State Of Approaches Research Articles

The Druze District Governor Nasib Beik Jumblatt and the Ottoman Policy in Mount Lebanon

This study examines the policies of the Ottoman Empire in the Shouf region during the 19th century, focusing on the prominent figures of the area. In this context, the Ottoman state's approach to the influence of Nasib Jumblatt, a significant political figure from the Jumblatt family, in the region will be discussed. As the Ottoman central government's authority weakened in the 19th century, the rivalry between the Jumblatts and Arslans, two long-standing families in the region, intensified. As a result, acquiring the district governorship of Shouf, where the Druze were densely populated, became crucial for perpetuating the influence of both families. For this reason, this study examines the political maneuvers of the Arslan and Jumblatt families in order to control the district of Shouf, as well as the activities of Nasib Jumblatt as district governor. The study will also discuss the manifestations of international interventions in Mount Lebanon. Finally, the Ottoman state's approach to the British influence in shaping Nasib Jumblatt's political identity will be another aspect of the study.

Health System Resilience and Sustainability in India - Odisha's Strategies on Human Resources Management during COVID-19

Background: COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread loss of life, economic downturns, emotional distress and overwhelmed the public health delivery systems across the globe. Odisha was one of the few states in India that deployed proactive management of human resources in health (HRH) to fight the menace. This paper analyzes key decisions related to HRH during COVID-19. The findings aim to strengthen HRH practices to address future pandemics. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the structures, functions, and processes related to HRH management during the COVID-19, using a qualitative lens. Through purposive sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 key informants, including policymakers and state-level managers. Data were analyzed thematically to reflect upon the perspectives of key stakeholders, identify barriers and enablers, and document the decision-making dynamics. Results: Odisha strengthened its hospital infrastructure and capacity of health workforce through additional deployment and skill upgradation in a short period. Restriction of movements and strengthening the health system pillars led to considerable success. As COVID-19 cases surged in mid-2020, focus shifted to clinical treatment, active case finding and surveillance. Specific training modules were developed with guidance from the Ministry of Health, WHO, and UNICEF. A whole range of human resources were trained by both online and offline modes. Community-level training programs focused on enforcing COVID-appropriate behavior and management of vulnerable population. Infusion of technology enhanced the system’s capacity to deliver high quality training in a short period of time to a vast majority of stakeholders. Conclusion: The Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) and the National Health Mission (NHM) played critical roles in enhancing systems’ preparedness and institutionalizing such large-scale capacity building initiatives during periods of crisis. The state's approach in terms of scale, skill, and speed of human resources management could be a model for addressing future health crises.

ФІНАНСОВА СТІЙКІСТЬ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД У ВОЄННИЙ ЧАС: РОЛЬ ПОДАТКОВИХ ДОХОДІВ

Introduction. External aggression has become the backdrop against which the resilience of the local self-government system has manifested as an element of crisis management within the vertical system of public administration. The war has exacerbated territorial disparities and differentiated the challenges for local self-government bodies in various regions due to their distance from combat zones and occupation, leading to the emergence of new functions not typical for local self-government bodies. Problem Statement. These circumstances have precipitated a change in the conditions for the formation of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial communities. Firstly, there has been a transformation in the state's approach to budgetary and tax policy formation, reflected in amendments to budgetary and tax legislation. Secondly, hostilities have resulted in a shift in the spatial concentration of businesses and increased unevenness in population density as a consequence of forced displacement to safe areas. These factors have influenced the process of budgetary revenue accumulation at the local level and, consequently, the financial resilience of territorial communities and their capacity to fulfill their functions. Purpose. To analyze the accumulation of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial communities as a factor in ensuring/preserving their financial resilience. Methods. General scientific and specialized methods were employed, including analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization, and abstract-logical reasoning. Results. Based on five indicators (tax capacity of budgets, tax sufficiency, tax autonomy, local taxes and fees, taxes on economic activity), an analysis of the formation of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial communities in the context of maintaining their financial resilience during the war against Ukraine has been conducted. An increase in disparities in the tax capacity of territorial communities and an increase in the number of administrative-territorial formations in a crisis state have been identified. The impact of two factors on the resilience stability of communities in wartime has been established: distance from combat zones and available economic potential. It has been demonstrated that communities with a high level of economic potential are characterized by higher financial resilience even in conditions of close proximity to the front line, as well as the significant role of large cities in maintaining financial and economic resilience in the region. Conclusions. It is argued that the system of tax revenue formation for territorial communities has become one of the main factors in preserving/ensuring financial resilience of territorial communities during wartime. The influence of high adaptability of economic actors in territorial communities on stabilizing the economy of communities in the second year of the war has been noted.

