State Involvement Research Articles

Reshaping the Contours of State Responsibility for Employing Private Military Companies: a Case Study Analysis of Russia’s Role in Wagner’s Activities in Ukraine

This study investigates legal accountability of the Russian Federation for private military company (PMC) Wagner’s actions in Ukraine, highlighting the applicability and limitations of customary international rules on state responsibility. Using a case study methodology, it examines Wagner's operational role in Ukraine and its complex relationship with the Russian state, applying Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) as a theoretical framework. The findings reveal that current international law, codified in ARSIWA's rules on attribution, does not provide a framework for attributing Wagner's actions to the Russian Federation. Wagner does not function as an organ of the State (ARSIWA’s Article 4), nor does it meet the criteria for ‘effective control’ (ARSIWA’s Article 8), as required by customary rules on attribution in international jurisprudence. This legal framework's inability to address the nuanced and evolving nature of PMCs' involvement in State military activities points to a significant gap in international law. In response, the author proposes a four-step test under ARSIWA’s Article 8 for determining State control over PMCs. This test includes assessing the PMC's material dependency on the State, the degree of communication between the PMC and the state, the state's involvement in the PMC's strategic decision-making, and the PMC’s integration in the state's military manoeuvres. This approach seeks to reconcile the criteria of the ‘effective control’ and ‘overall control’ tests, aiming to more accurately reflect the realities of modern warfare and State-PMC relationships. Wagner members do not join for ideological reasons. They join for money.

State Power Limitations on Religion for The Fulfillment of The Constitutional Rights of Indigenous Religion Believers in Indonesia

This article examines the importance of state power in regulating religion in a limited scope. This is intended to solve classic problems, such as the state immediately fulfilling the constitutional rights of local religious adherents. Even though the Constitutional Court partially recognizes the existence of local religions through decision No.97/PUU-XIV/2016, this decision does not change the legal status of local religions, which are not considered official state religions. This research contributes to efforts to fulfill the right to freedom of religion for followers of Indigenous religions through policy design that does not restrict local religions from becoming official state religions. This study employed a normative legal research method, which concludes that the state's involvement in limiting local religions is by issuing various rules that distinguish religion from belief and standardizing religion, which closes the opportunity for local religions to be recognized as an official state religion. Limitations on state power can be carried out by issuing state regulations in religion, which limits to regulate fostering harmony of religious life and upholding the freedom of religion and avoiding regulatory patterns that classify religions and standardize religion because it will hinder the fulfilment of the constitutional rights of belief adherents

Wujud Patrimonialisme di Taman Ismail Marzuki, 1968-1998

This article discusses the forms of patrimonialism that occurred during the New Order era with a case study of Taman Ismail Marzuki. The state's involvement in hegemony in the field of culture transforms into Javanese power politics present in the post-colonial era so that the state fully controls the activities of artists in one space. As a public space, Taman Ismail Marzuki cannot be separated from political intervention, which has made it an arena for contestation between artists and the state. The New Order's patrimonial practice at Taman Ismail Marzuki lasted from 1968 to 1998, allowing the state to control artists for legitimisation purposes. The questions raised in this article include: why did the state build Taman Ismail Marzuki? How did the state utilise Taman Ismail Marzuki as its political project? Who are the actors in Taman Ismail Marzuki? This article uses the historical method which includes heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The research uses the concept of patrimonialism and departs from the concept, there are results and findings that the author describes including: (1) Patrimonialism in the Culture, (2) Negotiation Space of Politics and Culture, (3) The State Takes the Role of Culture and (4) Criticising New Order Politics.

