Static Devices Research Articles

Honey-list based authentication protocol for industrial IoT swarms

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems are advanced IoT systems composed of sensor devices supported with dynamic objects such as smart vehicles and drones. The collaboration among static and heterogeneous mobile objects makes the topologies of IIoT systems dynamic and complex. This dynamic topology is also partially due to the fact that the static devices are typically partitioned into categories of collaborating sensors (called swarms) managed by side servers. However, existing authentication techniques for IIoT systems do not consider realistic system models simultaneously hosting different types of dynamic objects. For such scenarios, there is a need for a protocol that guarantees a secure Entity-to-Entity (E2E) communication, thus ensuring a smooth and safe production process.In this paper, for IIoT with swarms (SIIoT), we propose a novel key agreement and authentication protocol, HASAO (Honey-list Authentication for SIIoT with Autonomous Objects). HASAO enables efficient and secure E2E communication between devices in the same or different swarms. HASAO fills the gap of considering a realistic system model simultaneously hosting different types of dynamic objects. We employ Honey lists (lists with algorithms used to prevent guessing passwords) and mutual authentication technologies in HASAO to guarantee its security against different attacks, even in public-channel communication scenarios. Using the well-established Real-Or-Random (ROR) model, we proved the security of HASAO in detail. We also provide a prototype implementation of HASAO in the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool. This tool confirms the results of our theoretical proofs, thus verifying the security of HASAO. We also carried out a detailed comparative study of HASAO against existing related authentication techniques. Compared to these techniques, HASAO offers more functionality (serving more types of dynamic objects) and superior security (via proving backup plans for session key establishment). Finally, we prove that HASAO is practical by implementing it in a well-known network simulator, Omnet++.

Optimal coverage-based placement of static leak detection devices for pipeline water supply networks

In this paper, we provide a mathematical optimization-based framework to determine the location of leak detection devices along a network. Assuming that the devices are endowed with a known coverage area, we analyze two different models. The first model aims to minimize the number of devices to be located in order to (fully or partially) cover the volume of the network. In the second model, the number of devices is given, and the goal is to locate them to provide a coverage volume as broad as possible. Unlike other approaches in the literature, in our models, it is not assumed that the devices are located on the network (nodes or edges) but in the whole space and that the different segments in the networks may be partially covered, which allows for more flexible coverage. We also derive a method to construct initial solutions as well as a math-heuristic approach for solving the problem for larger instances. We report the results of a series of experiments on real-world water supply pipeline networks, supporting the validity of our models.

Enabling secure lightweight mobile Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) applications using blockchain

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a low bandwidth 3GPP communication standard transmitting small quantities of data over long distances at random intervals. However, as NB-IoT cannot support seamless handover between base stations, its applications are limited to stationary devices, which may result in the potential risk of fake base station connections in an attempt to maintain connectivity across cells. Considering characteristics such as low power consumption and high connection density, researchers envision using NB-IoT in mobile applications such as public-bike sharing, pet tracking etc. Connecting NB-IoT devices using decentralised architecture such as blockchain ensures seamless communication in mobile applications and eliminates bottlenecks due to multiple data requests observed in centralised networks. In this paper, we develop a hybrid blockchain framework facilitating mutual authentication between base stations to enhance user privacy and prevent fake base station connections and certificate transfers. Zero-knowledge proof used as the consensus algorithm enhances user privacy and message confidentiality. IoT devices are designed to store the hashes of their approved transactions as a linear hash chain instead of the complete merkle tree to minimise hash verification complexity. Additionally, base station memory is partitioned dynamically to enhance scalability and memory utilisation efficiency. We prototype our framework on Remix IDE in Ethereum and implement it on Raspberry Pi 4. The security of the proposed framework is formally verified using Scyther. Further, we show that our approach achieves 80.50% lower computational power, 74.73% lower execution time and 50% lower memory, respectively, in comparison with existing schemes making our proposed scheme lightweight.

