Static Measurements Research Articles

An Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Temperature and Confining Pressure on the Static and Dynamic Behaviors of Shale Rocks

Abstract To better understand the associated thermal and mechanical effects on the elastic behaviors of shale rocks, we examine the shale rocks at reservoir stress (static) and elastic conditions (dynamic) at varying temperature (25–110°C) and pressure (5–55 MPa) conditions through coupling dynamic–static experimental measurements. The results illustrate that the shale’s P- and S-wave velocities increase with the increasing confining pressure but decrease with the elevated temperature. For the pressure history, ultrasonic P-wave velocities upon hydrostatic unloading are slightly larger than the loading ones, whereas S-wave velocities are almost overlapping together. Meanwhile, the temperature elevation causes much less velocity reduction at a higher confining pressure than lower confining pressure. The measured data demonstrate that the static bulk modulus is more sensitive to the confining pressure than the dynamic bulk modulus. Moreover, with the elevated temperature, the dynamic bulk moduli separate by showing a decreasing trend in either hydrostatic loading or unloading. The loading–unloading cycle shows that the static bulk moduli present values approaching the dynamic ones at all temperature levels when the confining pressure is initially unloaded from the maximum pressure. Both static and dynamic bulk moduli decrease with the continued unloading, with more decrement for the static bulk modulus. The coupling effects of the pressure and temperature on the static and elastic properties of shale samples imply that, in the practical shale reservoir characterization process, temperature and pressure influences should be considered to characterize the relation of dynamic and static properties of shale rocks. The laboratory investigations on shales imply that the relation of dynamic and static properties is pressure dependent mainly due to the intrinsic behavior of fracture, soft pore, and microstructure in the rock frame.

Autonomous ground vehicle gravity anomaly measurement and dynamic error compensation

Abstract To address the issue that dynamic gravity anomaly measurement is overly dependent on GNSS and can’t be measured autonomously at this stage, this paper proposes an autonomous ground vehicle dynamic gravity anomaly measurement method based on a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS), odometer (OD), barometer and platform gravimeter. The SINS/OD /barometer integrated navigation solution delivers high-precision navigation parameters, completes the calculation of correction terms, and performs the autonomous dynamic gravity anomaly measurement combined with the primary measurement results of the platform gravimeter. Numerical calculations provide the requirements for the application of the proposed method, and the cut-off frequency for extracting gravity anomalies is 0.02 Hz, as determined by power spectral density analysis. In order to further improve the measurement accuracy and account for dynamic errors caused by vehicle maneuvering, a long-short-term memory (LSTM) model of recurrent neural network (RNN) is introduced. A series of experiments under multiple circumstances with repeated lines were conducted in Tianjin, China, and the static measurements along the line were taken using CG-5 to provide true values of gravity anomalies. The results demonstrate that the autonomous measurement scheme can achieve accuracy comparable to GNSS-assisted, and that dynamic error compensation algorithm based on LSTM improves the dynamic gravity measurements accuracy significantly without sacrificing the spatial resolution of gravity anomalies.

Optical n(p, T90) Measurement Suite 3: Results at λ=1542nm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\lambda = 1542\\,\ ext{nm}$$\\end{document}

Single-isotherm n(p, T90) results are reported for the gases Ar, N2, H2O, and D2O at vacuum wavelength λ=1542.383(1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\lambda = 1542.383(1)$$\\end{document} nm. The argon and nitrogen isotherms were measured near 303 K; the water isotherms were measured near 373 K. Combined with the two previous articles of this series, the present results beget several insights via dispersion analyses. The argon result is highly consistent with static measurement plus ab initio calculation of dispersion polarizability. The nitrogen result is nominally consistent with one recent experiment and the dipole oscillator strength distributions, but the present work offers a refined estimate of the molar refractivity at optical wavelengths. For ordinary and heavy water, the dispersion trend is nominally consistent with existing liquid measurements. However, water’s absorption features in the near-infrared preclude a reliable comparison of the present result with literature.

