Static Exercise Research Articles

Effect of Stretching Exercises Plus Caflam on Flexibility of Female Athletes

The present study investigated how stretching exercises (Static, Dynamic and Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)) along with Caflam (diclofenac potassium) affect the flexibility of female athletes at Punjab University Level. It is a controlled experiment with (n=40) female athletes, aged 18-24 years, divided into two groups intervention (N=30) and control group (N=10) randomly. Stretching exercises were conducted through 6 weeks divided into two sessions that consisted of both static and dynamic exercises in each session. Flexibility was measured with sit and reach test in pre and post evaluation sessions. The study purpose was to identify the effect of stretching exercises on flexibility of female athletes (N=40) by using different stretching exercises techniques (static and dynamic stretching exercises) on female athletes. Paired sample t-test used and found that it showed highly significant results using “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS) V.22 utilized. The effect size was also calculated through Cohans’D which was 1.41. The subjects were followed for 4 months to check the recurrence rate of the control & intervention groups and found that 19% having injuries of lower extremity (control group) and 11% having after post-exercise evaluation (intervention group).

Satisfaction, seasonality and tourist expenditure in consolidated tourist destinations

ABSTRACT In recent years, tourism literature has been incorporating tourist satisfaction as a determinant of competitiveness and expenditure in destinations. It was expected a direct relationship between the variables: the better the experience, the greater the expenditure. However, previous literature has not found a strong relationship between them. This study attempts to address this gap by analysing a data survey from Calp, a consolidated destination on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline, using a static comparative exercise between different tourism seasons. As a novel theoretical contribution, seasonality and the different items of expenditure are included in the analysis. In accordance with the previous literature, the result obtained does not confirm a close relationship between satisfaction and expenditure. Some managerial implications are also suggested.

Effect of Dynamic and Static Load on the Concentration of Myokines in the Blood Plasma and Content of Sodium and Potassium in Mouse Skeletal Muscles.

Modulation of cytokine production by physical activity is of considerable interest, since it might be a promising strategy for correcting metabolic processes at both cellular and systemic levels. The content of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15 in the plasma and the concentration of monovalent cations in the skeletal muscles of trained and untrained mice were studied at different periods after static and dynamic exercises. Dynamic loads caused an increase in the IL-6 content and decrease in the IL-15 content in the plasma of untrained mice, but produced no effect on the concentration of IL-8. In trained mice, the effect of a single load on the concentration of IL-6 and IL-15 in the plasma was enhanced, while the concentration of IL-8 decreased. Static loads produced a similar, but more pronounced effect on the plasma concentration of IL-6 and IL-15 compared the dynamic exercises; however, the concentration of IL-8 in response to the static exercise increased significantly. Prior training reinforced the described response for all the myokines studied. Dynamic load (swimming) increased the intracellular content of sodium but decreased the content of potassium in the mouse musculus soleus. Similar response was observed after the static load (grid hanging) in the musculus biceps; but no correlation of this response with the prior training was found. Possible mechanisms involved in the regulation of cytokine secretion after exercise are discussed, including triggering of gene transcription in response to changes in the [Na+]i/[K+]I ratio.

The effects of a static exercise programme versus Swiss ball training for core muscles of the lower back and pelvic region in patients with low back pain after child delivery. A single blind randomized control trial.

To determine the effects of static exercise programme compared to Swiss ball training for core muscles of the lower back and pelvic region in patients with low back pain after child delivery. The prospective single-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted at Rehabilitation department of Pakistan Railway General Hospital Rawalpindi from March to December 2018, and comprised patients with low back pain after delivery who were randomised into 2 equal groups. The subjects in Group A received static core exercises, while those in Group B got Swiss ball training. Outcome was measured using numeric pain rating scale, Oswestry disability index, goniometry and core stability assessment scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 30 patients, 15(50%) were in Group A with mean age of 28.38±4.8 years, and 15(50%) were in Group B with a mean age of 29.57±3.3 years. Intra-group difference was significant (p<0.05), while inter-group difference was non-significant (p>0.05). Both exercise protocols used in the study were equally effective in the rehabilitation of postpartum low back pain.