THE INFLUENCE OF MILITARY EVENTS AS A SOCIALLY STRESS FACTOR ON THE SUICIDE MORTALITY RATE

Introduction. Russia's aggression, which began in 2014 with the occupation of Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, is considered a powerful long-term socially stressful factor. The suicide rate, as an indicator of troubles in society and its health as a whole, helps to identify a vulnerable contingent of the population and evaluate the effectiveness of state preventive measures implemented in socially stressful conditions. The aim: to investigate the dynamics of suicide mortality in Ukraine for the period 2005-2021. and the impact on this indicator of a socially stressful factor – Russian aggression in order to determine the stability of Ukrainian society in the conditions of war, identify the most vulnerable contingent of the population and evaluate the state's multi-selective approach aimed at preventing suicide. Materials and methods. The research materials were official statistical data from the "Population of Ukraine" reports of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 2005-2021. Cases of suicide of men and women in the period 2005-2013 served as a comparison group. The analysis provided for the clarification of annual rates and dynamics of suicide mortality and its gender characteristics during the period of the social stress factor in 2014-2021, in comparison with the control period and world indicators (WHO). Bibliographic, epidemiological, analytical, statistical methods were used in the research. Results. In Ukraine, as well as in the world, in the period 2005-2021, a decrease in the death rate due to suicides is noted, however, the Ukrainian rates significantly exceed the world rates. In a relatively prosperous period, the mortality rate due to suicide was 20.8±0.3, and it decreased statistically significantly (p<0.001) to 16.1±0.36 in the socially stressful period of 2014-2021. The number of suicides among the male population significantly exceeds its number among the female population and is significantly higher than the world indicators, in contrast to the female population, where the indicators are even lower. During the socially stressful period, the number of suicides among men remains reduced to 28.76±0.92 (р<0.001) and among women to 5.64±0.3 (р<0.05), with more stable rates of decline among women. Conclusions. In Ukraine, there is a dynamic decrease in the number of deaths due to suicides, which correlates with global indicators. However, our country, despite the faster rate of decline of this indicator, still belongs to the countries with a high rate of suicide mortality. During the military events of 2014-2021, the death rate from suicides decreased significantly, compared to the previous relatively prosperous period of 2005-2013 (p<0.001), which indicates the stability of Ukrainian society in war conditions. Mortality due to suicides in Ukraine significantly prevails among men (p<0.001) and significantly exceeds global indicators, which makes them a vulnerable contingent of the population that needs socially oriented support. The positive dynamics of the decrease in the number of suicides among men (p<0.001) and women (p<0.05) in the conditions of war testifies to the effectiveness of the state's multi-selective approach aimed at preventing suicide.

Coordinating school improvement: Understanding the impact of state implementation approach on coordination in multilevel governance systems

AbstractMultilevel governance is theorized to facilitate effective policy implementation by encouraging the use of local knowledge and expertise, enabling the participation of non‐government actors, and capitalizing on the coordinating and sanctioning authority of centralized governments. Whether a particular multilevel governance arrangement achieves this, however, depends in part on the degree to which it enables coordination among governmental and non‐governmental actors representing different levels and jurisdictions. Using a comparative case study of education governance reform in the United States, this study investigates how differences in state policy implementation approach impact the structure and mode of coordination in multilevel governance systems and considers the effects this has on policy implementation processes. The results indicate that a state's implementation approach impacts coordination by structuring how different levels of government interact, share information, and influence policy. Specifically, variation in the structure of the central governing agency directly enables or restricts the influence of bottom‐up coordination from lower levels of government. The results also highlight the theoretical limitations of current binary structure models of multilevel governance (i.e., centralized vs. decentralized, top‐down vs. bottom‐up, hierarchy vs. network) for capturing important nuances in policy coordination. These findings advance the understanding of policy coordination in multilevel governance systems and inform the design of institutional arrangements that balance trade‐offs in centralization and the delegation of authority across governance systems during policy implementation.