Dual-functional metalenses for the polarization-controlled generation of focalized vector beams in the telecom infrared

The availability of static tiny optical devices is mandatory to reduce the complexity of optical paths that typically use dynamic optical components and/or many standard elements for the generation of complex states of light, leading to unprecedented levels of miniaturization and compactness of optical systems. In particular, the design of flat and integrated optical elements capable of multiple vector beams generation with high resolution in the visible and infrared range is very attractive in many fields, from life science to information and communication technology. In this regard, we propose dual-functional transmission dielectric metalenses that act simultaneously on the dynamic and geometric phases in order to manipulate independently right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized states of light and generate focused vector beams in a compact and versatile way. In the specific, starting from the mathematical fundamentals for the compact generation of vector beams using dual-functional optical elements, we provide the numerical algorithms for the computation of metaoptics and apply those techniques to the design and fabrication of silicon metalenses which are able to generate and focus different vector beams in the telecom infrared, depending on the linear polarization state in input. This approach provides new integrated optics for applications in the fields of high-resolution microscopy, optical manipulation, and optical communications, both in the classical and single-photon regimes.

A Nitrogen Battery Electrode involving Eight‐Electron Transfer per Nitrogen for Energy Storage

AbstractRedox flow batteries have been discussed as scalable and simple stationary energy storage devices. However, currently developed systems encounter less competitive energy density and high costs, restricting their wider application. There is a lack of appropriate redox chemistry, preferably based on active materials that are abundant in nature and show high solubility in aqueous electrolytes. A nitrogen‐centered redox cycle operating between the limiting species ammonia and nitrate via an eight‐electron redox reaction stayed practically unnoticed, albeit its ubiquity in biological processes. Ammonia or nitrate are world‐scale chemicals with high aqueous solubility, and are then comparably safe. We demonstrate here the successful implementation of such a nitrogen‐based redox cycle between ammonia and nitrate with eight‐electron transfer as a catholyte for Zn‐based flow batteries, which continuously worked for 12.9 days with 930 charging‐discharging cycles. A very competitive energy density of 577 Wh L−1 can be reached, which is well above most reported flow batteries (e.g. 8 times the standard Zn‐bromide battery), demonstrating that the nitrogen cycle with eight‐electron transfer can offer promising cathodic redox chemistry for safe, affordable, and scalable high‐energy‐density storage devices.

A Nitrogen Battery Electrode involving Eight-Electron Transfer per Nitrogen for Energy Storage.

Redox flow batteries have been discussed as scalable and simple stationary energy storage devices. However, currently developed systems encounter less competitive energy density and high costs, restricting their wider application. There is a lack of appropriate redox chemistry, preferably based on active materials that are abundant in nature and show high solubility in aqueous electrolytes. A nitrogen-centered redox cycle operating between the limiting species ammonia and nitrate via an eight-electron redox reaction stayed practically unnoticed, albeit its ubiquity in biological processes. Ammonia or nitrate are world-scale chemicals with high aqueous solubility, and are then comparably safe. We demonstrate here the successful implementation of such a nitrogen-based redox cycle between ammonia and nitrate with eight-electron transfer as a catholyte for Zn-based flow batteries, which continuously worked for 12.9 days with 930 charging-discharging cycles. A very competitive energy density of 577 Wh L-1 can be reached, which is well above most reported flow batteries (e.g. 8 times the standard Zn-bromide battery), demonstrating that the nitrogen cycle with eight-electron transfer can offer promising cathodic redox chemistry for safe, affordable, and scalable high-energy-density storage devices.

Low-temperature NH3 abatement via selective oxidation over a supported copper catalyst with high Cu+ abundance

Selective catalytic NH3-to-N2 oxidation (NH3-SCO) is highly promising for abating NH3 emissions slipped from stationary flue gas after-treatment devices. Its practical application, however, is limited by the non-availability of low-cost catalysts with high activity and N2 selectivity. Here, using defect-rich nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNT-AW) as the support, we developed a highly active and durable copper-based NH3-SCO catalyst with a high abundance of cuprous (Cu+) sites. The obtained Cu/NCNT-AW catalyst demonstrated outstanding activity with a T50 (i.e. the temperature to reach 50% NH3 conversion) of 174°C in the NH3-SCO reaction, which outperformed not only the Cu catalyst supported on N-free O-functionalized CNTs (OCNTs) or NCNT with less surface defects, but also those most active Cu catalysts in open literature. Reaction kinetics measurements and temperature-programmed surface reactions using NH3 as a probe molecule revealed that the NH3-SCO reaction on Cu/NCNT-AW follows an internal selective catalytic reaction (i-SCR) route involving nitric oxide (NO) as a key intermediate. According to mechanistic investigations by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the superior NH3-SCO performance of Cu/NCNT-AW originated from a synergy of surface defects and N-dopants. Specifically, surface defects promoted the anchoring of CuO nanoparticles on N-containing sites and, thereby, enabled efficient electron transfer from N to CuO, increasing significantly the fraction of SCR-active Cu+ sites in the catalyst. This study puts forward a new idea for manipulating and utilizing the interplay of defects and N-dopants on carbon surfaces to fabricate Cu+-rich Cu catalysts for efficient abatement of slip NH3 emissions via selective oxidation.

