States Of Others Research Articles

Дослідження взаємного впливу між каналами управління квадрокоптером за рахунок малої приводності БПЛА

The subject of study in this article is the processes of controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of the quadcopter type. A quadcopter is a special case of a multicopter built according to the helicopter scheme, which has four main rotors. Such aircraft are widely used for many purposes, both civilian and military: from video recording of any phenomena to performing aerial reconnaissance of inaccessible territories, adjusting artillery weapons. The quadcopter belongs to the class of mechanical systems with low driveability, as the number of its drives (four propeller motors) is less than the number of degrees of freedom (six degrees). This is significantly different from the control of an aircraft-type UAV, where each degree of freedom is controlled by its own actuator. The low driveability of the quadcopter imposes its own peculiarities during its control. For example, the horizontal movement of the quadcopter in a given direction is accomplished by tilting the quadcopter in that direction by influencing certain propeller motors. Thus, when demanding the execution of the simplest movement of the device (movement along the linear X coordinate), at least three coordinates are controlled by the executive motors of the quadcopter: the formation of a lifting force to control the hovering of the UAV at a certain height, the change of the angle of inclination of the quadcopter according to the pitch angle, and the direct control of the movement speed of the quadcopter. Simultaneously, this influence induces the emergence of movement conditions along other coordinates. The research method involves constructing a mathematical model of a quadcopter based on the known equations of UAV motion. Several methods and algorithms of quadrocopter control are known, in this work, PID coordinate controllers are used. The Matlab Simulink dynamic simulation environment was used to build the mathematical model. In the process of studying the mutual influence in the process of controlling coordinates, the influence of controlling one coordinate in the static state of others (not necessarily at rest, but also in the state of movement) was revealed. Further, the mutual influence between the degrees of freedom during simultaneous control of at least two coordinates is considered (for example, control of pitch angle and yaw angle, height change with simultaneous braking along one of the linear coordinates). Conclusions. Studies have confirmed the existence of mutual influences, although in most cases such influence is manifested by a slight deterioration in the quality of transient processes along the adjustable coordinates. Only the change of the Euler angles when changing the height significantly worsens the quality of transient processes, which must be considered when designing control systems or recording algorithms of movement by coordinates.

Mentalizing strategies for navigating the social world in adolescence

AbstractMentalizing—the ability to represent or infer the mental states of others—continues to develop into and throughout adolescence. Increased mentalizing sophistication during adolescence is thought to support the navigation of increasingly complex social relationships and contexts. However, developmental science has yet to aggregate the seemingly disparate findings from research relating mentalizing to functional outcomes, such as internalizing mental health concerns, into clear and comprehensive theories that explain individual variability during adolescence. In this review, we describe approaches that have been used to measure mentalizing during adolescence and propose a methodological framework to measure mentalizing as a multi‐dimensional process that continues to develop as a response to the environment during adolescence.

Pengaruh Keterlibatan Ayah (Father Involvement) Terhadap Empati Pada Remaja Yang Memiliki Saudara Kandung Autisme (Siblings With Autism)

Empathy is the ability to understand the emotional state of others which makes it easier for teenagers to understand and accept the situation of their autistic siblings, improve relationships and minimize conflict. This study aims to determine the role of father involvement on empathy in adolescents who have autistic siblings. A total of 88 adolescents who have siblings with autism were taken using the snowball sampling technique. There were two scales, father involvement scale (35 items) and Basic Empathy Scale (20 items. By using simple regression analysis techniques, the results showed R2 = 0.564 with a value of T = 10.538 with p = 0.000 (p 0.01), means there is a significant positive correlation between father involvement and empathy in adolescents who have siblings with autism. This research underlines the importance of father involvement to develop empathy for sibling interaction, particularly they who have autism sibling.Keywords: Father's Involvement, Empathy, Sibling with autism.