Features of the impact of digitalization of accounting on the business processes of enterprises

The article examines the trend in the development of services and the provision of qualified electronic signatures and electronic seals for use by business entities, including those that use registrars of settlement transactions. It was determined that the development of digital methods of processing and receiving information by state bodies leads to the need for the mandatory use of digital technologies by business entities, which ultimately requires appropriate methodological support for the implementation of such changes in the field of the document flow of accounting, statistical and tax documents since certain reporting forms following tax legislation are sent to tax authorities exclusively in electronic form. The understanding of the concept of mandatory details of an electronic document, as well as its definition in the main legislative acts that are used by state bodies and to which the business entity submits financial, statistical and other types of reporting in electronic format, is analyzed. The main organizational advantages of conducting digital accounting due to the use of cloud technologies for storing information and electronic data on transactions carried out among counterparties for their further use in repetitive operations are presented, i.e., the creation of a modern working environment for further digital accounting and reporting, which ensures its functionality and physical security employees, economy and information flexibility. Organizational approaches to the system of digital accounting with the help of automated data collection and storage in cloud data warehouses for the formation of primary documents and reporting in real-time in terms of counterparties and standardized reporting forms are considered. It has been established that the development of digital accounting is a consistent trend of changing the state's approaches to interaction with business and is also directly related to the development of information technologies, and is an inevitable change to traditional paper approaches in the conditions of digital transformation of the world economy.

Persisting Exclusion? Contextualizing the Tribal Welfare Policies of Kerala State

This article provides a critical assessment of the tribal development policy of the Kerala government over the past decade. Commencing with the recent controversy surrounding the portrayal of adivasis as a 'human zoo' during the Keraleeyam event in November, 2023, this paper delves into the transformations in the state's approach, particularly its shift towards a 'right-based approach' in the late nineties. The discussion encompasses land-related issues, the state's stance concerning adivasis during the pandemic, and, notably, the prevalent 'dropout syndrome.' The paper concludes by contending that the current state perspective appears to perceive tribal issues primarily as residential challenges rather than a confluence of land and livelihood difficulties.

Doctrinal approach to the concept of the legal nature of the ecological state

The article examines the legal nature of the ecological state based on the analysis of foreign and national legislation.
 Attention is drawn to the fact that the term "ecological state” in various scientific literature is used in such meanings as "green state”, "eco­state”, "eco-centric state”, "ecologically oriented state”, "ecological state of social justice”, etc.
 The normative consolidation of the concept of "ecological state” in foreign countries was analyzed, the scientific literature, and using the systematic method of research, it is necessary to determine several directions of understanding of the "ecological state”. First, the concept of "ecological state” is widely used in foreign countries to describe political and socio-economic systems aimed at protecting the environment and natural resources. These concepts define the state's approach to environmental issues and often indicate that environmental issues are a priority for the government and citizens. Secondly, the "ecological state” must be understood as a system of legal regulation aimed at ensuring ecologically sustainable development through environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. Third, as a system of government bodies, which includes various structures and institutions responsible for the development, implementation and control of environmental policy.
 The features that determine its essence and content of an ecological state are summarized, namely: strict compliance with environmental legislation; supporting sustainable development and promoting the use of renewable energy sources; broad powers of environmental protection authorities; preservation of biodiversity; public participation and transparency; provision of environmental education and formation of citizens' eco-awareness; international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, etc.
 The author's definition of an ecological state is provided.