Using a System-Based Monitoring Paradigm to Assess Fatigue during Submaximal Static Exercise of the Elbow Extensor Muscles.

Current methods for evaluating fatigue separately assess intramuscular changes in individual muscles from corresponding alterations in movement output. The purpose of this study is to investigate if a system-based monitoring paradigm, which quantifies how the dynamic relationship between the activity from multiple muscles and force changes over time, produces a viable metric for assessing fatigue. Improvements made to the paradigm to facilitate online fatigue assessment are also discussed. Eight participants performed a static elbow extension task until exhaustion, while surface electromyography (sEMG) and force data were recorded. A dynamic time-series model mapped instantaneous features extracted from sEMG signals of multiple synergistic muscles to extension force. A metric, called the Freshness Similarity Index (FSI), was calculated using statistical analysis of modeling errors to reveal time-dependent changes in the dynamic model indicative of performance degradation. The FSI revealed strong, significant within-individual associations with two well-accepted measures of fatigue, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force () and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (), substantiating the viability of a system-based monitoring paradigm for assessing fatigue. These findings provide the first direct and quantitative link between a system-based performance degradation metric and traditional measures of fatigue.

Central aortic hemodynamics following acute lower and upper-body exercise in a cold environment among patients with coronary artery disease

Exercise is beneficial to cardiovascular health, evidenced by reduced post-exercise central aortic blood pressure (BP) and wave reflection. We assessed if post-exercise central hemodynamics are modified due to an altered thermal state related to exercise in the cold in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD patients (n = 11) performed moderate-intensity lower-body exercise (walking at 65–70% of HRmax) and rested in neutral (+ 22 °C) and cold (− 15 °C) conditions. In another protocol, CAD patients (n = 15) performed static (five 1.5 min work cycles, 10–30% of maximal voluntary contraction) and dynamic (three 5 min workloads, 56–80% of HRmax) upper-body exercise at the same temperatures. Both datasets consisted of four 30-min exposures administered in random order. Central aortic BP and augmentation index (AI) were noninvasively assessed via pulse wave analyses prior to and 25 min after these interventions. Lower-body dynamic exercise decreased post-exercise central systolic BP (6–10 mmHg, p < 0.001) and AI (1–6%, p < 0.001) both after cold and neutral and conditions. Dynamic upper-body exercise lowered central systolic BP (2–4 mmHg, p < 0.001) after exposure to both temperatures. In contrast, static upper-body exercise increased central systolic BP after exposure to cold (7 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.001). Acute dynamic lower and upper-body exercise mainly lowers post-exercise central BP in CAD patients irrespective of the environmental temperature. In contrast, central systolic BP was elevated after static exercise in cold. CAD patients likely benefit from year-round dynamic exercise, but hemodynamic responses following static exercise in a cold environment should be examined further.Clinical trials.gov: NCT02855905 04/08/2016.

Accurate Blood Pressure Estimation During Activities of Daily Living: A Wearable Cuffless Solution.

The objective is to develop a cuffless method that accurately estimates blood pressure (BP) during activities of daily living. User-specific nonlinear autoregressive models with exogenous inputs (NARX) are implemented using artificial neural networks to estimate the BP waveforms from electrocardiography and photoplethysmography signals. To broaden the range of BP in the training data, subjects followed a short procedure consisting of sitting, standing, walking, Valsalva maneuvers, and static handgrip exercises. The procedure was performed before and after a six-hour testing phase wherein five participants went about their normal daily living activities. Data were further collected at a four-month time point for two participants and again at six months for one of the two. The performance of three different NARX models was compared with three pulse arrival time (PAT) models. The NARX models demonstrate superior accuracy and correlation with "ground truth" systolic and diastolic BP measures compared to the PAT models and a clear advantage in estimating the large range of BP. Preliminary results show that the NARX models can accurately estimate BP even months apart from the training. Preliminary testing suggests that it is robust against variabilities due to sensor placement. This establishes a method for cuffless BP estimation during activities of daily living that can be used for continuous monitoring and acute hypotension and hypertension detection.

Rate-Pressure Product Responses to Static Contractions Performed at Various Altitudes.