A Comparative Study of Kautilya Arthashastra and Current Arthashastra

This study examines the parallels and discrepancies between modern economic governance ideas and Kautilya's Arthashastra, a classical Indian treatise on statecraft and economics. With a focus on administration, taxation, and governance, Kautilya's Arthashastra, which dates to the fourth century BCE, offers insights into prehistoric Indian economic and political ideas. In contrast, modern economic governance emphasizes government action, market mechanisms, and ethical issues while drawing from a variety of economic theories and practices. The comparative study explores a number of important aspects, such as the breadth and emphasis of each framework, the economic theories that are promoted, governance strategies, ethical issues, and the technology environment. The main topics of the two Arthashastras are the state's involvement in economic concerns and ethical governance; yet, throughout time, developments in technology, governance structures, and societal standards have caused them to diverge dramatically.

INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE AS A CONDITION FOR PARTICIPATION IN EUROPEAN POLICIES

Introduction. The article highlights the essence of the main innovative transformations taking place in the legal system of Ukraine in the context of intensification of the European integration processes from the standpoint of general theoretical analysis. The author focuses on the interrelation between changes in the national legal system of Ukraine and the State's involvement in European policies. Summary of the main results of the study. It is found that deepening of Ukraine's participation in European policies depends on several basic organizational and legal factors: formation of a unique regulatory framework for the implementation of EU legal standards into the system of national legislation of Ukraine, institutional reforms in the system of public authorities, improvement of the contractual framework for the development and deepening of political relations between Ukraine and the united Europe. The author reveals the main clusters of EU law provisions which are currently most implemented in the legal system of Ukraine (customs, food security, veterinary and phytosanitary policy, consumer protection and healthcare, statistics, foreign relations, transport policy, freedom of entrepreneurship and provision of services, financial services, freedom of movement of goods). It is proved that formal and legal support for the "transfer" of many areas of public administration and life in Ukraine to EU standards contributes to the formation of new social practices of their implementation similar to the European ones (functioning of public services, law enforcement and public safety, education and science, health care, etc.) Conclusion. The author substantiates the conclusion that innovative changes in the national legal system of Ukraine determine the degree and depth of our country's participation in European policies. The gradual deepening of involvement of employees of the system of public authorities and local self-government, as well as citizens involved in other spheres of society in the main areas of the EU's functioning, creates a real basis for accelerating Ukraine's accession to the EU. Accordingly, a promising task of legal science is to substantiate the most effective ways of further implementation of legal standards for the regulation of public relations, which are recognised as model ones at the EU level.

AN EXAMINATION OF HOW RAISING TAXES WOULD AFFECT SALARIES AND WAGES

The growth of the state's involvement and the idea of government finance or fiscal policy, taxes have become an increasingly important factor influencing all facets of economic and social life. The financial instability was a direct outcome of the tax's negative impact on wealth inequality and the government's inability to address the budgetary challenges caused by this trend adequately. Studying tax evasion, which stunts economic growth and determining the magnitude of the tax's overall and wage and salary-specific economic impacts are the primary goals of the research.

Müslüman-Türk Burjuvazinin İktisadi Perspektifinde Devletçiliğin Evrimi: 1. Türkiye İktisat Kongresinden 2. Türkiye İktisat Kongresine

In this study, the 1st and 2nd Turkey Economic Congresses emerge as the fundamental milestones of capitalist development in the literature of Turkish economic history. Since the late period of the Ottoman Empire, the efforts of the state to create a Muslim-Turkish bourgeoisie continued in the newly established Republic of Turkey, and bureaucrats generally accepted the demands of the mentioned class during the 1st Turkey Economic Congress. Furthermore, during the 1st Turkey Economic Congress, discussions were held on how to strengthen the Muslim-Turkish bourgeoisie, and in this context, a series of decisions were made during the mentioned congress. After World War II, the bourgeoisie, which believed that it had become sufficiently powerful or perceived itself as such, began to think that the state was now an obstacle to their interests. In the 2nd Turkey Economic Congress held in 1948, they shared these thoughts with the public. This perception of the bourgeoisie arises from the state's involvement in the market as a producer since the early 1930s and therefore, the inability of this group to compete with the state. In this study, we investigate the transformation and reasons behind the bourgeoisie's mindset regarding statism in the context of the stage of capitalist development.