1.14 Gender and Conduct Problem Severity Are Associated With Physiological Arousal and Emotion Recognition in Children Exposed to Peer Distress Cues

1.14 Gender and Conduct Problem Severity Are Associated With Physiological Arousal and Emotion Recognition in Children Exposed to Peer Distress Cues

НАСКРІЗНІ УМІННЯ ПРИТАМАННІ КЛЮЧОВИМ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЯМ: УМОВИ ТА ШЛЯХИ ФОРМУВАННЯ НА УРОКАХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the conditions and ways of forming end-to-end skills that are inherent in all key competencies of those acquiring education in technology classes (on-the-job training). The theoretical basis of the research was the study of the pedagogical experience and the general European principles of building educational standards and national state standards, in particular the State Standard of Primary Education (2018) and the State Standard of Basic Secondary Education (2020) of Ukraine. These documents are based on the competency approach, learning outcomes, and cross-cutting skills common to all competencies. According to the authors, soft skills are consistent with the formulation of cross-cutting skills of the State Standard, which are inherent in all key competencies. Such cross-cutting skills include: reading with understanding; expressing one's own opinion orally and in writing; thinking critically and systematically; logically justifying the position; acting creatively, which involves creative thinking; production of new ideas; showing initiative; constructively managing emotions, which consists of the ability to recognize one's own emotions and the emotional state of others; assess risks; make a decision; solve problems; cooperate with others. The authors considered in detail the potential opportunities of the technological educational field and the technology subject of the same name in the formation of cross-cutting skills inherent in all the key competencies of the New Ukrainian School. Characterization of skills was carried out by taking into account the peculiarities of the subject of technology, the use of project and interactive technologies, and the corresponding methodological features of the work of a teacher of labor training and technologies. It is noted that each comprehensive skill needs separate attention and research in order to develop a special methodology for its formation in male and female students. The authors recommend developing a system of special tasks based on interactive exercises in combination with students' project activities, which for labor training (technology) lessons have established design stages.

Four-year-olds adapt their deception to the epistemic states of others

The study tested whether young children adapt their deceptive communication spontaneously to the subjective representations of a recipient, and how this relates to passing the explicit standard false belief task. Four-year-olds ( n = 65) participated in an interaction-based paradigm, in which a confederate hid a toy in one of two boxes and then changed its location. A competitor tried to steal the toy. He was either ignorant about the toy’s location or held a true belief or a false belief about it. Children withheld information from the competitor by remaining silent more often in the false belief condition than in the true belief and in the ignorance conditions. Only children who passed the explicit false belief task, but not children who failed it, lied more often in the true belief than in the false belief condition by referring the competitor to the empty box. This finding suggests that 4-year-olds use the same understanding of subjective representations in practical spontaneous communication and in elicited explicit reasoning. • 4-year-olds adapted their communication to the mental state of a competitor. • They withheld information more often when he held false belief than a true belief. • Adaptive lying was only present in children who passed the explicit false belief task. • Children used a common understanding for spontaneous lying and explicit reasoning.

Shared consciousness and asymmetry

It is widely held that there is an asymmetry between our access to our minds and our access to others’ minds. Philosophers in the literature tend to focus on the asymmetry between our access to our mental states and our access to those mental states of others that are not shared by us. What if a mental state can have multiple subjects? Is there still an asymmetry between our access to our mental states and our access to those mental states of others that are also ours? In this paper, I discuss the implications of a case of shared consciousness—the case of the Hogan twins—for asymmetry. I start by clarifying the notion of asymmetry. Here I develop a characterization of asymmetry and argue that it is preferable to the standard approaches in the literature. I then present the twins’ case and argue that it does not threaten asymmetry. I close by drawing some lessons.

Systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between theory of mind and alcohol problems in non-clinical samples.

