Statement Of Purpose Research Articles

Directions for improvement of mechanochemical processes of utilizing ore tailings

Аbstract. The article is devoted to the problem of waste-free extraction of metals from the tailings of primary ore processing. It represents a generalized approach of development of a mechanochemical technology of metal extraction by leaching in disintegrator and includes a summary of existing views on the problem, an analysis of prospects of the technology and the real steps taken in this direction. In the article, the theory and practice of mechanochemical extraction of metals from ores is examined and the assessment of the existing state of subject matter is given. The essence of the problem is that for the expansion of applications of the recommended technology, it must be improved. The article includes an introduction, a purpose statement and the results of improvement on the level of patents in Russian Federation. The article highlights the problems of increasing the speed and fullness of the extraction of metals remaining after primary processing by traditional beneficiation methods, provides arguments and scientific description of the new methods of intensification of metal leaching in a disintegrator. Particular attention is paid to the effectiveness of combination of the methods of interaction with a mineral in order to increase the degree of extraction which allows to reduce operating costs. The essence of the above is the following: the scope of application of the breakthrough technology of waste-free metal extraction from deadstock poor raw materials can be improved by the use of new and prospective technologies based on the increase of process energetics. The main significance of the study lies in the experimental confirmation of the phenomenon of wastefree metal extraction into bulk concentrate by repeated activation in a disintegrator. The study’s advantage is the argument for the need of development of the new technology in order to gain economic, environmental and strategic benefits. The study is pioneering. It opens up a cluster of new problems, for example, selective extraction of metals from a collective solution, optimizing the resistance of the working body of disintegrator, utilizing master solutions, etc.

Dance and Drama in French Baroque Opera: A History by Rebecca Harris-Warrick

Reviewed by: Dance and Drama in French Baroque Opera: A History by Rebecca Harris-Warrick Chantal Frankenbach Dance and Drama in French Baroque Opera: A History. By Rebecca Harris-Warrick. (Cambridge Studies in Opera.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. [xx, 484 p. ISBN 9781107137899 (hardback), $135; ISBN 9781316777596 (e-book), $108.] Music examples, illustrations, tables, appendices, bibliography, index. In reflections on the relative importance of music, text, and gesture to an integrated musical drama, thoughts often turn to Richard Wagner's famously amalgamated Gesamtkunstwerk and his personification of the "three primeval sisters"—the arts of tone, poetry, and dance—in The Art-Work of the Future (Richard Wagner, The Art-Work of the Future and Other Works, trans. William Ashton Ellis [Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993], 95–96; reprint from Richard Wagner's Prose Works, vol. 1 [London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, [End Page 72] 1895]). According to Wagner, this trinity, "tight-clasped, breast on breast, and limb to limb … ever themselves and ever for each other," reunited in his works after a long and shameful separation in the march of operatic history. Wagner casts the muse of Dance as a "tricked-out figure" (Wagner, p. 106) who must atone for her former independence and fallen ways in order to repair the ancient and lofty sisterly bond. Between the lines of his manifesto, of course, we can easily read Wagner's contempt for what had become of dance in French opera. The very tradition he despised, however, had long nourished an arguably more genuine, more fully realized Gesamtkunst werk than his own abstract ideal. Tangled definitions of "gesture" and "dance" aside, it is fair to say—and even more confidently now with Rebecca Harris-Warrick's book—that the French had scooped Wagner's fabled reunion of the muses by over a century. With her thorough account of the essential role dance played at the Académie Royale de Musique, Harris-Warrick joins a growing list of scholars who have recently addressed the long-neglected role of dance in the history of opera: Jennifer Nevile, ed., Dance, Spectacle, and the Body Politick, 1250–1750 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008); Sarah Yuill McLeave, Dance in Handel's London Operas (Eastman Studies in Music 96 [Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2013]); Marian Elizabeth Smith, Ballet and Opera in the Age of Giselle (Princeton Studies in Opera [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000]); Mary Ann Smart, Mimomania: Music and Gesture in Nineteenth-Century Opera (California Studies in 19th-Century Music 13 [Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004]); and Davinia Caddy, The Ballets Russes and Beyond: Music and Dance in Belle-Époque Paris (New Perspectives in Music History and Criticism 22 [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012]). Turning away from the prevailing misconception that divertissements were parenthetical and inconsequential to the French opera's dramatic impact, Harris-Warrick finds new cause to examine the role of dance in what she calls "the lushest and most expansive" music of Jean-Baptiste Lully's time (p. 2). While she is careful to acknowledge that the term "divertissement" suggests a distraction from the real business of the drama, she presents a contrary view: these interludes are "conventionally circumscribed" portions of every act that in fact reverberate throughout the overall drama (p. 8). Using a work-centered approach, Harris-Warrick documents in meticulous detail how dance functioned in Lully's operas and those of his successors in various Parisian theaters. Librettos, scores, and the erratically dispersed didascalies ("stage directions," defined on p. 29) noted in them, make up the primary evidence of this study of the French operatic repertoire from 1672 to 1735 (with a second book planned for Jean-Philippe Rameau's works of the period following). Also invoking the muses, Harris-Warrick elegantly prefaces her study by recalling the prologue of Lully's first opera, in which three of them sing, "Let us mingle our loveliest songs with the most beautiful dances" (p. 7). As both an invitation into a visual spectacle and a "statement of aesthetic purpose," these words encapsulate the integration of dance and dramaturgy that Harris-Warrick exposes in her study. She divides the book into two parts: the first devoted...