Fiqh Peradaban and the Actualization of Religious and State Life in the Modern Society

<p><span lang="EN-US">This paper discusses <em>fiqh peradaban</em> (Islamic jurisprudence for civilization) as a concept that emphasizes the importance of resolving conflicts and prioritizes fundamental ethics as an aspect of morality in order to create peace in living religious and state life. More specifically, it highlights the importance of <em>fiqh peradaban</em> in maintaining social cohesion and national unity in a bhinneka-nuanced society. In this sense, <em>fiqh peradaban</em> functions as a framework for building unity and harmony amidst diversity. This research is library research; it reviews library resources related to the concept of <em>fiqh peradaban</em>. This research uses a qualitative approach and presents data descriptively. The data collected in this research includes the intersection between the UN Charter and Islamic law; the relationship between Islam, the state, and democracy; the role of Islam in modern society and state; and the concept of <em>fiqh peradaban</em> as a balanced control between the state and religion. In general, the results of this study show that <em>fiqh peradaban</em> has a crucial role in overcoming conflicts and problems that arise in religious and state life. These conflicts and problems must be resolved by the state because they can threaten religious harmony and national unity. However, the state's involvement in religious and spiritual affairs may create its own problems. It is here that <em>fiqh peradaban</em> is present as a solution because it offers foundational ethics for modern society.</span></p>

The importance of contingently public goods

The importance of contingently public goods

Development of the regions of Ukraine in the conditions of today's challenges

The article's authors attempted to construct an optimistic scenario for the socio-economic development of the Kharkiv oblast. They analyzed pre-war indicators of the region's economic, social, and environmental conditions, considering the state's involvement in the post-war reconstruction of the region. The scenario construction was based on an econometric model, which confirmed the relationship between investments and the gross regional product and the placement coefficient, revealing Kharkiv Oblast's comparative advantages in the service sectors, particularly in IT and industry. Through their calculations, the authors concluded that investments played a crucial role in capital accumulation and increased productivity during the post-war reconstruction process in the region. The authors calculated the placement coefficient indicators specifically for the Kharkiv region. The results confirmed that the region has the prerequisites for post-industrial development during the post-war reconstruction. However, the situation is complicated by the need to finance the region's devastated infrastructure. The researchers emphasized the importance of attracting investments in sectors that directly contribute to human capital formation, such as education, scientific activities, and healthcare. The authors also highlighted the potential risks and threats associated with post-industrial development in the Kharkiv oblast. On a model level, the authors outlined various options for regional state policies aimed at the recovery and development of regional economies. Both considered options prioritize the formation of market incentives for regional development. The scientists acknowledged that in conditions of uncertainty, future development scenarios for regions in Ukraine, including the Kharkiv region, possess an alternative and probabilistic nature. Furthermore, the researchers identified areas for further scientific research, emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach that combines economics, political science, regional studies, and ecology. Keywords: regions, socio-economic development, gross regional product, placement coefficient, post-war reconstruction.

“Hominids with an Infected Brain” Engage in Viral Debate: Agamben and Žižek on the Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Human Relationships

“Hominids with an Infected Brain” Engage in Viral Debate: Agamben and Žižek on the Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Human Relationships

Crystal structure and luminescence mechanism of novel Fe3+‐doped Mg0.752Al2.165O4 deep red‐emitting phosphors

AbstractNonstoichiometric alumina‐rich spinel provides diverse and changeable local environments for transition‐metal dopants. In this contribution, novel Mg0.752Al2.165−xO4:xFe3+ deep red‐emitting phosphors were designed and prepared by the solid‐state reaction method. The red emission presents an unexpected shift from 735 to 770 nm by comparing with Fe3+‐doped MgAl2O4. The excitation spectrum of Mg0.752Al2.165−xO4:xFe3+ is broadened in the UV region with a new strong peak at 320 nm. The crystal structure refinement and NMR spectra fitting reveal that the cation vacancies and disorder increase with excess Al3+ entering the spinel crystal lattice. According to the results of EPR, NMR, and PL/PLE measurements, it was proposed that the Fe3+ ions locate at the distorted octahedral coordination. The changes of the local structure of Fe3+ ions promote the doublet state's involvement in the d−d transition. It was proposed that the new excitation peak at 320 nm in Mg0.752Al2.165−xO4:xFe3+ is associated with the transitions from the ground state 6A1g(6S) to the 4A2g(4F)/T1g(4P) and doublet states. The transition between the lower energy excited state of 2T2g(2I) and 6A1g(6S) mainly contributes to the deep red emission and the red‐shifting effect.