Operationalizing the blue economy in the Gulf of Guinea, Africa

The Blue Economy is crucial for sustainable development in Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea, one of Sub-Saharan Africa's most economically dynamic countries, faces several challenges in transitioning into this economy. This study assesses the situation of the Blue Economy in the Gulf of Guinea and proposes strategies for its operationalization. A qualitative research approach was used to examine each member state's marine conservation initiatives, regional collaboration, management approaches, and strategic frameworks. Findings show that the Gulf of Guinea is already experiencing blue economy activities, but challenges like rapid population growth, urbanization, piracy, unsustainable anthropogenic activities, poor institutional frameworks, and climate change hinder the transition. The Gulf of Guinea's ocean economy accounts for less than 10% of GDP, so integrating the blue economy into trade strategies is crucial for its transformation. A systematic approach based on national priorities, social context, and resource base is needed to foster social inclusion, economic progress, and sustainable ocean development. Enablers of blue growth, such as integrated coastal zone management, marine spatial planning, marine protected areas, marine biodiversity, and blue justice discourse, must be integrated into policy design, prioritizing sustainability and equity. A cautious, phased approach is suggested, focusing on establishing traditional sectors, growing them, integrating value chains, and implementing regional collaboration so that the blue economy delivers on its social, environmental and economic goals in the Gulf of Guinea.

The Concept of Security in Turkish History and Culture

An analysis of the evolution of academic approaches to security issues in Turkish politics will help shed light on the development of Turkish political thought and the main theories and ideas that served as a catalyst for this process. This study is especially relevant in the modern context when the Turkish political establishment is regarded as more private and the underlying foreign policy documents are primarily classified. In addition, this study is able to give a new evaluation of a number of problems related to changes in the foreign policy of the Republic of Türkiye and provide a more relevant understanding of the logic behind Ankara's actions. The subject of this paper is the philosophical and theoretical justification of the Turkish state's political approach to security issues. The main methodological tools in this regard seem historical-chronological and historicalgenetic methods — their use will allow to consider and highlight the causal factors in the evolution of Turkey's approaches to ensuring its own security. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the issues of the evolution of the security concept in the Turkish political discourse have been little addressed in Russian Turkology and mainly do not go beyond the foreign policy of the ruling Justice and Development Party. The present paper aims at a comprehensive study of security issues in the perspective of Turkish history from the early days of the Beylik of Osman to the modern Republic of Türkiye. The conducted research shows that Turkish political thought has gradually changed according to Türkiye's foreign policy agenda and the goals that the ruling circles of the Turkish state set for themselves throughout its history.

HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ETHNIC CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

he relevance of the study is due to the observation of complex problems of a scientific-theoretical, socio-economic, as well as practical nature, the disclosure of which is aimed at arguing ethnic aspects that formulate a conceptual understanding of the modern system of physical education. The purpose of this study is to identify the prerequisites and general regularities of the formation of the ethnic concept of physical education based on the description of historical facts, their scientific explanations and previously advanced hypotheses. From the modern point of view, in the context of the development of physical education and the policy of sports movement, there is a need to review the state's theoretical and methodological approaches to the assessment of the role of historical facts, events and specific people. We believe that an adequate attitude to the problem of the history of physical education and the historical heritage of the past will allow us to learn the lessons of history and find optimal means for managing the process of physical education of the young generation.

Turkey's Extraterritorial Use of Force against Armed Non-State Actors

AbstractThe use of force in foreign territories has been contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, with the authorisation of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, in ‘cases deemed legitimate by international law’ and where required by international treaties to which Turkey is a party. Yet Turkey's extraterritorial use of force against armed non-state actors lead to the most important question of identifying the circumstances under which the Turkish authorities have long justified military intervention in foreign territories. This article aims to assess whether Turkey's use of force and alleged extraterritorial self-defence contravenes international law. In order to address how Turkey interprets the right to use armed force and the right of self-defence, and to bring clarity to the state's approach to international law on the use of force (jus ad bellum), the article explores Turkey's practice based on the assessment of the Turkish military intervention in Syria, in line with both bilateral security or defence treaties to which Turkey is a party and the use of force in self-defence. The aim is to determine whether Turkey's justifications are compatible with the jus ad bellum criteria.

Governing Rural Poverty on Urban Streets: Guangzhou's Management of Beggars in the Reform Era

AbstractThis study investigates how discourses on panhandling intertwine with the governance of beggars on China's urban streets. It focuses on local policy implementation in Guangzhou city, led by the bureau of civil affairs along with its centres for “custody and repatriation” and “assistance stations.” The study aims to understand how the state regulates panhandling and engages with beggars in public spaces. Exploring the internal logic of the state's approach and how it has changed during the 40 years of reform, it also considers the junctures at which contradictions and conflicts arise. Based on fieldwork data (2011 to 2014) and the analysis of government documents, yearbooks, academic and mass media discourses, I argue that the state's treatment of panhandlers poses a conundrum as welfare measures conflict with control. While several layers of state regulation and actors contradict each other and create grey areas of state-induced informality, people who beg for alms are continuously criminalized and excluded from public space.