Redesigning a University Entrance Interview Protocol: A Case Study with Pre-Service Elementary School Teachers in Korea

In Korea, a national university admission is made based on a variety of factors like Grade Point Average(GPA), Statement of Purpose(SOP), Letters of Recommendation, as well as other achievement records and/or descriptions of specific qualifications. In reviewing applications, the admissions committee considers GPA, SOP, recommendation letters and other factors are also taken into consideration in the interview process. An interview test is designed to measure the overall ability of pre-service teachers, particularly focusing on their character and nature. Thus, the purpose of this study is intended to understand the admission processes of a national university in Korea, and to design the interview test questions to choose the ideal pre-service teachers who are to work in the public elementary school after graduation. In order to answer this question, a survey questionnaire was distributed to 478 college students and then results were collected and analysed.

Statement of Purpose

Statement of Purpose

“Beginning of the Murmur”: Archival Pre-Texts and Other Sources ed. by Conor Carville, Mark Nixon

and owner of his works. Here Call situates the battles with pirates and plagiarists in the complex context of seventeenth-century publishing practices, resisting the anachronistic temptation to see Molière as a precursor to modern authorship. Quarrels, and especially those surrounding L’école des femmes, provide the basis for the third chapter, which shows why the 1662 comedy posed a serious threat to its contemporaries by combining popular success with the generic innovation of a new “grande comédie” that only Molière could create:“Molière redefined the very nature of successful comedy on the dual fronts of performance and publication, establishing in the process a trademark style which was branded with his individuating ownership” (140). The fourth chapter looks in depth at the year 1666, during which a collection of Molière’s works was published without his consent; meanwhile, Le misanthrope staged the drama of Célimène’s promiscuously circulating letters, which served as an example of the dangers of authorship: both the action of the comedy and the publication history of the year of its premiere show how easily texts can escape their authors. The following chapter tracks the publishing history of the late 1660s and early 1670s.With Le Tartuffe and Le bourgeois gentilhomme, Molière continued to establish himself as author and owner of plays that made money both onstage and in print.A privilege that he was able to obtain in 1671, against the wishes of the Communauté des libraires et imprimeurs, marks a newly-aggressive approach to authorial control, such that “Molière had gone from being an author printed malgré lui to wresting almost complete control of his works from a system designed without an author’s rights in mind” (205). Call argues that the 1672 publication of Les femmes savantes marks the culmination of Molière’s innovation and independence in the world of print. The last chapter explores the fascinating case of Psyché, the result of collaborative writing by Molière, Corneille, and Quinault, staged to the music of Lully, the choreography of Beauchamp, and the machines of the Vigarani family. In spite of playing a relatively minor role in the machine play’s authorship, Molière nonetheless strove to be recognized as its sole author. An afterword examines the 1682 edition of Molière’s complete works, “a remarkably complex effort by the playwright’s contemporaries to reconcile the many competing aspects of Molière’s authorship” (230). University of Iowa Roland Racevskis Carville, Conor, and Mark Nixon, eds. “Beginning of the Murmur”: Archival PreTexts and Other Sources. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2015. ISBN 978-90-043-0991-3. Pp. 244. While many of the past few years’ editions of Samuel Beckett Today/Aujourd’hui have demonstrated the rich variety of contemporary critical approaches to Beckett’s work, the newest edition makes this diversity of ways of engaging Beckett’s lasting achievement its guiding statement of purpose. Largely comprised of essays developed 218 FRENCH REVIEW 91.1 Reviews 219 from a conference held to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Beckett International Foundation at the University of Reading, the volume stands as a testament to, as Conor Carville writes in his introduction, the fact that no one interpretive method or critical school holds the key to unlocking the meanings of Beckett’s work, but that “today there is instead a sense of several very productive strands of research coexisting with and complementing each other” (9). This proliferation of approaches in today’s scholarly community, Carville elegantly argues, is perfectly suited to Beckett’s art, as that art itself emerged from a modernist strand of “experimental cultural practice”(10).Which is to say that Beckett’s art asks a multitude of questions about the world from a variety of perspectives, and today’s brightest and most challenging readers of Beckett’s work continue to follow suit. The present volume’s own proliferation of critical approaches includes, among essays that are unanimously compelling and successful, queer theory, trauma studies, and translation studies (to name only a few), all performed with the most rigorous and exacting kind of close reading. Notable standouts include analyses of Beckett’s literary practice within...