Nations as justified substate authorities

AbstractMany classic and contemporary works on the moral status of ‘nations’ examine whether nations have unique features that require providing them with a distinctive status. Yet identifying features that can ground distinct national rights to secession or co‐national partiality, for two prominent examples, remains exceedingly difficult. Many accordingly question whether there is anything morally ‘special’ about nations. This work seeks to address this concern by refocusing analysis of nations' role in political morality. It defends analysing nations' moral status by focusing on a more prosaic issue motivated by other nationalist demands, namely, whether substate nations can justifiably possess power(s) to make decisions about particular subjects for co‐nationals within an encompassing state unfettered by that state's direct involvement. It argues that nations are ‘special’ if they can justifiably possess such ‘substate authority’, even if nothing requires that nations possess it. It then identifies and motivates five criteria for justified substate national authority. These criteria explain how, when and why substate nations can hold particular, identifiable powers within states when other groups cannot. It thereby identifies an important role for nations in political morality. The work concludes by demonstrating how it helps further three ongoing debates about the moral status of nations.

The administrative state in food policymaking: a fait accompli

PurposeThis paper analyzes scholarly literature and the development of a nonstate food strategy in Canada, the Conference Board of Canada's Canadian Food Strategy, to explore the role of the administrative state in food policymaking.Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on an exploratory case study drawing data from 38 semistructured interviews, including elite interviews. It also draws on policy documents from the nonstate food strategy.FindingsThis paper shows that various nonstate actors, including large food industry players, identify a role for the state in food policy in two ways: as a “conductor,” playing a managing role in the food policy process, and as a “commander,” taking control of policy development and involving nonstate actors when necessary. The complex and wicked aspects of food policy require the administrative state's involvement in food policymaking, while tamer aspects of food policy may be less state-centric.Originality/valueThis paper fills gaps in studies exploring food policymaking processes as well as the administrative state's role in food policymaking in a governance era. It contributes to a better understanding of the state's role in complex and wicked policy domains.

PUBLIC POLICY INNOVATION IN DEVELOPING STATE OWNED BUSINESS AGENCIES

State-owned Enterprise (BUMN), as one of the pillars of the Indonesian economy, is guided by the outline of the 1945 contusion and the existence of private entities and cooperatives. In principle, the state's involvement in these activities reflects the substance of article 33 of the amendment of the 1945 constitution. One of the missions of BUMN is to serve by innovating. Public policy innovating is a necessity that must be done to overcome problems that exist in society. From the point of view of public policy studies and public services, it can be seen that the government has developed several SOE development strategies that lead the country to face charges in the organizational environment and also to reduce the negative label attached to the bureaucracy. One of the goals of public policy innovation is to improve the quality of public services. The obstacle faced in public policy innovation is that there is no comprehensive study on the development and sustainability of policy innovation in public services in Indonesia

SOME REMARKS ON THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF FALSIFICATIONS OF THE HISTORY IN POST-SOVIET AZERBAIJAN: THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND NEW TENDENCIES