Adjustable, Dynamic Subcortical Stimulation Technique for Brain Tumor Resection: A Case-Series.

Subcortical stimulation (SCS) is the gold standard neuromonitoring technique for intraoperative identification of descending white matter tracts. Dynamic SCS confers several advantages over more commonly used static devices; however, current commercially available devices for dynamic SCS have not been widely adopted. We fashioned a dynamic SCS device using a stainless-steel suction and commonly available materials and assessed its efficacy in a series of 14 patients with brain tumors. The device was used to provide continuous SCS during tumor resection. Preoperative and postoperative motor function were characterized, and preoperative and postoperative imaging were analyzed to determine extent of tumor resection and proximity to motor-eloquent structures. Inferential statistics were used to correlate study parameters. Fourteen patients (12 male and 2 female, median age 52.5 years) were analyzed. The lowest intraoperative SCS intensities were 10 to 15 mA (3 surgeries), 5 to 10 mA (4 surgeries), and <5 mA (2 surgeries). SCS with this device did not elicit motor evoked potentials in 5 surgeries because of distance from the corticospinal tract (CST) and served as negative controls. Three patients (21.4%) experienced new postoperative motor deficits immediately after surgery that resolved by discharge. We observed no instances of mechanical CST injury resulting in permanent postoperative motor deficits using this technique and no correlation between lower SCS intensity and the presence of new motor impairments after surgery. No patient experienced an intraoperative seizure. The novel dynamic SCS device is easily adoptable and allows accurate intraoperative identification of the CST, facilitating safe resection of tumors near motor-eloquent structures.

Room-temperature multiferroic properties of Ni-doped PbTiO3 nanocrystals

Functional oxide materials and their interfaces have attained fascinating physical properties persuaded by the interaction of lattice vibration, charge, orbital, and spin degrees of freedom. The control of the material structure at the atomic scale by precise growth conditions of these oxide interfaces opens a new pathway to control the associated properties in nanoelectronics and random-access memory devices. Herein, we investigated tetragonal Ni-doped lead titanate (PTO) nanocrystals' structural, electrical and magnetic control properties. The atomic-scale structural and elemental investigation reveals the polarizations interface and the spin orientation of atoms, with interfacial structural parameter information, and the Ti/Ni/O ion displacement shows polarization configuration. The electric and magnetic control measurements clearly show the picture of the ferromagnetic and ferroelectric loop for Ni-doped PTO, which was further confirmed by using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The spin-lattice coupling interaction persuaded by magnetic ions in the ferroelectric host material has been observed to turn it into a multiferroic. This well-maintained structure of PTO, with the introduction of magnetic ions that couple multiferroic properties, makes the new route for future static and random memory devices.

Tunable nonlocal metasurfaces based on graphene for analogue optical computation

Meta-optical devices have recently emerged as ultra-compact candidates for real-time computation in the spatial domain. The use of meta-optics for applications in image processing and wavefront sensing could enable an order of magnitude increase in processing speed and data throughput, while simultaneously drastically reducing the footprint of currently available solutions to enable miniaturisation. Most research to date has focused on static devices that can perform a single operation. Dynamically tunable devices, however, offer increased versatility. Here we propose graphene covered subwavelength silicon carbide gratings as electrically tunable optical computation and image processing devices at mid-infrared wavelengths.