Simmonds, Michael J., Surendran Sabapathy, and Jean-Marc Hero. Rate-pressure product responses to static contractions performed at various altitudes. High Alt Med Biol. 22: 166-173, 2021. Background: Adventure tourism has led to an unprecedented number of individuals being exposed to altitude, including those with subclinical cardiometabolic disorders. The disproportionate hemodynamic challenge associated with small-muscle static activities is potentially dangerous at altitude as these may compound the risk for cardiac events. We thus examined the cardiovascular response to, and during recovery from, static exercise performed at altitude. Methods: Eighteen individuals completed this study at three altitudes (sea level; ∼1,500 m; ∼3,000 m) in central Nepal. At each altitude, individuals performed two handgrip contractions for 2 minutes at the same intensity (30% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]), with two distinct recovery periods: during control recovery was completed quietly at rest, while during ischemic challenge recovery was conducted with a cuff occluding the upper limb. Results: Oxygen saturation decreased during ascent to 1,500 m (-2%) and 3,000 m (-8%), compared with sea level. Handgrip MVC was not affected by altitude, although heart rate at rest (∼70 beat/min), during static exercise (range ∼90-95 beat/min), and during recovery in both conditions (each ∼70 beat/min) was significantly increased by ∼15% at 3,000 m, but not 1,500 m. The magnitude of the muscle metaboreflex during recovery from static exercise was unaffected by altitude; however, the rate-pressure product was significantly elevated by ∼10% during and following static exercise at 3,000 m. Conclusions: A significant increase in the rate-pressure product during static exercise was observed at altitude, which persisted during recovery. Individuals at risk for cardiac events should use awareness of static contractions while at altitude, especially considering that stress induced by static exercise is additive to that of dynamic activities such as hiking.

To analyze the impact of normal sway training using lord’s sway meter on fear of fall, balance confidence and mobility compared to static exercises among elderly adults

To analyze the impact of normal sway training using lord’s sway meter on fear of fall, balance confidence and mobility compared to static exercises among elderly adults

Measurement of muscle blood flow and O2 uptake via near-infrared spectroscopy using a novel occlusion protocol

We describe here a novel protocol that sequentially combines venous followed by arterial occlusions to determine muscle blood flow and O2 uptake from a single measurement point using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during handgrip exercise. NIRS data were obtained from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle on the dominant arm of 15 young, healthy adults (3 women; 26 ± 7 years; 78.6 ± 9.1 kg). Participants completed a series of 15-s static handgrip contractions at 20, 40 and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) immediately followed by either a: (i) venous occlusion (VO); (ii); arterial occlusion (AO); or venous then arterial occlusion (COMBO). Each condition was repeated 3 times for each exercise-intensity. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and robust linear mixed effects modeling were used to determine measurement agreement between vascular occlusion conditions. FDS muscle blood flow ({dot{text{Q}}}_{{{text{FDS}}}}) and conductance ({text{C}}_{{{text{FDS}}}}) demonstrated strong absolute agreement between VO and COMBO trials from rest up to 60%MVC, as evidenced by high values for CCC (> 0.82) and a linear relationship between conditions that closely approximated the line-of-identity (perfect agreement). Conversely, although FDS muscle O2 uptake ({{dot {text{V}}}}{{text{O}}_{2{text{FDS}}}}) displayed “substantial” to “near perfect” agreement between methods across exercise intensities (i.e., CCC > 0.80), there was a tendency for COMBO trials to underestimate {{dot {text{V}}}}{{text{O}}_{2{text{FDS}}}} by up to 7%. These findings indicate that the COMBO method provides valid estimates of {dot {text{Q}}}_{{text{FDS}}} and, to a slightly lesser extent, {{dot {text{V}}}}{{text{O}}_{2{text{FDS}}}} at rest and during static handgrip exercise up to 60%MVC. Practical implications and suggested improvements of the method are discussed.