The objective of the present article is to investigate the main fields of falsifications of the history in post-Soviet Azerbaijan, as well as the aims of spreading historical falsifications. The key issue is the preliminary description and interpretation of the state's involvement in various aspects of mentioned falsifications. The article on the basis of a descriptive-analytical approach examines the new tendencies observed in the historical falsifications in Azerbaijan and shows their prime targets, as well as the use of pseudo-scientific researches in the anti-Armenian policy of that state. On the basis of the descriptive-analytical method, the article examines new tendencies observed in falsifications of history by Azerbaijani scholars and identifies their prime targets, as well as the use of pseudo-scientific researches in the anti-Armenian policy of that state. Although historical falsifications in Azerbaijan target all the neighbors of that country, including Georgia and the Russian Federation, the article emphasizes the presentation and partial examination of the falsifications concerning Armenia and Iran. The article also presents the “scientific” centers dealing with historical falsifications in Azerbaijan, and the “studies” published by them, in which the aim of falsifications addressed to the Armenian people is only the demonisation of Armenians and to deepen the anti-Armenian propaganda in the Azerbaijani society. The article's main conclusion is that falsifications in historiographical research in post-Soviet Azerbaijan are the consequence of state orders, the number of which has increased significantly since Ilham Aliyev's second term of rule.

China as an Alternative Power in Middle East: Its Outcomes for the Region's Future

This research considers China's Middle East policies and commitments, including international alliances, regional disputes, and trade ties. It compiles information on arms transfers to the Middle East, as well as Chinese imports and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the region. Moreover, the study applies the power transition theory to justify the choice of Middle Eastern states that how external circumstances forced them to look beyond the American umbrella to protect the sovereignty and economic interest. Besides, the primary data has mostly been incorporated from the official files, speeches and statements of the Chinese president and Middle East diplomats and policymakers. Overall, this paper examines China's overall military, economic, and foreign footprint, shedding light on the state's current and potential involvement in the Middle East.

Religion and Armed Conflict: Evidence from the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey

AbstractThis article examines the effectiveness of religion as a solution to ethno‐nationalist conflicts, drawing on the case of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan [PKK]) in Turkey. We utilize an original data set that contains data on Turkey's state‐sponsored mosques between 1980 and 2016 to test for the purported peacemaking potential of religion. Results from this data set, coupled with an alternative measure of the state's involvement in religion, show that increased Islamization has no discernible impact on lowering support for the ethno‐nationalist Kurdish political parties or insurgency.

The State as Both Regulator and Player: The Politics of Transfer of Development Rights in China

AbstractThe conventional argument that the introduction of transfer of development rights (TDR) shifts the power of land use regulation from the state to the market is increasingly under challenge. In China, the state's grip on land is reinforced through TDR, in which the state is both regulator and player. This state‐dominated form of TDR affects China in three ways. First, competing aspirations of different scales of government complicate how TDR is implemented. Although the central state promotes TDR to maintain a national balance of arable land, some local states instrumentalize it to expand their landed basis of accumulation. Secondly, TDR tends to benefit the state but not its people. It may increase the fiscal income of the sending government and lessen the land shortage of the receiving government, but sometimes at the expense of the interests of land users without land ownership. Thirdly, given the state's deep involvement in TDR programs, the key for China's TDR to protect arable land lies not so much in clear property rights or a fully fledged market as in effective checks and balances regarding the state's powers over TDR. These three observations attest to the embeddedness of TDR in the local political economy.

Ethnic politics, complex legitimacy crisis, and intramural relations within ASEAN

ABSTRACTThis article examines ethnic conflict and its impacts on intramural relations within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It suggests that ethnic politics at home often propels leaders to get involved in ethnic conflict elsewhere. In the ASEAN context, regional institutions, especially the principle of non-interference, mitigate the effects of ethnic politics and preclude the possibility of coercive intervention. The third state is more likely to appeal to facilitation or mediation. On the side of the host state, when the regime faces complex legitimacy crisis, it is more likely to reject the third state's involvement. Ethnic conflict is likely to cause diplomatic tussles between the two states. In contrast, when the regime of the host state enjoys a higher level of legitimacy, it is more amenable to the third party's mediation. Cooperation on conflict management will foster inter-state trust. This article illustrates the above mechanism by examining Malaysia's role in Thailand and the Philippines’ ethnic insurgencies.