Tribal Sports Betting: Three Models of Legalization

In the wake of the Supreme Court's invalidation of the federal Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act, a majority of states have legalized sports wagering. In states where tribes operate gaming, states have varied approaches to authorizing tribal sports wagering. A state's regulatory approach impacts tribes' sports betting operations in multiple ways: whether and where tribes can offer mobile wagering, what in-state commercial competition tribal operations will face, and to what extent state law and state regulations will apply to a tribe's sports-betting operations. In this article, we identify emerging empirical trends and specify the three most-prevalent state legalization and regulatory approaches to tribal sports wagering on a national level: the Compact Model, under which tribal sports betting is conducted and regulated according to federal law and the tribal-state compact, and is confined to Indian lands; the Commercial Model, under which tribes may operate sports betting under state license and in direct competition with commercial operators; and the Combined Model, in which tribal sports betting is conducted and regulated through a combination of federal law and the tribal-state compact (for tribal sports betting conducted on Indian lands), and state law (for tribal sports betting conducted outside of Indian lands but within the state's borders). The models we provide here are a first, and foundational, step in identifying and establishing emerging and best practices to authorization and regulatory frameworks to help all stakeholders navigate this highly dynamic legal, regulatory, and market environment at the intersection of theory and practice in gaming law and policy.

Założenia i ewolucja polityki gospodarczej PRL

There is no doubt that the state's approach to the economy is important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the various stages of the economic system of the People's Republic of Poland. The author presents normative solutions in the field of economics in the Polish People’s Republic. The following article takes into account legal aspects and jurisprudence, it is an attempt to explain the legal requirements related to the functioning of economy in the analyzed period. Therefore, the article gives details of the essential attributes of Polish economy in 1945–1989 and its evolution. The article also includes and describes the approach to economic freedom in the legal doctrine. In this paper the author aims to analyse the selected problems related to economy and economic activity. The article is based on: the literature on the subject, documents of state authorities, archives and legal acts. It is divided into eight parts consisting of: the introduction, six parts corresponding to specific periods and the summary. The article finishes with synthetic conclusions. The study of the outlined problems was mainly based on the comparative, dogmatic and legal methods. Taking into account the range of issues discussed in the article, as well as the need to limit the work, it should be noted that the text will not be comprehensive and it will only highlight some selected problems.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ МОДЕЛІ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНІХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ІНТЕРЕСІВ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ

The concept of "digital transformation" is revealed in the article, the transformational changes taking place in the economy due to the active development of digitalization processes are studied. The study of theoretical approaches to transformational changes in the conditions of digitalization makes it possible to assert that digital transformation should be understood as qualitative changes at the level of the state, business processes, and the population as a result of the implementation of digital technologies, which lead to effective transformations in the economy and society as a whole. The introduction of innovations based on the use of information and communication technologies will contribute to the intensification of production, improvement of product quality, competitiveness and reduction of production costs. On the basis of theoretical studies of the main interpretations of the concept of "digitalization", "digital transformation" and the conducted analysis of the use of information and communication technologies at enterprises, forms of electronic trade, the development of possible scenarios of digitalization of the economy such as: conservative, positive and negative is proposed. The results of the research consist in the application of the conducted research on finding a balance of interests of the "state-business-population", the study of key factors affecting economic growth due to the further development of digitalization. The strategy of intensive digitization of the national economy should provide for a fundamental restructuring of the state's approaches to making strategic and tactical decisions, which will be manifested in increasing the productivity and competitiveness of economic sectors. The introduction of innovations based on the use of information and communication technologies will contribute to the intensification of production, improvement of product quality, competitiveness and reduction of production costs.