ANALISIS PENYAJIAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN BERDASARKAN PENERAPAN STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN ENTITAS TANPA AKUNTABILITAS PUBLIK PADA PT. FORTUNA INTI ALAM

The financial statements in principle are the result of the accounting process used to communicate the financial situation to internal and external parties that are aimed at decision making. The importance of the financial statements, then the financial statement should be prepared carefully and without errors. Financial Accounting Standards generally are not in accordance with entities whose accountability is not as significant. Therefore, the Institute of Indonesia Chartered Accountants (IAI) has issued Financial Accounting Standards Entity Without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP) intended for entities that do not have significant public accountability and publish financial statements for general purposes for external users. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ETAP in the presentation of PT. Fortuna Inti Alam’s financial statement. The method used in this study is comparative descriptive analysis. Results of this research is based on the financial statements of 2016 show that PT. Fortuna Inti Alam has implemented ETAP but it is not fully complete yet. The Company has not presented Statement of Owner’s Equity, Cash Flow Statement, and Notes to Financial Statements. This research suggests that companies can prepare components of other financial statements in accordance with applicable standards.Keywords : Financial Statements, SAK ETAP.

Educación intercultural y formación del profesorado

Este trabajo realiza una reflexión, desde la Filosofía de la Educación, sobre la situación de la educación intercultural en la sociedad global, entendiendo que ni la filosofía ni el filósofo están exentos de intereses, y de atender a los giros: cognoscitivo y lingüístico. Se expone la situación actual de dicha forma de educación, y se enuncian y examinan los principios (diálogo crítico y sociedad de la cooperación), finalidades (construcción de identidad, construcción de racionalidad, construcción de personalidad), y acciones (prácticas sociales), esenciales para la formación del profesorado en esta modalidad educativa, así como la necesidad de incluir en ella la formación investigativa. ______________ Contextualización: Idioma Maya Q’eqchi’ Contextualizador: Agustin Pelicó Pérez Ministerio de Educación de Guatemala K’OSB’IL NA’LEB’ Li k’anjel li wan sa’ li perel hu a’in, naxtz’il rix chan ru wan ut chan ru nak’utman li tzolok chirix li k’iilawank sa’ li junjunq chi nimla tzoleb’aal ut sa’ li junjunq chi tenamit. Ab’anan tento xnawb’al naq li naxtz’il rix li tzolok a’in, junelik naraj xnawb’al k’a’ru nak’ulman chirix li na’leb’ a’in, ut wan sa’ xb’een rilb’al ma us li k’iila paay chi na’leb’ ut li aatinob’aal li na’oksiman. Sa’ li perel hu a’in, naxk’ut chiruheb’ li poyanam naq jwal us li tzolok chirix li k’iilawank, xb’aan naq sa’ li junjunq chi tenamit moko jun ta li aatinob’aal wan, k’iila paay b’an eb’ li aatinob’aal li na’oksiman naq na’uxq li sum’aatinak. Jo’kan naq joq’e na’uxman li aatinak aajel ru xtz’ilb’al rix li k’a’ru nayeeman sa’ li tzolok. Eb’ li tenq’ li nake’xk’e li najtil tenamit, aajel ru rilb’al chi us, xb’aan naq li xk’anjel a’an re xtenq’ankileb’ li poyanam re naq ink’a’ te’xmajewa rib’ ut te’xloq’oni rib’. Li wan sa’ li perel hu a’in, taak’anjelak re xtenq’ankileb’ li ixq ut li winq li yookeb’ chi tzolok sa’ li nimla tzoleb’aal, chi xtzolb’al li na’leb’ chi rix li k’iilawank ut aajel ru aj wi’ naq te’xtzol ut te’xkawresi rib’ chirix li tz’ilok-ix. Eb’ li aatin tento xtzolb’al: li nab’aanuman sa’ li komonil; k’iila xpaayil xk’utb’al li tzolok; li tiikil wank, li k’iila xb’ehil k’utuk ut eb’ li loq’al.

