness muscle. However, there is no significant difference found in lumbar flexibility between both the groups MET and Static stretching groups.

Acute Effect of Static Stretching, PNF and Motor Imagery on Hamstring Flexibility

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of a single session of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and motor imagery (MI) techniques on hamstring flexibility. Methods: Sixty-one volunteers were included in the study. Individuals were randomly assigned as static stretching (SS), PNF and MI groups. Fifteen SS and PNF stretching exercises were applied to the SS and PNF groups for both legs, respectively. MI group was asked to imagine a standard hamstring stretching exercise program with the commands of the physiotherapist, without any movement. Before and after the stretching session, hamstring flexibility was evaluated with the right and left leg active straight leg raise test (ASLR) and sit-reach test (SRT). Results: The statistically significant differences were found in the pre-and post-session right and left ASLR and SRT scores of SS, PNF and MI groups (pSS=0.004, pPNF=0.002, pMI=0.004; pSS&amp;lt;0.001, pPNF&amp;lt;0.001, pMI&amp;lt;0.001; pSS=0.009, pPNF=0.002, pMI=0.003; respectively). In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between the SS, PNF and MI groups in terms of right, left ASLR and SRT scores (F(2;49)=0.396, p=0.675, F(2;49)=0.906, p=0.411, F(2;47)=0.271, p=0.764; respectively). Conclusion: The study presented that a single session application of SS, PNF, and MI have shown positive effects on hamstring flexibility and none of them were not superior to each other. Considering clinical implications of current results, MI may be recommended such as SS and PNF when SS and PNF stretching cannot be performed or as a home exercise program. Further studies that compare the long-term effects of these techniques are needed in the literature.

Muscle energy technique and static stretching in patients with mechanical neck pain – a randomized study

Introduction and aim. Neck pain is becoming increasingly common throughout the world with a considerable impact on individuals. This study compared the effects of muscle energy techniques (MET) and static stretching (SS) on pain intensity and functional disability of patient with mechanical neck pain. Material and methods. Fifty subjects with mechanical neck pain recruited were randomly allocated into MET and SS groups equally. Subjects in MET received MET protocol, and SS groups were treated with SS; both groups had treatment twice a week for six weeks. Pain intensity and functional disability at baseline, 3rd and 6th week of treatment were measured. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Alpha level was set at &lt;0.05. Results. There were 12 males and 13 females for MET with age ranged between 31–53 years mean was 42.41± 7.35 years and 11 males and 14 females in SS group with age range 22–60 years and mean age of 42.91±10.44 years. There was a significant reduction in pain intensity and disability in MET’s and SS group (p&lt;0.05) when pre-treatment, 3rd week and 6th week treatment were compared. Pain intensity was lower at SS than MET while functional disability was lower in MET than SS p&lt;0.05 at 6th week Conclusion. MET reduces ND more than SS and SS reduces pain intensity better MET.

Comparative effects of different manual techniques on electromyography activity, kinematics, and muscle force in limited ankle dorsiflexion syndrome

Although the instrument-assisted manual (IM) technique has been widely utilised to improve soft tissue and joint mobility, its therapeutic benefits and underlying neuromechanical mechanisms remain unknown compared to those of conventional static stretching (SS) and hold-relax (HR) manual techniques. This study aimed to compare the effects of the SS, HR, and IM techniques on muscle activity, kinematics, and strength during deep squatting in limited ankle dorsiflexion (DF) syndrome. This was a cross-sectional randomised controlled study including 39 adults divided into three groups: SS group: 13, HR group: 13, IM group: 13. Outcome measures were the tibialis anterior (TA): gastrocnemius (GCM) balance ratio and ankle, knee, hip and thoracolumbar junction angles. TA muscle strength was analysed to evaluate the limited ankle DF. Analysis of variance was performed, with P< 0.05. The TA:GCM balance ratio, ranges of motion of ankle DF and knee flexion, and TA muscle strength in the IM group improved significantly compared to that in either the SS group or HR group (P< 0.05). Our novel results demonstrated that IM was most effective in normalising TA:GCM balance, ankle DF range of motion, and TA muscle strength during deep squatting in adults with limited ankle DF.