Potentiometric Dopamine Sensor Based on Static and Dynamic Measurements

Potentiometric Dopamine Sensor Based on Static and Dynamic Measurements

Fibro-porous materials: 3D-printed hybrid porous materials for multifunctional applications

This work demonstrates the additive manufacturing of fibro-porous materials—hybrid materials with a fiber mesh integrated within the open cells of a base porous scaffold. The presented method allows seamless incorporation of fibers, with precise control of the fiber diameter and mesh density, into the scaffold without requiring any additional postprocessing steps. Here, using a gyroid pore architecture as the base scaffold, this study fabricates the fibro-porous materials using an extrusion-based additive technique and investigates their resultant sound absorption, pressure drop, mechanical stiffness, and energy absorption properties. Two-microphone normal incidence impedance tube measurements reveal significant improvements in the sound absorption performance compared to that of denser, fiberless porous material counterparts while maintaining a 33 % lighter weight. Additional tests, including pressure drop and static airflow resistivity measurements, indicate that fiber integration reduces the effective pore size and increases flow resistance, boosting sound absorption at lower frequencies. The mechanical properties are also markedly improved, with stiffness and yield stress increasing by 27 % and 37.85 %, respectively. The fibro-porous samples provide 30 % more energy absorption per unit volume due to their increased resistance to deformation. This research demonstrates that additively manufactured fibro-porous materials provide substantial multifunctional performance gains without significant weight increase. The adaptable manufacturing process is compatible with various extrudable materials and opens a new route to designing complex, customized engineering structures with application-specific functionalities.

Sealing efficiency performance of four different rim seals in turbine cavity

In modern aero-engine, the turbine rim seals whose purpose is to reduce the ingress are located in a complex flow region between the mainstream and secondary air flows. The sealing air discharged from the compressor of engine is used to purge turbine cavity. In order to examine the effects of ingress through four distinct rim seals, a one-stage test rig was used in the experiments presented in this work. At a Reynolds number of 5.16 × 105 in the mainstream and (0.85–2.13) × 106 in the rotational, the radial pressure distribution on the stator was determined. To assess flow characteristics and sealing efficacy, measurements of the swirl ratio and CO2 concentration were made. The reliability of turbine rim-seals is determined by the locations of the hook and teeth, as well as their effect on hot gas ingestion. To evaluate the performance of four types of seals: a datum double-rim seal and three derivatives with different clearances, the data are employed. Due to the inlet air position, the swirl ratio exhibited a pronounced inflection for all the rim seals. The sealing efficiency can be decreased by putting the hook closer to the rim or by taking the teeth out. Static pressure measurements in the turbine cavity indicate that the seal position has a significant impact. The analysis results revealed that the existence of slot vortex is beneficial to improving efficiency.

Accurate and Robust Static Hydrophobic Contact Angle Measurements Using Machine Learning.

We present a machine learning (ML) approach to static contact angle measurement, trained on a large data set (>7.2 million) of half drop contours based on solutions to the Young-Laplace equation where the contact angle is known a priori (removing all sources of error from human input). The data set included the effects of surface roughness, gravity, the size of drop relative to the image, and reflections of the drop on the surface. The presented ML model (valid for contact angles >110°), in combination with a new automated image and contour processing approach, is shown to be more accurate than other methods when benchmarked against an experimental data set, with an estimated error of 1°. The ML model is also 2 orders of magnitude faster at predicting contact angles than Young-Laplace fitting (the current best practice approach). The accuracy and speed of the presented approach provides a viable pathway toward robust and reproducible high-throughput contact angle analysis. This approach, Conan-ML, is open-source and provided for the use and development of new approaches to goniometry.

Effectiveness of 12-Week Core Stability Training on Postural Balance in Soccer Players With Groin Pain: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