Effect of Arthrodesis Device Type and Trajectory on Subtalar Joint Compression

The use of subtalar arthrodesis procedures has been widely implemented to relieve hindfoot issues after failure of conservative treatments; however, fusion failures persist in some patients with certain risk factors. Currently, surgeons utilize cannulated screws in these arthrodesis procedures to immobilize the subtalar joint. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated improved fusion outcomes in at-risk patients using sustained dynamic compression devices in the tibiotalocalcaneal complex. These devices utilize pseudoelastic nitinol which enables sustained dynamic compression when faced with postoperative bone resorption, joint settling, and bone relaxation. While the clinical success of these devices has been established in the tibiotalocalcaneal complex, the ability of sustained dynamic compression devices to apply joint compression in the subtalar joint has not been quantified. As such, the goals of this study were to (1) compare the ability of static compression devices and sustained dynamic compression devices to apply joint compression and (2) assess the impact of device trajectory on joint compression. A custom mechanical testing fixture was utilized to test the compression applied across the subtalar joint by one sustained dynamic compression device (in anterior and posterior trajectories) as compared to two cannulated screws (in both parallel and diverging trajectories). Testing revealed the sustained dynamic compression devices generated 53% greater compression as compared to the static compression devices, despite single versus dual device usage, respectively. Additionally, both types of devices applied joint compression forces in an insertion trajectory-independent manner. These data illustrate the ability of a single SDC device to maintain significantly improved joint compressive forces as compared to two static cannulated screws, regardless of insertion trajectory. These SDC devices may be of particular interest for at risk patients or in revision cases.

Construction of an Artificial Interfacial Layer with Porous Structure toward Stable Zinc‐Metal Anodes

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries possess great potential in stationary energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the occurrence of zinc dendrite growth and hydrogen evolution reaction severely hinders the utilization efficiency and service life of zinc‐metal anodes. Herein, an in situ etching strategy is proposed to construct an interfacial layer with porous structure on the surface of zinc foil under the assistance of tartaric acid (denoted as TA@Zn). The optimized anode surface is beneficial to not only achieve uniform Zn deposition behavior due to the low nucleation overpotential, but also enhance the interfacial reaction kinetics due to the reduced activation energy barrier. As expected, the TA@Zn‐based symmetric cell delivers small voltage hysteresis and superior stability for 5000 h at the current density of 1 mA cm−2. Moreover, the TA@Zn|NH4V4O10cell also exhibits high specific capacity and long‐term cycling stability.

Numerical evaluation of urea-mixing devices for close-coupled selective catalytic reduction systems

The following research presents a numerical evaluation of existing and conceptual urea-mixing devices used in close-coupled (to the engine) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. The analysis was aimed at the assessment of urea-mixing devices that could considerably enhance the reduction of nitrogen oxides from the diesel-engine combustion process under a wide range of operating conditions, including cold starts. The analysis showed that replacing blade-equipped static mixers with perforated stationary mixing devices may provide a more uniform spatial distribution of ammonia at the inlet to the SCR catalyst and reduce pressure drops generated by mixing devices. Moreover, the conceptual mixing devices, based on combinations of the blade and perforated mixers to develop intensive turbulence, enabled the increase of the mixing length leading to effective decomposition of the urea-water solution (UWS), and provided uniform spatial distribution of ammonia, even for the small-sized mixing systems. However, the intensive mixing was often associated with a significant rise in the pressure drop.

Клінічний досвід застосування стандартизованого національного протоколу УЗД легень у дітей для скринінгових обстежень в амбулаторних умовах та умовах відділень інтенсивної терапії

The article highlights the use of ultrasound diagnostics (US) of the lungs for screening examination of paediatric patients, as it allows for a quick differential diagnosis, a comprehensive assessment of the course of the disease, especially in doubtful cases, a reduction in the time required for examination of patients, and timely adjustment of treatment. Screening ultrasound, combined with physical examination methods, is a kind of «sonographic stethoscope», the use of which simplifies, shortens and improves the diagnostic process and the choice of treatment tactics. Purpose - to prove the feasibility of using a standardised lung ultrasound protocol for screening paediatric patients with symptoms of respiratory system disorders in outpatient and day hospital settings. Materials and methods. The study involved 137 patients aged 4 months to 12 years old. The data of clinical picture, physical and laboratory examinations, computed tomography and lung radiography, semiotics of lung lesions were analysed. For the study, we used stationary ultrasound devices of high and expert class «Samsung» (South Korea), «Mindray» (China), «GE» (USA), which are equipped at the Kinder Clinic, Kyiv, and the National Specialised Children’s Hospital «OKHMATDYT», Kyiv. For paediatric age, a 4-12 mHz linear sensor was mostly used. Results. A total of 137 patients aged 4 months to 12 years were examined. Pneumonia was confirmed in 52 (38%) patients. Of the 137 patients, the polymerase chain reaction test was positive for COVID-19 in 11 (8%) cases and for influenza A in 3 (2.2%) cases. No signs of pneumonia were noted in 85 (62%) children, but 59 (69.4%) of the 85 patients had interstitial syndrome at the B+ and B++ levels, especially expressed in loci I-IV-VII. In the remaining 26 (30.6%) patients, lung ultrasound did not reveal any changes that would indicate disease. They also did not have clear clinical manifestations of acute respiratory viral infection. Separately, we analysed 7 doubtful cases (5.1% of the total) with no or one of the listed diagnostic criteria. Conclusions. This method is recommended for effective lung screening as an «ultrasound stethoscope» for paediatric patients to detect lung pathology, in particular, in the case of latent disease, and to reduce radiation exposure. It is a priority for dynamic monitoring of the course of the disease and the effectiveness of therapeutic tactics. This diagnostic method is affordable and effective for use by doctors of various specialties. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of all participating institutions. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Capabilities of the portable perimeter in the examination of visual field of bedridden patients (preliminary results)