Effect of Global Postural Re-Education and Static Stretching on Pain and Disability in Women with Chronic Non-Specific Neck Pain- A Comparative Study

Background: Women are more likely to develop and suffer from chronic non specific neck pain than men.Cervical muscle imbalance is considered an important factor to cause chronic non specific neck pain anddisabilities during work, sport or daily activities. GPR is an option to manage postural deviations, treatingaches and pains. The principal aim is to restore correct alignment of posture and re-establish body mechanicsof the body movement to treat or prevent musculoskeletal problems.Objective: To Compare the effect of GPR and Static stretching on pain and disability in women with chronicnon-specific neck pain.Methods: 64 female patients with chronic non-specific neck pain aged 18 to 35 years were randomly dividedinto two equal groups: GPR group and Static Stretching group. Both groups also received conventionaltherapy. Patients were evaluated before and after 4 week intervention for pain intensity (by means VAS), andfor disability (by means of NDI). The treatment program consisted 3 sessions of 1-hour individual per weekfor 4 weeks. Data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of p&lt;0.05.Conclusion: Statistically significant reduction in VAS and NDI were observed after 4 week interventionin both groups. However there were no significant differences observed between groups in this outcomemeasures. Global postural Re-education and Static stretching, in association to conventional therapy, wereequally effective in reducing pain and disability in women with chronic non specific neck pain.

The Effect of Regularly Applied Dynamic and Static Stretching Exercise Program on Flexibility of Individuals with Low Physical Activity Level

Amaç: Bu araştırma düşük fiziksel aktivite seviyesine sahip bireylere 6 hafta süre ile uygulanan dinamik ve statik germe egzersizlerinin, bireylerin sırt ve bacak bölgesi esneklik yetileri üzerindeki etkisini karşılaştırmak amacıyla yapıldı. Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu, Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün (WHO) yetişkinler için tavsiye ettiği en düşük fiziksel aktivite miktarını son 6 aydır karşılamayan 18-30 yaş aralığındaki kişiler (n=19 erkek, n=16 kadın) oluşturdu. Araştırmada ön-test, ara-test, son-test desenli, randomize deneysel araştırma modeli kullanıldı. Araştırma öncesinde gerekli örneklem sayısını belirlemek için G-Power güç analizi programı ile piriori güç analizi yapıldı. Blok randomizasyon tekniği kullanılarak dinamik germe (DG) (n=19) ve statik germe (SG) (n=16) grubu olmak üzere iki grup oluşturuldu. DG grubuna 6 hafta boyunca haftada 3 gün, 20 dk. süre ile dinamik germe egzersiz programı uygulandı. SG grubuna ise aynı koşullarda SG programı uygulandı. Araştırma grubunun esneklik değerleri Takei marka dijital Fleksiyon Metre cihazı ile araştırmanın başında, 3. haftada ve araştırmanın sonunda olmak üzere 3 kez tekrarlandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde Tekrarlı Ölçümlerde İki Yönlü Varyans Analizi ve Bonferroni düzeltmeli eşleştirilmiş gruplarda karşılaştırma testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: DG ve SG grubunda yer alan katılımcıların esneklik puan ortalamaları arasında zaman ve grup*zaman etkileşimi açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark görüldü (p<0.05). Diğer taraftan DG grubunun ölçümleri arasında yapılan tüm ikili kombinasyonlarda istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı fark görüldü (p<0.05). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak düşük fiziksel aktivite düzeyine sahip bireyler ile düzenli olarak uygulanan DG egzersizlerinin, SG egzersizlerine kıyasla sırt ve bacak bölgesi esneklik yetileri üzerinde daha yüksek bir etkiye sahip olduğu söylenebilir.