Deficits in theory of mind (ToM) found in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are often thought to result from prolonged heavy alcohol use. However, links between deficits in ToM and greater alcohol problems are often also present in non-clinical samples (e.g., adolescents and young adults) who may not have a similar long-lasting history of alcohol consumption as individuals with AUD. The current study is the first to systematically review and meta-analyze results from studies examining associations between lower ToM and greater alcohol problems in non-clinical samples. Evidence of reliable associations in these non-clinical samples would support the idea that deficits in ToM might also precede the emergence of AUD. PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched according to our preregistered International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) protocol (CRD42021225392) and following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. We systematically reviewed sample characteristics and ToM measures in identified articles. We then meta-analyzed the findings of association between ToM and alcohol problems in non-clinical samples using random effects models. Nearly all studies used a measure of ToM that assessed the ability to infer the mental states of others based on eye region cues. Meta-analytic results demonstrated that lower ToM was associated with more alcohol problems (r=-0.16, k=6, CI=[-0.26, -0.04], p < 0.01, Q=15.55, I2 = 67.85), and there was significant heterogeneity across studies. Gender (ß=0.0003, CI=[-0.006, 0.007], z=0.09, p=0.93), age (ß=-0.008, CI=[-0.03, 0.01], z=-0.82, p=0.42), and study quality (ß=-0.10, CI=[-0.35, 0.15], z=-0.82, p=0.41) did not explain the heterogeneity. In non-clinical samples, lower ToM is associated with more alcohol problems, indicative of a small effect size. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore whether socio-cognitive deficits may also serve as a risk factor for alcohol misuse.

I Am Bold, and Do Not Care for Social Norms: The Role of Faux Pas Recognition in the Relation Between Psychopathy and Aggression

ABSTRACT Psychopathy is found to be associated with aggression. However, the role of “understanding the mental states of others” in this relation is not clearly understood yet. The current study aimed to increase our understanding of a specific ability of understanding the mental state of others, namely recognizing a faux pas, and understand the relation of this “social misstep” in self-reported aggressive behavior. The sample consisted of 105 individuals from the community (both males and females) who were tested with the Faux Pas test and several self-report questionnaires assessing triarchic psychopathic personality traits and aggression. We found a positive relationship between the triarchic constructs and self-reported proactive and reactive aggression. Additionally, although all psychopathy constructs were negatively related to self-reported empathy, only the boldness trait was negatively associated with faux pas recognition. No mediation effect of faux pas on the relation between psychopathy and aggression was found. Current findings underline the importance of differentiating different Theory of Mind and empathic abilities in relation to psychopathy and aggression, which is essential to develop effective interventions.

Theory of mind profile and cerebellar alterations in remitted bipolar disorder 1 and 2: a comparison study.

The literature on social cognition abilities in bipolar disorder (BD) is controversial about the occurrence of theory of mind (ToM) alterations. In addition to other cerebral structures, such as the frontal and limbic areas, the processing of socially relevant stimuli has also been attributed to the cerebellum, which has been demonstrated to be involved in the above-mentioned disorder. Nevertheless, the cerebellar contribution to ToM deficits in bipolar patients needs to be elucidated further. To this aim, two tests assessing different components of ToM were used to evaluate the ability to appreciate affective and mental states of others in 17 individuals with a diagnosis of BD type 1 (BD1) and 13 with BD type 2 (BD2), both in the euthymic phase, compared to healthy matched controls. Cerebellar gray matter (GM) volumes were extracted and compared between BD1 and controls and BD2 and controls by using voxel-based morphometry. The results showed that BD1 patients were compromised in the cognitive and advanced components of ToM, while the BD2 ToM profile resulted in a more widespread compromise, also involving affective and automatic components. Both overlapping and differing areas of cerebellar GM reduction were found. The two groups of patients presented a pattern of GM reduction in cerebellar portions that are known to be involved in the affective and social domains, such as the vermis and Crus I and Crus II. Interestingly, in both BD1 and BD2, positive correlations were detected between lower ToM scores and decreased volumes in the cerebellum. Overall, BD2 patients showed a more compromised ToM profile and greater cerebellar impairment than BD1 patients. The different patterns of structural abnormalities may account for the different ToM performances evidenced, thus leading to divergent profiles between BD1 and BD2.