Core stability training (CST) is effective in improving postural balance, core endurance, and self-reported outcomes in different populations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CST in soccer players with groin pain (GP). CST would improve postural balance performance, core endurance, and self-reported outcomes in soccer players with GP. Randomized controlled trial. Level 2. Soccer players with GP who met the selection criteria were assigned randomly to a CST (CSTG, n = 10) or a control (CG, n = 10) group. The CG undertook no additional physical activity program besides their usual training. The CSTG performed a 12-week CST comprising 76 ~75 min sessions. Static (force platform) and dynamic (Y-Balance test) postural balance, core endurance (McGill trunk endurance tests), and self-reported outcomes (Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score [HAGOS]) were assessed before and immediately after the 12-week CST. Significant improvements were seen in dynamic postural balance (P = 0.04 to <0.01), HAGOS scores (P = 0.02 to <0.01), and core endurance measures (P < 0.01) in the CSTG in posttest compared with pretest session and compared with CG. Static bipedal postural balance measures showed significant improvements (eyes open, P = 0.02; eyes closed, P < 0.01) in the CSTG in posttest compared with pretest session. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between CSTG and CG after the training period. A 12-week CST improved static (foam surface) and dynamic postural balance, core endurance measures, and HAGOS scores. The beneficial effect of CST on improving postural balance, core endurance, and self-reported outcomes in soccer players with GP suggests that this training would be an important feature of rehabilitation programs for these players. Coaches and clinicians should prioritize CST training when designing rehabilitation programs.

The structural evolution of temporal hypergraphs through the lens of hyper-cores

The richness of many complex systems stems from the interactions among their components. The higher-order nature of these interactions, involving many units at once, and their temporal dynamics constitute crucial properties that shape the behaviour of the system itself. An adequate description of these systems is offered by temporal hypergraphs, that integrate these features within the same framework. However, tools for their temporal and topological characterization are still scarce. Here we develop a series of methods specifically designed to analyse the structural properties of temporal hypergraphs at multiple scales. Leveraging the hyper-core decomposition of hypergraphs, we follow the evolution of the hyper-cores through time, characterizing the hypergraph structure and its temporal dynamics at different topological scales, and quantifying the multi-scale structural stability of the system. We also define two static hypercoreness centrality measures that provide an overall description of the nodes aggregated structural behaviour. We apply the characterization methods to several data sets, establishing connections between structural properties and specific activities within the systems. Finally, we show how the proposed method can be used as a model-validation tool for synthetic temporal hypergraphs, distinguishing the higher-order structures and dynamics generated by different models from the empirical ones, and thus identifying the essential model mechanisms to reproduce the empirical hypergraph structure and evolution. Our work opens several research directions, from the understanding of dynamic processes on temporal higher-order networks to the design of new models of time-varying hypergraphs.

Anisotropic behavior and mechanical characteristics of the Montney Formation

This study investigates the rock mechanics and anisotropic properties of the Montney Formation, Alberta, through two sets of experiments: unconfined compressive strength tests and triaxial compression tests, supplemented by ultrasonic wave velocity measurements. These tests enabled the calculation of dynamic and static stiffness properties and Thomsen anisotropy parameters (ε, δ, γ). Our findings reveal that the Montney Formation exhibits weak anisotropy, with ε values generally below 0.10, contrasting with other strongly anisotropic shale formations. Specimens exhibiting higher clay content and total organic carbon levels show more pronounced anisotropy. Static measurements exhibit a higher degree of anisotropy compared to dynamic measurements. The investigation also explored loading and unloading stiffness parameters, noting a higher E loading-to-unloading ratio for rock specimens with lower elastic properties. This provides important information on the rock's response to stress path effects during stimulation and exploitation. The study also discusses other rock mechanics parameters including Poisson's ratio, tensile strength, and brittleness. The research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the geomechanical and petrophysical behavior of the Montney Formation, aiding reservoir characterization and hydrocarbon exploration and production.

Ability of a multi-segment foot model to measure kinematic differences in cavus, neutrally aligned, asymptomatic planus, and symptomatic planus foot types