Effect of Local Vibration on Triceps Surae Flexibility Compared to Static Stretching

Purpose: This study examined the effects of local vibration using a massage gun on the triceps surae flexibility by measuring the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) compared to static stretching in healthy adults. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects were instructed in this study. They were allocated randomly to two groups: local vibration (LV) and static stretching (SS). The ankle dorsiflexion ROM was measured before and after the intervention in supine (open kinetic chain, OKC) and standing (closed kinetic chain, CKC). The LV group received local vibration using a massage gun for five minutes on their triceps su rae, and the SS group stood on the Q board with a dorsiflexed ankle for five minutes. The ROM between pre- and post-intervention and the change in ROM between two groups were analyzed. A paired t-test was used to compare the ROM between pre- and post-interven tion, while an independent t-test was used to compare the change in ROM between the two groups. Results: Both groups showed a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention in the position of both the OKC and CKC. The change in ROM, however, was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: The application of local vibration using a massage gun for five minutes on the triceps surae could improve its flexibility as much as the application of static stretching. A massage gun for the application of a local vibration stimulus may be effective, simple, portable, and comfortable.

Immediate effect of static stretching versus dynamic stretching of the hamstring muscle in recreational college athletes

Background: Support for dynamic stretching has grown in recent years, because several investigations show the potential for acute static stretching to degrade athletic performance.The hamstring muscle is the most frequent and disabling musculotendinous strain among athletes. Hence, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Static Stretching (SS) and Dynamic Stretching (DS) in acutely improving hamstring flexibility among recreational college athletes. Methodology: 72 male recreational athletes of mean age 23.59 ± 1.55 years with limited hamstring flexibility were randomly assigned to either SS or DS groups. Athletes in the SS group performed one single static stretch for 30 seconds and those in DS group performed six dynamic stretches for 30 seconds. Results and Conclusion: A significant difference in hamstring flexibility was found between SS group (3.60°) and DS group (8.12°) (p< 0.001). Hence, indicating that one session of DS through a full range of motion improved hamstring flexibility, better than SS.

THE EFFECTS OF ISOLYTIC AND STATIC POSTERIOR SHOULDER STRETCHING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH SUBACROMIAL IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME

Static posterior shoulder stretching exercise (PSSE) in modified cross-body position (MCBP) improves posterior shoulder tightness (PST) and glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). Isolytic stretching (isotonic eccentric contraction) is a form of muscle energy technique. The effects of isolytic PSSE were not investigated in shoulder pathologies. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of isolytic and static PSSE in MCBP on shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM) and strength, PST, subacromial space (SAS), supraspinatus tendon thickness (SsTT), supraspinatus tendon occupation ratio (STOR), functionality and disability level in individuals having subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) with GIRD. METHODS: Sixty-three participants having SIS with GIRD were randomly divided into three groups. Isolytic Stretching Group (ISG) and Static Stretching Group received standard physiotherapy and isolytic or static PSSE in MCBP. The control group (CG) received physiotherapy without PSSE. Shoulder ROM and PST were assessed with bubble inclinometer, strength with hand-held dynamometer, SAS (at 0° and 60° scapular plane shoulder elevation), SsTT, and STOR with ultrasonography, functionality and disability level with Modified Constant-Murley Scale and Quick Disability of the Arm-Shoulder-Hand Questionnaire. GIRD was determined by the difference in bilateral shoulder IR ROM. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS: All groups improved in terms of shoulder mobility, strength, SAS, STOR, functionality, and disability level after 4-weeks of treatment (p<0.05). IR ROM and SAS increased, PST, GIRD, and STOR decreased more in stretching groups compared to CG (p<0.001). Improvements in stretching groups were similar (p>0.05). ER ROM, strength, functionality, and disability levels improved more in ISG compared to CG (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Standard physiotherapy including PSSE in MCBP is superior to treatment program without PSSE to improve shoulder mobility, SAS and STOR. Both isolytic and static stretchings are equally effective. Standard physiotherapy plus isolytic PSSE provided a greater improvement in ER ROM, strength, functionality and disability levels compared to treatment program without PSSE. Research was not founded.