Nonprofit Identity Framing: Evidence of Local Variation across United Ways

The United Way is an important resource provider in many local communities and has traditionally garnered the majority of donations made during workplace giving campaigns. Over the past thirty years nonprofit competition for contributions made during workplace giving campaigns has increased dramatically. In the face of increasing competition, the United Way Worldwide is attempting to re-frame its organizational identity through its Community Impact initiative. Local United Ways, however have some discretion over implementation of the Community Impact initiative. This study draws upon classic theories of organizational adaptation and research on workplace giving to examine organizational-level variation in identity framing across a large sample of local United Ways. Specifically, data on organizational purpose statements, philanthropic market consolidation, and peer influence are analyzed using text mining and social network analysis (SNA) techniques to study variation in organizational identity framing across 710 local United Ways across the U.S. Findings suggest that: 1) local United Ways are both maintaining core dimensions of their organizational identity while integrating new components; and 2) local field consolidation, and peer influence are associated with the identity framing choices of local United Way organizations. The implications for practice as well as future research on identity focused organizational adaptation are discussed.

SCRIPTURE AND LAW IN THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS, BY A P JASSEN

(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014). Hardcover. Price: USD 99.99.

The Discursive Construction of Writer Identity in the Statement of Purpose (SOP): A Case Study of Two Korean Students

The Discursive Construction of Writer Identity in the Statement of Purpose (SOP): A Case Study of Two Korean Students

Translated Recordings Under the Confrontation Clause; Application Summary

Translated Recordings Under the Confrontation Clause; Application Summary

Evaluation of the adequacy of government minimum wage valorization policy in the Czech Republic in 2017 in the European context

Research background: The government of the Czech Republic has agreed to an increase in the minimum monthly wage as of the beginning of 2017 to 11,000 CZK, which represents a year-over-year increase of over 11 %. The government is thus fulfilling its objective set out in February 2014 and stipulated in the Government Statement of Purpose, i.e. to approximate the minimum wage to 40 % of average wages.Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to assess the adequacy of the Government Minimum Wage Valorization Policy, in particular from two points of view. Firstly, in view of selected macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic ? the development of consumer prices, average gross wages, economic growth and workforce productivity. Secondly, in comparison with other EU member states which have introduced the institution of a minimum wage.Methods: In order to assess the adequacy of government policy to improve the social protection of the rights of the working population, a background research was conducted into the literature of important studies on the effects of minimum wages on unemployment, while the development of average gross wages in the CR, the minimum monthly wages in the CR and the Kaitz index were also analyzed. Furthermore, an evaluation of selected macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic was performed by means of time lines and the percentage representation of employees in the individual gross wage bands according to sex and type of economic activity. Last, but not least, a comparison was made of minimum wages, real gross domestic product per capita and workforce productivity in Euros and in purchasing power standards between the Czech Republic and countries which have enacted the institution of minimum wages.Findings and Value added: The minimum wage in the Czech Republic is the fifth lowest in the EU. In the long term, it is earned by approximately 3% of employees, which is less than the rate common in other EU countries. Currently, the amount of the minimum wage is below the threshold of income poverty. In comparison with the GDP per capita in PPS and real labour productivity per person employed in other EU countries, the position of the Czech Republic is significantly better, although other EU countries offer higher minimum wages. The decision of the current government to significantly increase the minimum wage as of 2017 is correct.