BackgroundMulti-segment foot models (MFMs) provide a better understanding of the intricate biomechanics of the foot, yet it is unclear if they accurately differentiate foot type function during locomotion. Research questionWe employed an MFM to detect subtle kinematic differences between foot types, including: pes cavus, neutrally aligned, and asymptomatic and symptomatic pes planus. The study investigates how variable the results of this MFM are and if it can detect kinematic differences between pathologic and non-pathologic foot types during the stance phase of gait. MethodsIndependently, three raters instrumented three subjects on three days to assess variability. In a separate cohort, each foot type was statically quantified for ten subjects per group. Each subject walked while instrumented with a four-segment foot model to assess static alignment and foot motion during the stance phase of gait. Statistical analysis performed with a linear mixed effects regression. ResultsModel variability was highest for between-day and lowest for between–rater, with all variability measures being within the true sample variance. Almost all static measures (radiographic, digital scan, and kinematic markers) differed significantly by foot type. Sagittal hindfoot to leg and forefoot to leg kinematics differed between foot types during late stance, as well as coronal hallux to forefoot range of motion. The MFM had low between-rater variability and may be suitable for multiple raters to apply to a single study sample without introducing significant error. The model, however, only detected a few dynamic differences, with the most dramatic being the hallux to forefoot coronal plane range of motion.Significance: Results only somewhat aligned with previous work. It remains unclear if the MFM is sensitive enough to accurately detect different motion between foot types (pathologic and non-pathologic). A more accurate method of tracking foot bone motion (e.g., biplane fluoroscopy) may be needed to address this question.

Investigation of the accuracy of BeiDou, QZSS and QZSS/BeiDou satellites configuration for short, medium and long baselines in the Asia-Pacific regions

Abstract The field of satellite navigation has seen significant advancements due to the fast development of multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Around 150 satellites will be in service when all six systems – GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, and NAVIC – are launched by 2030, offering both enormous potential and advantages for research and engineering applications. This study used an experiment on the accuracy, particularly for short, medium, long baselines (Wide Lane ambiguity solution) of the BeiDou, QZSS and QZSS/BeiDou combinations. It showed that with the integration of BeiDou/QZSS static measurements in the study region millimetre-centimetre accuracy for short, medium, and long baselines can be attained. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the 1st (QZSS/BeiDou), 2nd (BeiDou), and 3rd (QZSS) strategies feature different horizontal accuracies for all categories. The obtained results with different satellite configurations for the Fixed-Wide-Lane integer ambiguity solution are compared with each other. Accuracy at the short baseline (BeiDou, QZSS, and BeiDou/QZSS satellites) was obtained in the range of 0.5–0.7 cm. For the medium baseline, it was computed around 1.8–82 cm. For the long baseline, the accuracy was 5.6–13.3 cm.

Quantized control for interconnected PDE systems via mobile measurement and control strategies

This paper deals with the Rϵ-stabilization for interconnected partial differential equation systems (IPDESs) by mobile measurement and control strategies. First, compared to the static measurement and control strategies, the mobile ones are employed to improve the dynamic response of the closed-loop system, while reducing the number of sensors and actuators effectively. Moreover, considering the constrained transmission channel bandwidth, the hysteresis quantizer with an adjustable parameter is introduced to save the communication resources in the network, while can balance the quantization effect and the control performance by adjusting the parameter. Further, the output quantization controller is designed to ensure that the closed-loop system is Rϵ-stable, which converges to a given interval in finite time. Finally, a simulation example of chemical non-isothermal tubular reactors is provided to illustrate the validity of the presented design method.

The Design and Experimentation of a Differential Grain Moisture Detection Device for a Combined Harvester.

To conveniently implement the online detection of grain moisture in combined harvesters and the address the influence of the no-load measurement baseline, thereby enhancing detection accuracy and measurement continuity, this study developed a differential grain moisture detection device. For its convenient installation and integration on combined harvesters, a single-pole plate measurement element with a 1.6 mm thick epoxy resin coated with a 2-ounce copper film was designed, and a grain moisture detection device was constructed based on the STM32F103 microprocessor (STMicroelectronics International NV, Geneva, Switzerland). To enhance the device's interference resistance, a differential amplification measurement circuit integrated with high-frequency excitation was designed using a reference capacitance. To improve the resolution of the measurement circuit, Malab simulations were conducted at different excitation frequencies, ultimately selecting 30 kHz as the system's excitation signal frequency. To validate the effectiveness of the measurement circuit, validity tests were performed on the constructed sensor, which showed that the sensor's measurement voltage could effectively distinguish the moisture levels in grains, with a determination coefficient (R²) reaching 0.9978. To address the errors in moisture measurement caused by changes in grain temperature, an interaction experiment of the effect of moisture content and temperature on the measurement voltage was conducted using an integrated temperature sensor, resulting in the construction of a moisture content calculation model. Both the indoor static detection and field testing of the moisture detection device were conducted, indicating that the maximum average error in static measurements was 0.3%, with a maximum relative error of 0.47%, and the average relative error in field tests was ≤0.4%.