Air pollution in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: Driving factors and state response

AbstractThe present article aims to describe the status quo of the atmospheric air quality in Bishkek and the state measures taken to improve it and to give the perspective of research and policy development. Air pollution is one of the major environmental risks for premature death from respiratory diseases, cancer, strokes, heart attacks, diabetes, and other diseases. It exerts a negative effect on worker productivity and mental health. In the last 30 years, Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic, has turned from one of the cleanest and greenest cities in the former Soviet Union to one of the most polluted cities in the world. The roots of that transformation lie in the negative socio‐economic changes taking place in the country, including the population doubling of Bishkek mainly due to internal migration, uncontrolled construction of houses without relevant infrastructure, worsening socio‐economic conditions, increased number of used vehicles, and low quality of gasoline. The main sources of air pollution in Bishkek are domestic heating and vehicle exhaust fumes. During the winter, air pollution is aggravated by frequent temperature inversion and air stagnation due to air trapping by high‐rise buildings. The state's approaches and measures to address this issue are reflected in its laws and policies. The city and national government have taken a range of strategic measures to transform Bishkek into a green city with a favourable environment. Recommendations on research and policy development are provided in this perspective.

Anticipatory state identity: Understanding the Finnish state's approach to the Arctic

AbstractThis paper is an intervention on the understanding of state identity in relation to (anticipatory) changes that have occurred, are taking place, and are expected to happen in the Arctic. Focusing specifically on the Finnish state's approach to the Arctic, we offer the concept of ‘anticipatory state identity’ in order to comprehend the role of ‘anticipation’ in developing and projecting a ‘state identity.’ In so doing, we argue that what drives Finland's vision to project itself to be(come) an ‘Arctic state’ is fuelled not only by placing a firm foothold in a region of increasing geopolitical importance but also by a consensus among wide‐ranging actors in prioritising Finnish Arcticness in its foreign policy. As such, we first shed light on the concept of ‘anticipatory state identity.’ Then we discuss the global and regional shifts that eventually drove Finland to focus on its Arcticness. Third, we delve into the components and enactments through which Finland projects its Arctic identity. Finally, we conclude that anticipatory state identity bridges the gap between a state's imagination of itself in the future and how such imaginations are materialised and embedded within state policies through a repetitive deployment of narratives and discourses by numerous practitioners in the present. Accordingly, the applicability of the concept moves beyond the Arctic context as it enables reading of (re)forming state identity in line with its anticipatory vision.

Reshaping Louisiana's coastal frontier: managed retreat as colonial decontextualization

This article describes social encounters produced by climate adaptation policy experimentation focused on managed retreat—a concept increasingly used by academics and planning professionals to describe various kinds of relocation from areas exposed to environmental hazards. Building on scholarship that examines the political ecology of resettlement and adaptation, I draw on five years of ethnographic work conducted alongside Isle de Jean Charles Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribal leaders as their longstanding Tribal resettlement was transformed by government investment. I describe how Louisiana's Office of Community Development relied on Tribal planning to garner federal funds, used those funds to reduce the scope of the resettlement, and systematically erased the initial resettlement rationales and aims of Indigenous leaders. I liken the state's approach to Dina Gilio-Whitaker's notion of decontextualization as a colonial strategy, and argue that state efforts to transform the resettlement from what Tribal leaders viewed as "an act of cultural survival" to a scalable model for managed retreat policy threatens to reproduce a frontier dynamic whereby colonial and capitalist futures are once again rested upon the erasure of Indigenous peoples. State tools for decontextualization included published constructions of risk, community, and timelines; liberal planning conventions; and evocations of legal barriers. Ethnographic accounts of such processes can inform future resistance to eco-colonial schemes within climate adaptation.

Federalism As a Tool for Ethnic Conflict Resolution: A Case Study of Iraq

Due to ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversities, there is potential for ethnic conflicts and ethnic tensions in community, but the emergence and occurrence of ethnic conflicts depend on the state's approach to managing or suppressing ethnic, linguistic, and cultural variations. Federalism is one of the most important mechanisms that governments adopt to manage ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversities. But the function of federalism in reducing ethnic conflicts is not necessarily positive, and in some cases, it has led to an escalation of ethnic conflicts. Accordingly, the central question is to examine whether federalism is a system to resolve or reduce ethnic conflicts? With an emphasis on ethnic conflicts in Iraq. The research hypothesis is that federalism, through the creation of bureaucratic structures, the development of political parties, the identification, and acceptance of cultural and linguistic commonalities, will restrict and reduce ethnic violence and conflict but not necessarily ethnic protest.
 
 Received: 26 December 2021 / Accepted: 28 February 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022