Let’s march to stress the value of science for the public good, not to engage in partisan politics

Much has been made of the aims of the upcoming March for Science, which is scheduled to take place on April 22 in Washington, DC. Some have argued it’s a terrible idea (1). But the march could serve an important purpose—if organizers and participants succeed in sending the right message and reaching the right audiences, namely a public that’s sometimes wary or suspicious of science and public officials who are trying to further specific interests. A march for science, done right, will underscore the critical importance of science literacy among the general public. Image courtesy of Dave Cutler (artist). If the March for Science were meant as a partisan enterprise or an objection to President Trump’s policies in general, scientists would have reason to be reluctant to participate. In their statement of purpose, the organizers issue a “call to support and safeguard the scientific community” (https://www.marchforscience.com), a somewhat nebulous phrase that could be interpreted in a variety of ways. The statement goes on to lament the “mischaracterization of science as a partisan issue, which has given policymakers permission to reject overwhelming evidence” (https://www.marchforscience.com). In other words, the event is meant to underscore that scientific findings should not be ignored by policy makers, not to favor one political party or another. Scientists’ findings deserve respect specifically because they emanate from procedures that ensure neutrality. Even if researchers would prefer a specific outcome, those adhering to the scientific method do not alter the results to fit their preferences. Their ethical commitments, rigorous training, and professional standards all suggest they have well-earned credibility in their chosen field. Neither partisanship, political predilections, or even religious beliefs affect the procedures followed by well-trained, ethical scientists. They may be Republicans, Democrats, Independents, or have no affiliation with a political party, but the scientific method, properly applied, … [↵][1]1Email: rudder{at}gmu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

How Would You Like to Pay? How Technology Is Changing the Future of Money. Bill Maurer. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015, 176 pp. $19.95, paper. ISBN 978-0-8223-5999-9.

How Would You Like to Pay? How Technology Is Changing the Future of Money. Bill Maurer. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015, 176 pp. $19.95, paper. ISBN 978-0-8223-5999-9.

BUILDING A PURPOSEFUL, POSITIVE, PRODUCTIVE CULTURE

In the estimation of Edmonds, most leaders are too casual in their assessment of their own organizations’ culture. He describes five levels of culture health, which in his words, from lowest to highest, are dysfunction, tension, civility, acknowledgment, and validation. Culture cannot be left to chance. He suggests setting out an organizational constitution stating what he calls a “servant purpose,” including underlying values, behaviors, strategies, and goals. Edmonds describes a servant purpose statement as a “present‐day ‘reason for being’ that specifies whom your company serves, through what efforts on employees’ parts, and how those efforts improve your customers’ quality of life.”

Disciplinary variations in academic promotional writing: the case of statements of purpose

This paper explores disciplinary variations in academic promotional writing via a comparative analysis of statements of purpose (SoPs) written for different disciplines. A total of 100 SoPs written by English as an additional language (EAL) applicants from mainland China were collected, which were drawn from five academic disciplines: business, engineering, humanities, science and social science. Following a corpus-driven research design, these SoP samples were analyzed in terms of their lexico-grammatical and rhetorical features. The data analysis suggests that although on the surface these SoP samples share similarities in lexico-grammatical and rhetorical features, they are quite different in terms of their preferred persuasion strategies. While SoPs written for engineering and science primarily base their self-promotional arguments upon the applicants’ previous research experiences and future research prospects, those written for business, humanities and social science tend to focus on how the applicants’ unique Chinese socio-cultural backgrounds would contribute to their desired programs. The above finding sheds light upon how academic genres are invariably embedded in disciplinary practices, with each discipline having its own communicative purposes, discourse community members, academic expectations and disciplinary constraints.