White matter pathways associated with empathy in females: A DTI investigation

Empathy is a component of social cognition that allows us to understand, perceive, experience, and respond to the emotional state of others. In this study, we seek to build on previous research that suggests that sex and hormone levels may impact white matter microstructure. These white matter microstructural differences may influence social cognition. We examine the fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter pathways associated with the complex human process of empathy in healthy young adult females during the self-reported luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. We used tract-based spatial statistics to perform statistical comparisons of FA and conducted multiple linear regression analysis to examine the strength of association between white matter FA and scores on the Empathy Quotient (EQ), a self-report questionnaire in which individuals report how much they agree or disagree with 60 statements pertaining to their empathic tendencies. Results identified a significant negative relationship between EQ scores and FA within five clusters of white matter: in the left forceps minor/body of the corpus callosum, left corticospinal tract, intraparietal sulcus/primary somatosensory cortex, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus/forceps minor. These consistent findings across clusters suggest that lower self-reported empathy is related to higher FA across healthy young females in specific white matter regions during the menstrual luteal phase. Future research should seek to examine if self-reported empathy varies across the menstrual cycle, using blood samples to confirm cycle phase and hormone levels.

A narrative sequencing and mentalizing training for adults with autism: A pilot study.

Adults diagnosed with autism experience difficulties with understanding the mental states of others, or themselves (mentalizing) and with adequately sequencing personal stories (narrative coherence). Given that the posterior cerebellum is implicated in both skills, as well as in the etiology of autism, we developed a narrative sequencing and mentalizing training for autistic adults. Participants with an official autism diagnosis were randomly assigned to a Training group (n = 17) or a waiting-list Control group (n = 15). The Training group took part in six weekly sessions in groups of three participants lasting each about 60 min. During training, participants had to (re)tell stories from the perspective of the original storyteller and answer questions that required mentalizing. We found significant improvements in mentalizing about others’ beliefs and in narrative coherence for the Training group compared to the Control group immediately after the training compared to before the training. Almost all participants from the Training group expressed beneficial effects of the training on their mood and half of the participants reported positive effects on their self-confidence in social situations. All participants recommended the current training to others. Results are discussed in light of cerebellar theories on sequencing of social actions during mentalizing. Further improvements to the program are suggested. Our results highlight the potential clinical utility of adopting a neuroscience-informed approach to developing novel therapeutic interventions for autistic populations.

Evidence of Audience Design in Amnesia: Adaptation in Gesture but Not Speech.

Speakers design communication for their audience, providing more information in both speech and gesture when their listener is naïve to the topic. We test whether the hippocampal declarative memory system contributes to multimodal audience design. The hippocampus, while traditionally linked to episodic and relational memory, has also been linked to the ability to imagine the mental states of others and use language flexibly. We examined the speech and gesture use of four patients with hippocampal amnesia when describing how to complete everyday tasks (e.g., how to tie a shoe) to an imagined child listener and an adult listener. Although patients with amnesia did not increase their total number of words and instructional steps for the child listener, they did produce representational gestures at significantly higher rates for the imagined child compared to the adult listener. They also gestured at similar frequencies to neurotypical peers, suggesting that hand gesture can be a meaningful communicative resource, even in the case of severe declarative memory impairment. We discuss the contributions of multiple memory systems to multimodal audience design and the potential of gesture to act as a window into the social cognitive processes of individuals with neurologic disorders.

The relationship between theory of mind and executive functions in major depressive disorders: A review.

Patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) experience difficulties in multiple cognitive and affective abilities. A large body of literature has argued that MDD patients show impaired executive functions (EFs) and deficits in theory of mind (ToM), the ability to infer the mental states of others. However, the relationship between ToM and EFs has been poorly investigated. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of studies that evaluated the association between ToM and EFs in patients with MDD diagnosis. A literature review was conducted to identify all published studies in which ToM and EFs measures were administered to individuals with MDD and in which the relationship between these two domains was investigated. Eleven studies were included, and for each study, we discussed the findings related to ToM, EFs, and the nature of the link between these two aspects. Most of the studies reported that patients with MDD, compared with healthy controls, showed significant impairments in both ToM and EFs abilities. Moreover, this review indicates the presence of a significant association between these two domains in MDD patients, supporting the evidences that executive functioning is important to perform ToM tasks. Although the results that emerged are interesting, the relationship between ToM and EFs in MDD needs further investigation.

The basolateral amygdala to posterior insular cortex tract is necessary for social interaction with stressed juvenile rats

Vocalizations, chemosignals, and behaviors are influenced by one’s internal affective state and are used by others to shape social behaviors. A network of interconnected brain structures, often called the social behavior network or social decision-making network, integrates these stimuli and coordinates social behaviors, and in-network connectivity deficits underlie several psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Here, we investigated the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and its projections to the posterior insular cortex, regions independently implicated in a range of sociocognitive processes, in a social affective preference (SAP) test. Viral vectors containing the gene coding for inhibitory chemogenetic receptors (AAV5-hSyn-hM4Di-mCherry) were injected into the BLA. SAP tests, which allow for the observation of unconditioned behavioral responses to the affective states of others, were conducted after inhibition of the BLA by systemic administration of the hM4Di agonist clozapine-n-oxide (CNO), or inhibition of BLA-insula terminals by direct infusion of CNO to the insula. After vehicle infusions, rats displayed preference for interactions with stressed juvenile conspecifics. However, CNO treatment eliminated preference behavior. The current results suggest that social decision making involves the transfer of emotional information from the BLA to the insula which represents a previously unrecognized anatomical substrate for social cognition.

Emotional contagion and prosocial behavior in rodents.

Empathy is critical to adjusting our behavior to the state of others. The past decade dramatically deepened our understanding of the biological origin of this capacity. We now understand that rodents robustly show emotional contagion for the distress of others via neural structures homologous to those involved in human empathy. Their propensity to approach others in distress strengthens this effect. Although rodents can also learn to favor behaviors that benefit others via structures overlapping with those of emotional contagion, they do so less reliably and more selectively. Together, this suggests evolution selected mechanisms for emotional contagion to prepare animals for dangers by using others as sentinels. Such shared emotions additionally can, under certain circumstances, promote prosocial behavior.

Attentional influences on neural processing of biological motion in typically developing children and those on the autism spectrum

BackgroundBiological motion imparts rich information related to the movement, actions, intentions and affective state of others, which can provide foundational support for various aspects of social cognition and behavior. Given that atypical social communication and cognition are hallmark symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), many have theorized that a potential source of this deficit may lie in dysfunctional neural mechanisms of biological motion processing. Synthesis of existing literature provides some support for biological motion processing deficits in autism spectrum disorder, although high study heterogeneity and inconsistent findings complicate interpretation. Here, we attempted to reconcile some of this residual controversy by investigating a possible modulating role for attention in biological motion processing in ASD.MethodsWe employed high-density electroencephalographic recordings while participants observed point-light displays of upright, inverted and scrambled biological motion under two task conditions to explore spatiotemporal dynamics of intentional and unintentional biological motion processing in children and adolescents with ASD (n = 27), comparing them to a control cohort of neurotypical (NT) participants (n = 35).ResultsBehaviorally, ASD participants were able to discriminate biological motion with similar accuracy to NT controls. However, electrophysiologic investigation revealed reduced automatic selective processing of upright biologic versus scrambled motion stimuli in ASD relative to NT individuals, which was ameliorated when task demands required explicit attention to biological motion. Additionally, we observed distinctive patterns of covariance between visual potentials evoked by biological motion and functional social ability, such that Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-Socialization domain scores were differentially associated with biological motion processing in the N1 period in the ASD but not the NT group.LimitationsThe cross-sectional design of this study does not allow us to definitively answer the question of whether developmental differences in attention to biological motion cause disruption in social communication, and the sample was limited to children with average or above cognitive ability.ConclusionsTogether, these data suggest that individuals with ASD are able to discriminate, with explicit attention, biological from non-biological motion but demonstrate diminished automatic neural specificity for biological motion processing, which may have cascading implications for the development of higher-order social cognition.