PURPOSE. To study the capabilities of perimetry in patients who are physically unable to take and maintain the correct position at the stationary perimeter during the time required for examination.METHODS. The study examined 40 eyes (34 patients) with stage II–III glaucoma using the portable perimeter (PP) with patients in the sitting and lying positions. Screening perimetry with Humphrey Visual Field (HFA-II) performed in patients in the sitting position was used as control. In all cases, perimeter strategy of 30-2 was used involving presentation of 76 light stimuli in the zone of 30° from the gaze fixation point. To be able to compare the results obtained on HFA-II in the sitting position and on PP in the lying position, the results obtained with the help of PP in the sitting position were used as the "gateway group" (logical link).RESULTS. Comparison of the results obtained using the above-mentioned approaches revealed good visual comparability of perimeter maps with small individual deviations that require more detailed analysis on more clinical data using statistical and mathematical methods, which is a subject of further research. In that case, it will be necessary to take into account the presence of an orthostatic factor affecting intraocular blood flow at different positions of the patient.CONCLUSION. Portable perimetry is an effective method for examining the visual field of low-mobility and bedridden patients who are physically unable to undergo a perimetry examination on stationary devices.

Power Quality Improvement in Multifeeder Using MC-UPQC

Power Quality (PQ) issues have been a major concern as there is increased load demand and usage of variety of nonlinear loads. The innovation of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices is a great way of solving PQ issues. Many devices like UPFC, D-STATCOM, and TCPST are emerging and are widely used for PQ improvement. In this paper, the Multi Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioning (MC-UPQC) System will be used for improving PQ in multi-bus systems. The system of MC-UPQC contains one shunt and two series Voltage Source Converter (VSCs). The conventional methodology contains one shunt and one series static devices. In the proposed methodology, two series VSCs will be used for further reduction of overall THD value. The simulation results of a reduction in THD and an improvement in PQ are compared with and without the proposed using MATLAB. Keywords—PQ, MC-UPQC, series VSC, shunt VSC, MATLAB.

Економічний аналіз технологій акумулювання електричної енергії

The use of cost-effective large-scale electrical energy storage systems is necessary for the reliability of the power system due to the rapid growth of its production by powerful renewable energy sources. The article examines stationary electric energy storage devices, namely: sodium-sulfur; lead-acid; lithium-ion; nickel-cadmium; vanadium reduction, polysulfide-bromine and zinc-bromine flow batteries; supercapacitors; superconducting magnetic energy. Information from open sources on technologies of electric energy storage has been analyzed. As a criterion of optimality in world practice, the weighted average cost of electric energy for the life cycle is used, which ensures the self-sufficiency of the source of its production or accumulation for the entire cycle of its existence. A comparison of modern technical and economic indicators of various electrical energy storage technologies is made. Calculated average cost of electrical energy storage over the life cycle (LCOS) of various storage devices. It was determined that supercapacitors and superconductors of magnetic energy have the lowest cost of storage, and lithium-ion ones have the highest. Therefore, to minimize short-term power fluctuations in power systems, superconducting magnetic and supercapacitor storage devices are preferable. They have a lower cost of electric energy storage, short response time and high specific power.