Consensus-based semi-quantitative ultrasound scoring system for gout lesions: Results of an OMERACT Delphi process and web-reliability exercise

ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop (1) a new ultrasound definition for aggregates and (2) a semi-quantitative ultrasound scoring system (0–3) for tophus, double contour and aggregates. Furthermore, the intra- and inter-reader reliabilities of both the re-defined aggregates and the semi-quantitative scoring system were assessed using static image exercises. MethodsThirty-seven rheumatologists were invited. A Delphi process was used for re-defining aggregates and for selecting a semi-quantitative scoring system with >75% agreement obligate for reaching consensus. Subsequently, a web-based exercise on static ultrasound images was conducted in order to assess the reliability of both the re-defined aggregates and the semi-quantitative scoring system. ResultsTwenty rheumatologists contributed to all rounds of the Delphi and image exercises. A consensual re-definition of aggregates was obtained after three Delphi rounds but needed an overarching principle for scoring aggregates in patients. A consensus-based semi-quantitative ultrasound scoring system for gout lesions was developed after two Delphi rounds. The re-definition of aggregates showed good intra- and inter-reader reliability (κ-values 0.71 and 0.61). The reliabilities of the scoring system were good for all lesions with slightly higher intra-reader (κ-values 0.74–0.80) than inter-reader reliabilities (κ-values 0.61–0.67). ConclusionA re-definition of aggregates was obtained with a good reliability when assessing static images. The first consensus-based semi-quantitative ultrasound scoring system for gout-specific lesions was developed with good inter- and intra-reader reliability for all lesions when tested in static images. The next step is to assess the reliabilities when scoring lesions in patients.

THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND TAXATION ON WEALTH AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL AND THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the role of inheritance and donation on the distribution of wealth and income in Brazil and the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Although several scholars coming from branches of Social Sciences have already scrutinized the influence that slavery and colonial exploitation had - and still have - in the Brazil’s development, no work in the economic literature has thus far attempted to estimate Brazil’s current inheritance stock in monetary terms. With this in mind, this paper has three specific goals: i) to estimate, in accordance with an original framework, the inheritance stock of Brazil (and Rio Grande do Sul) and their flow with respect to national income and household disposable income; ii) to measure potential revenue through the application of a more progressive taxation of inheritance and donations based on inheritance stock estimates and iii) to simulate the distributional effect of reallocating these new fiscal resources. It is important to note, however, that the simulations presented in this paper are static exercises, and do not intend to capture general equilibrium or behavioral effects.

Post Chemotherapy Balance Exercises in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood cancer; Children with this type of leukemia have poor postural balance, which is one of the side effects of chemotherapy. Objective: Toevaluate the therapeutic effect of static and dynamic balance exercises using both sides up (BOSU) ball on balance in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after completing their 6 months-chemotherapy treatment. Patients and methods: Thirty children patients of both sexes (18 boys and 12 girls) were participated in this study, who were selected from Benha Children Hospital with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and had chemotherapy treatment for 6 months participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to 2 groups of an equal number, control group, 15 child patients who were 5-8 years of age (6.53 ± 1.13) that underwent gait training therapy and study groups, 15 child patients who were 5-8 years of age (6.67 ± 1.11), that underwent the same program in addition to static and dynamic balance training program by using BOSU ball. Results: There was a significant improvement of balance performance in study group more than control group. Conclusion: Balance exercises using BOSU ball can be used effectively in treating balance defect post chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Optically Instrumented Insole for Gait Plantar and Shear Force Monitoring

In this work, a fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) based sensing insole, capable of simultaneously measure plantar force (PF) and shear force (SF) is proposed. The insole has four measuring points, strategically located for a full gait analysis. Each sensing point contains a sensor-cell which consists of a polylactic acid (PLA) structure, covered by an epoxy resin layer, and crossed by one optical fiber with two FBGs, FBG1 and FBG2, respectively. Due to the specific design of the system, the FBG1 is sensitive to both forces (with higher sensitivity to the PF), while the FBG2 is designed to detect only the SF. The instrumented insole was tested during static and gait exercises, and the results, obtained for the PF and SF monitoring, were according to those theoretically expected.