Transparent masks reduce the negative impact of opaque masks on understanding emotional states but not on sharing them

While face masks provide necessary protection against disease spread, they occlude the lower face parts (chin, mouth, nose) and consequently impair the ability to accurately perceive facial emotions. Here we examined how wearing face masks impacted making inferences about emotional states of others (i.e., affective theory of mind; Experiment 1) and sharing of emotions with others (i.e., affective empathy; Experiment 2). We also investigated whether wearing transparent masks ameliorated the occlusion impact of opaque masks. Participants viewed emotional faces presented within matching positive (happy), negative (sad), or neutral contexts. The faces wore opaque masks, transparent masks, or no masks. In Experiment 1, participants rated the protagonists’ emotional valence and intensity. In Experiment 2, they indicated their empathy for the protagonist and the valence of their emotion. Wearing opaque masks impacted both affective theory of mind and affective empathy ratings. Compared to no masks, wearing opaque masks resulted in assumptions that the protagonist was feeling less intense and more neutral emotions. Wearing opaque masks also reduced positive empathy for the protagonist and resulted in more neutral shared valence ratings. Wearing transparent masks restored the affective theory of mind ratings but did not restore empathy ratings. Thus, wearing face masks impairs nonverbal social communication, with transparent masks able to restore some of the negative effects brought about by opaque masks. Implications for the theoretical understanding of socioemotional processing as well as for educational and professional settings are discussed.

The Relationship between Empathy and Altruism in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The objective of the current research study was to investigate the relationship between empathy and self-compassion and altruism in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and intellectual and developmental disabilities. Method: by convenience sampling, 161 participants were selected. The short form self-compassion, empathy and altruism inventories were implemented. Results: The Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis revealed that there was a direct relationship between empath, self-compassion and altruism. Conclusion: Empathy is a complex capability which enables individuals to understand the emotional states of others, and results in compassionate behaviour. Empathy requires cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and moral capacities to understand and respond to others' suffering. Compassion is a proper response to the perception of others’ suffering. In addition, compassion cannot exist without empathy; they are part of the same perception and response continuum which moves human beings from observation to action. It seems that maternal care, together with the hope that a child with intellectual and developmental disabilities lives independently, provides the necessary grounds for empathy, self-compassion and altruism.

Therapeutic Alliance as Active Inference: The Role of Therapeutic Touch and Biobehavioural Synchrony in Musculoskeletal Care.

Touch is recognised as crucial for survival, fostering cooperative communication, accelerating recovery, reducing hospital stays, and promoting overall wellness and the therapeutic alliance. In this hypothesis and theory paper, we present an entwined model that combines touch for alignment and active inference to explain how the brain develops “priors” necessary for the health care provider to engage with the patient effectively. We appeal to active inference to explain the empirically integrative neurophysiological and behavioural mechanisms that underwrite synchronous relationships through touch. Specifically, we offer a formal framework for understanding – and explaining – the role of therapeutic touch and hands-on care in developing a therapeutic alliance and synchrony between health care providers and their patients in musculoskeletal care. We first review the crucial importance of therapeutic touch and its clinical role in facilitating the formation of a solid therapeutic alliance and in regulating allostasis. We then consider how touch is used clinically – to promote cooperative communication, demonstrate empathy, overcome uncertainty, and infer the mental states of others – through the lens of active inference. We conclude that touch plays a crucial role in achieving successful clinical outcomes and adapting previous priors to create intertwined beliefs. The ensuing framework may help healthcare providers in the field of musculoskeletal care to use hands-on care to strengthen the therapeutic alliance, minimise prediction errors (a.k.a., free energy), and thereby promote recovery from physical and psychological impairments.