Workplace Exposure Measurements of Emission from Industrial 3D Printing.

Particle and gaseous contaminants from industrial scale additive manufacturing (AM) machines were studied in three different work environments. Workplaces utilized powder bed fusion, material extrusion, and binder jetting techniques with metal and polymer powders, polymer filaments, and gypsum powder, respectively. The AM processes were studied from operator's point of view to identify exposure events and possible safety risks. Total number of particle concentrations were measured in the range of 10 nm to 300 nm from operator's breathing zone using portable devices and in the range of 2.5 nm to 10 µm from close vicinity of the AM machines using stationary measurement devices. Gas-phase compounds were measured with photoionization, electrochemical sensors, and an active air sampling method which were eventually followed by laboratory analyses. The duration of the measurements varied from 3 to 5 days during which the manufacturing processes were practically continuous. We identified several work phases in which an operator can potentially be exposed by inhalation (pulmonary exposure) to airborne emissions. A skin exposure was also identified as a potential risk factor based on the observations made on work tasks related to the AM process. The results confirmed that nanosized particles were present in the breathing air of the workspace when the ventilation of the AM machine was inadequate. Metal powders were not measured from the workstation air thanks to the closed system and suitable risk control procedures. Still, handling of metal powders and AM materials that can act as skin irritants such as epoxy resins were found to pose a potential risk for workers. This emphasizes the importance of appropriate control measures for ventilation and material handling that should be addressed in AM operations and environment.

The effect of expandable versus static lordotic interbody implants in minimally invasive spine surgery: patient reported outcomes, sagittal alignment, and restoration of disc height and foraminal height.

Pain and disability due to age-related spinal disorders are increasing due to a more active population placing greater demands on their musculoskeletal system. For patients requiring surgery, spinal fusion is typically indicated. Interbody fusion cages improve fusion rates and restore lordosis, disc height, and foraminal height. Static cages are offered in multiple conformations to account for anatomic variability; however, they have issues related to implant subsidence and loss of lordosis. Expandable cages were developed to address these drawbacks. Patients treated with either static or expandable transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion devices (ProLift® Expandable Spacer System) for the treatment of spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, disc herniation, or degenerative scoliosis at L4-L5 or L5-S1 were chosen from retrospective data. Outcomes included radiographic and spinopelvic changes, patient-reported outcomes, and incidence of non-union and revision surgery. One hundred patients were included (Static: 50; Expandable: 50). Demographics between groups were similar, with some differences in comorbidities and spinal disease diagnosis. Radiographically, changes in disc height, foraminal height, and lordosis were significantly improved in the Expandable group up to 2 years (P<0.001). Improvements in patient reported outcomes were more favorable in the Expandable group. In patients who underwent transforaminal lumbar spinal fusion via minimally invasive surgery, the Expandable device group demonstrated significantly improved radiographic and patient reported outcomes compared to a static cage over 2 years.

Precise realtime current consumption measurement in IoT TestBed

Background: The Internet of Things, similar to wireless sensor networks, has been integrated into daily life of almost everyone. These wearable, stationary, or mobile devices are in multiple locations, collecting data or monitoring and executing certain tasks. Some can monitor environmental values and interact with the environment, while others are used for data collection, entertainment, or even life-saving. To achieve the wireless part of the system, the majority of sensor nodes are designed to be battery-powered. While battery power has become increasingly ubiquitous, it tends to increase the global carbon footprint of electronic devices. This issue can be mitigated by employing some form of energy harvesting so that batteries can be refilled and the gadget lasts longer, but this does not alter the reality that batteries are still used and eventually discarded. Methods: In this paper, the authors emphasise the significance of power consumption in battery powered devices. To be able to monitor devices power consumption, one of the measurable parameters is current. When users know the exact current consumption, they can decrease it by polishing the program or tweaking the duty cycle, making radio transmit less data or less frequently, thus decreasing overall power draw. Results: In order to simplify current consumption monitoring, the authors have developed a testbed facility that provides real-time current consumption measurements, which may be used to enhance the duty cycle and battery life of the aforementioned devices. Conclusions: While minimising total current consumption is a great way to extend the battery life and, thus, the carbon footprint, the primary culprit in the Internet of Things is the radio communications. This transmission is the primary source of current consumption. By determining the exact amount of current drawn during transmission and adjusting it, users can significantly extend battery life.