The Effect of Stabilization Exercise Using Pressurized Exercise on the Thickness of Abdominal Muscle

The subjects of this study performed 6 weeks of training with static stabilization exercises to investigate their effects on muscle thickness. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups; the group performing pressurization exercises utilizing an unstable supporting surface (n=10), the group performing pressurization exercises utilizing a stable supporting surface (n=10), and the control group (n=8). In order to find out the effects on the muscle thickness of the abdominal muscles, ultrasound images were obtained and image analysis was performed three times during this research. This data was collected at the start of the study, at the half-way point, and at the end of the study. There were significant differences in the timing-to-group interaction with regards to changes in muscle thickness of the rectus abdominis, the external oblique abdominis, and the internal oblique abdominis (p<0.05). However there was no statistically significant difference in group variation (p>0.05). Therefore, it was confirmed that the type of support surface employed while performing low-strength movement with pressurization has an effect on muscle thickness. In conclusion, a stabilization exercise program, due to changes in strength applied with pressurization, will affect changes in muscle thickness, and accordingly contribute to an improvement of the strength of the hips.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ СТАТИЧЕСКИХ И ДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ УПРАЖНЕНИЙ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ АКТИВНОЙ ГИБКОСТИ

&nbsp;The research aimed at comparative analysis of the effectiveness of static and dynamic exercises for the development of active flexibility. The study of these literary sources made it possible to determine, that during stretching it’s necessary to pay special attention to the manifestation of strength abilities, as active flexibility is used in most human movements. It learned, that the exercises, which promote flexibility and perform by the active method, are most preferred (exercises that are flexible and active), as they allow optimal inclusion of antagonist muscles in the work, make the training process more conscious. Students of the Pridnestrovian State University named after T.G. Shevchenko took part in the experiment during quarantine (COVID-19) with a relatively high purity. In similar groups in terms of the development of hamstrings and shin flexibility were used the same structural exercises, but performed in a different way. The first group used static inclines, the second – dynamic inclines. The main condition for performing the exercises was the exclusion of self-grabbing, the help of a partner, equipment or inventory, the minimization of inertia force effect (active swings) or the help of one’s body weight with the binding inclusion of the muscles strength during the exercises, that extend the spine and the muscles of the front of the thigh and lower leg. The control exercise was bent over press from the sitting position. The experiment lasted 21 days. As a result of the experiment, it turned out that three-time classes (exercises) for three weeks, during such exercises are used to stretch of hamstrings and shin, which have the same structure and performed in an active way, bring identical results, when using both dynamic and static movements. With the participation of 20 subjects demonstrates this research, that in some cases static and dynamic exercises, aimed at development of active flexibility, are equally effective.

Cardiovascular responses to sustained isometric hand grip during different phases of menstrual cycle- A cross-sectional study

Introduction: The endogenous gonadal hormones accompanying the menstrual cycle affect the cardiovascular responses to a bout of static isometric exercise. The uncertainty over the consensus as to which phase of menstrual cycle poses greater cardiovascular stress on the female was a question often unanswered. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiovascular responses like heart rate, blood pressure, rate pressure product to static isometric handgrip exercise. Materials and Methods: Thirty eumenorrhic females were examined after using a hand grip dynamometer during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Statistical Analysis: Data was analysed statistically using student’s paired t-test. Results: It was observed that the baseline values of heart rate in follicular phase was (78.8 ±7.48) while in luteal (84 ± 8.17), SBP in follicular phase (113.9 ± 6.63) while luteal phase (115.8 ±5.91), DBP was (72.8 ±6.90) in the follicular phase and (76.5 ± 6.82) in the luteal phase. MVC at 30% was maintained for 1, 2 and 4 mins and it was observed that all the values of HR, SBP and DBP were higher in the luteal phase. The rate of fall to baseline for all the cardiovascular parameters i.e.HR, SBP and DBP were higher in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase. Conclusion: The results suggest a greater sympathetic activity during the luteal phase to a bout of static isometric exercise hence it can be inferred that the sex steroids lend themselves to an interaction with the ANS indirectly reflecting in cardiovascular system functioning. Keywords: ANS, Isometric, Gonadal, Oestrogen, Vagal.