A novel cuffless blood pressure monitoring device in hypertension care

Background: Hypertension management is challenged by the dynamic nature of blood pressure (BP) fluctuations. These fluctuations are influenced by factors such as physical activity, emotional changes, and sleep patterns. Traditional guidelines focus on static measurements taken in clinical settings. However, these readings may not accurately represent an individual’s typical BP levels. This approach can lead to misdiagnoses, such as white coat or masked hypertension, resulting in either unnecessary treatment or missed diagnoses.Current Concepts: Recent global hypertension guidelines emphasize the importance of home BP monitoring and 24-hour ambulatory BP measurements for more accurate diagnoses and treatment plans. However, several barriers exist, such as the high cost of ambulatory BP devices and practical challenges associated with home BP monitoring, which limit their widespread utilization. Despite these challenges, integrating BP measurements into mobile devices offers a promising approach to monitoring BP outside the clinical setting. Various innovative approaches have been developed, including smartwatches utilizing photoplethysmography sensors and machine learning algorithms. However, their accuracy and the need for periodic calibration are areas of concern.Discussion and Conclusion: Mobile device BP monitoring represents a significant advancement in hypertension management, offering the potential for continuous, convenient, and less intrusive monitoring. Despite these potential benefits, challenges such as device accuracy verification, large-scale data interpretation, and calibration must be addressed. The future of hypertension management will likely rely on these technologies, along with traditional methods, to provide better insight into individual BP profiles. This integration promises to improve hypertension diagnosis, management, and ultimately patient outcomes, although further research and development are necessary to overcome the current limitations.

Crystal structure and cryomagnetic study of a mononuclear erbium(III) oxamate inclusion complex.

The synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of an oxamate-containing erbium(III) complex, namely, tetrabutylammonium aqua[N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)oxamato]erbium(III)-dimethyl sulfoxide-water (1/3/1.5), (C16H36N)[Er(C11H12NO3)4(H2O)]·3C2H6OS·1.5H2O or n-Bu4N[Er(Htmpa)4(H2O)]·3DMSO·1.5H2O (1), are reported. The crystal structure of 1 reveals the occurrence of an erbium(III) ion, which is surrounded by four N-phenyl-substituted oxamate ligands and one water molecule in a nine-coordinated environment, together with one tetrabutylammonium cation acting as a counter-ion, and one water and three dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) molecules of crystallization. Variable-temperature static (dc) and dynamic (ac) magnetic measurements were carried out for this mononuclear complex, revealing that it behaves as a field-induced single-ion magnet (SIM) below 5.0 K.

Exploiting Turmeric’s Coloring Capability to Develop a Functional Pigment for Wood Paints: Sustainable Coloring Process of Polyamide 11 Powders and Their Strengthening Performance

Currently, the wood coatings industry is focusing on creating unique, vibrant finishes using new functional pigments. Simultaneously, there is a growing adoption of eco-friendly bio-based materials, reflecting trends in other sectors and supporting the circular economy. Thus, the aim of this study is to unveil a straightforward, cost-effective, and notably sustainable process for exploiting the coloring potential of turmeric powder and coloring polyamide 11-based fillers, employed as multifunctional pigments for wood coatings. Through the incorporation of this additive into a wood paint, the study demonstrates its dual effect of enhancing the aesthetics of the final composite layer while leveraging the beneficial protective properties inherent to polyamide 11. The impact of these additives on sample aesthetics is assessed through optical observations, as well as measurements of color, gloss, and surface roughness. The strengthening contribution of the functional pigment is evaluated using the Taber abrasion resistance test, static friction coefficient measurements, and Buchholz surface hardness test. Finally, the aesthetic consistency of the bio-based filler and the coloring efficiency of the sustainable process are tested by subjecting the samples to aggressive conditions, including the UV-B chamber exposure test, cold liquids resistance tests, and water uptake test. Ultimately, the study illustrates how this functional bio-based pigment not only provides sufficient protection but also meets current eco-requirements, thereby contributing to the sustainability of the wood coatings industry.

Fabrication of a salivary amylase electrochemical sensor based on surface confined MWCNTs/β-cyclodextrin/starch architect for dental caries in clinical samples

Salivary α-amylase (α-ALS) has drawn attention as a possible bioindicator for dental caries. Herein, combining the synergistic properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and starch, an electrochemical sensor is constructed employing ferrocene (FCN) as an electrochemical indicator to oversee the progression of the enzymatic catalysis of α-ALS. The method involves a two-step chemical reaction sequence on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the synthesized material, while Static water Contact angle measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to monitor each step of sensor fabrication. The electrochemical sensor permitted to detect α-ALS within the linear range of 0.5–280 U mL−1, revealing detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) values of 0.041 U mL−1, and 0.159 U mL−1, respectively. Remarkably, the sensor demonstrated exceptional specificity and selectivity, effectively discriminating against other interfering substances in saliva. Validation of the method involved analyzing α-ALS levels in artificial saliva with an accuracy range of 97 % to 103 %, as well as in real clinical saliva samples across various age groups.

Coupled changes between ruminating thoughts and resting-state brain networks during the transition into adulthood.

Perseverative negative thoughts, known as rumination, might arise from emotional challenges and preclude mental health when transitioning into adulthood. Due to its multifaceted nature, rumination can take several ruminative response styles, that diverge in manifestations, severity, and mental health outcomes. Still, prospective ruminative phenotypes remain elusive insofar. Longitudinal study designs are ideal for stratifying ruminative response styles, especially with resting-state functional MRI whose setup naturally elicits people's ruminative traits. Here, we considered self-rated questionnaires on rumination and psychopathology, along with resting-state functional MRI data in 595 individuals assessed at age 18 and 22 from the IMAGEN cohort. We conducted independent component analysis to characterize eight single static resting-state functional networks in each subject and session and furthermore conducted a dynamic analysis, tackling the time variations of functional networks during the entire scanning time. We then investigated their longitudinal mediation role between changes in three ruminative response styles (reflective pondering, brooding, and depressive rumination) and changes in internalizing and co-morbid externalizing symptoms. Four static and two dynamic networks longitudinally differentiated these ruminative styles and showed complemental sensitivity to internalizing and co-morbid externalizing symptoms. Among these networks, the right frontoparietal network covaried with all ruminative styles but did not play any mediation role towards psychopathology. The default mode, the salience, and the limbic networks prospectively stratified these ruminative styles, suggesting that maladaptive ruminative styles are associated with altered corticolimbic function. For static measures, only the salience network played a longitudinal causal role between brooding rumination and internalizing symptoms. Dynamic measures highlighted the default-mode mediation role between the other ruminative styles and co-morbid externalizing symptoms. In conclusion, we identified the ruminative styles' psychometric and neural outcome specificities, supporting their translation into applied research on young adult mental healthcare.

Evaluation of a permanent SHM system performance in detecting damage scenarios considering runnability thresholds

Due to an increasing number of bridges approaching the end of their design lives, there is a growing interest by the infrastructure managers on monitoring systems able to provide information on the service capability of structures. Focusing, in particular, on railway bridges, serviceability is related to both structural serviceability and runnability, where the first is related to the structural capability of the bridge, while the second is related to the constraints on rail geometry. In this work the authors present an investigation of the capability of a permanent monitoring system to detect the presence of damages that would lead to an exceedance of the structural threshold values imposed by runnability norms. The target structure is a double-span Warren truss railway bridge, located in Italy, designed in 1946 and currently instrumented with a permanent monitoring system. The latter performs dynamic, quasi-static and static measurements, with sensors ranging from velocimeters to end displacement transducers and clinometers. Thanks to a FE model of the actual structure, a set of damage scenarios can be simulated, defining the damage entities that lead to the exceedance of thresholds imposed by norms in terms of runability assessment. As a result, the installed sensors mesh was found to distinguish such critical structural conditions as well as lower entity damage scenarios. The paper discusses the capability of different sensor configurations and monitoring strategies (“dynamic”, “static”, etc) to detect such damage scenarios, in terms both of “early warning” capability and of minimum time required to detect the anomaly. The same approach can be extended to the analysis with respect to structural serviceability limits.