Central Command and the Regulation of Exercise Heart Rate Response in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Chronotropic incompetence is common in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and is linked to impaired aerobic capacity. Whether upstream autonomic signaling pathways responsible for raising exercise heart rate are impaired in HFpEF is unknown. We investigated the integrity of central command and muscle metaboreceptor function, 2 predominant mechanisms responsible for exertional increases in heart rate, in patients with HFpEF and senior controls. Fourteen healthy senior controls (7 men, 7 women) and 20 carefully screened patients with HFpEF (8 men, 12 women) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (peak Vo2) and static handgrip exercise at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction to fatigue with postexercise circulatory arrest for 2 minutes to assess central command and metaboreceptor function, respectively. Peak Vo2 (13.1±3.4 versus 22.7±4.0 mL/kg/min; P<0.001) and heart rate (122±20 versus 155±14 bpm; P<0.001) were lower in patients with HFpEF than senior controls. There were no significant differences in peak heart rate response during static handgrip between groups (patients with HFpEF versus controls: 90±13 versus 93±10 bpm; P=0.49). Metaboreceptor function, defined as mean arterial blood pressure at the end of postexercise circulatory arrest, was not significantly different between groups. Central command (vagally mediated) and metaboreceptor function (sympathetically mediated) in patients with HFpEF were not different from those in healthy senior controls despite significantly lower peak whole-body exercise heart rates. These results demonstrate key reflex autonomic pathways regulating exercise heart rate responsiveness are intact in HFpEF.

Relationship between Oxygen Uptake, Heart Rate, and Perceived Effort in an Aquatic Incremental Test in Older Women.

Different parameters can be used to control the intensity of aerobic exercises, a choice that should consider the population and exercise environment targeted. Therefore, our study aimed to verify the relationship between oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and cadence during an aquatic incremental test in older women. Nine older women (64.3 ± 4.4 years) engaged in a water-based aerobic training performed an aquatic incremental test using the stationary running exercise (cadence increases of 15 b·min−1 every 2 min) until participants’ volitional exhaustion. VO2, HR, and RPE data were measured, and the percentage of peak VO2 (%VO2peak) and percentage of maximal HR (%HRmax) were calculated. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were performed (α = 0.05). Polynomial regressions revealed the best adjustments for all analyses. Data showed a significant relationship (p < 0.001) between %VO2peak and %HRmax (r = 0.921), %VO2peak and RPE (r = 0.870), and %HRmax and RPE (r = 0.878). Likewise, significant relationships between cadence (p < 0.001) and %VO2peak (r = 0.873), %HRmax (r = 0.874), and RPE (r = 0.910) were also observed. In summary, the physiological, subjective, and mechanical variables investigated were highly associated during an aquatic incremental test to exhaustion in older women. Therefore, these different parameters can be employed to adequately prescribe water-based programs according to preference and availability.

Augmented Hemodynamic Responses in Obese Young Men during Dynamic Exercise: Role of the Muscle Metaboreflex.

Studies found that cardiovascular responses to exercise are enhanced in individuals with obesity and are associated with a greater cardiac output (CO) response compared to normal weight controls. However, the mechanisms underlying these altered responses during dynamic exercise are not clear. We investigated whether the cardiovascular responses mediated by the muscle metaboreflex (MMR) activation are augmented in obese men during both static and dynamic exercise. Twenty males (10 obese (OG) and 10 non-obese (NOG)) were studied. Changes in CO, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total vascular conductance (TVC) were compared between the two groups during dynamic handgrip exercise (DHE), post-exercise muscular ischemia (PEMI), and dynamic exercise corresponding to 40%, 60% and 80% workloads. Subjects completed 2 min of DHE at 30% of MVC, followed by 2 min of PEMI. MAP, CO, and TVC responses to DHE and dynamic exercise were significantly higher in OG, whereas there were no differences during PEMI. Increases in CO and MAP during mild to heavy dynamic exercise were seen in both groups, but the changes in these variables were greater in the OG. There were no significant differences in TVC between the two groups. Compared to NOG, the augmented blood pressure response to DHE and dynamic exercise in OG was associated with a greater increase in CO. Thus, the augmented CO and MAP responses were not associated with the activation of the MMR. Consequently, additional factors specific to obesity, such as the mechanoreflex, may have been involved.