Improve Student Understanding Ability Through Gamification in Instructional Media Based Explicit Instruction

In an effort to maximize a student’s academic growth, one of the tools available to educators is the explicit instruction. Explicit instruction is marked by a series of support or scaffold, where the students will be guided through the learning process with a clear statement of purpose and a reason for learning new skills, a clear explanation and demonstration of learning targets, supported and practiced with independent feedback until mastery has been achieved. The technology development trend of todays, requires an adjustment in the development of learning object that supports the achievement of explicit instruction targets. This is where the gamification position is. In the role as a pedagogical strategy, the use of gamification preformance study class is still relatively new. Gamification not only use the game elements and game design techniques in non-game contexts, but also to empower and engage learners with the ability of motivation on learning approach and maintains a relaxed atmosphere. With using Reseach and Development methods, this paper presents the integration of technology (which in this case using the concept of gamification) in explicit instruction settings and the impact on the improvement of students’ understanding.

A Shift in Perspective: The Intended Audience and a Coherent Reading of Proverbs 1:1–7

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Most interpreters agree that Prov 1:1-7 introduces a family of wisdom terms, identifies the intended audience(s), and states the book's purpose through a series of infinitive constructs (1:2-4, 6). Many commentators claim that the infinitives depend on the title (1:1) and indicate intended audiences: the simpletons and youth (1:4) as well as the mature reader referred to as the (1:5).1 reason is semantic: the title supplies the of as the agent required to complete the meaning of the infinitives. Read naturally as statements of purpose, the infinitives are often translated with a to, indicating purpose. Hence, with a governing title and assumed linking verb, the phrases read, The proverbs of Solomon (1:1) ... [are] for the purpose of-2 Most commentators apply this pattern to verses 2b, 3a, and then also to verse 4, which would read, The proverbs of Solomon . . . [are] for the purpose of giving to the ones prudence. It is therefore concluded that of the intended audiences is the simple/youth.I. Proverbs 1:1-7: Translation...1:1 proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel:1:2 to know wisdom and instruction, to understand sayings of understanding,1:3 to receive instruction in dealing: righteousness, and justice, and equity,1:4 to give to the ones prudence, to the youth knowledge and discretion.1:5 Let the hear and increase in learning and the who understands acquire guidance1:6 to understand a proverb and an epigram the words of the ones and their enigmas.1:7 fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledgewisdom and instruction fools despise.Between verses 2-3 and verse 4, the implied agent of the infinitives changes. In verses 2-3, it is consistently the reader, not the proverbs, who knows (v. 2a), who understands (v. 2b), and who receives (v. 3a). Yet in verse 4 it is the proverbs of Solomon, not the reader, that give. Michael V. Fox clarifies the shift at verse 4: The verb [to give], may seem awkward because it describes something that book will do, whereas the parallel verbs in the series describe things the pupil will do (knowing, understanding, receiving).3 Fox assumes correctly that the infinitives imply an additional agent. Yet he, like many others, resolves the shift at verse 4 by claiming that the implied reader of verses 2-3 is now revealed in the direct objects of verse 4. Hence, verse 4 clarifies that the proverbs were written for the simple/youth, who might know, understand, and receive (1:2-3a). Interpreters then claim that verse 5 indicates a second audience, the wise, with verse 6 resuming the style of verses 2-3. While views divide over the precise structure and relationship of the clauses, the shift at verse 4 has not been adequately addressed.4The change at verse 4 relates directly to the question of audience. Who is or are the intended audience(s) as indicated by the introduction (1:1-7), particularly verses 4-5? Does Proverbs address the simple/youth or the wise one or both? In order to resolve these questions, I will account for structural, grammatical, linguistic, and rhetorical issues in Prov 1:1-7 and propose a coherent reading of the whole passage. In my reexamination of the section I undertake four tasks that will yield an alternative reading. I establish that (1) the title is independent of verses 2-6 and (2) that the infinitives depend on the finite verbs of verse 5. Then, (3) I demonstrate that the implied reader, or audience, is not the simple (v. 4a) but is indeed the (v. 5), who is the agent of verse 4 that gives prudence to the simple. I clarify the identity and literary-rhetorical function of the wise, and (4) address the two terms in verse 4. My conclusions will not only reveal a tightly knit structure for Prov 1:1-7 but will also focus the identity of the book's intended audience, as I establish a singular audience, the wise, rooted in the rhetoricalliterary context of Proverbs in ways heretofore either overlooked or undeveloped by interpreters. …

Nutraceuticals: Curative Integrative Cancer Treatment

Statement of Purpose: Although 75% of breast cancer patients may use integrative medicine, only 11.5% earlystage breast cancer patients believe integrative medicine has anticancer activity. The gap in users of and firm believers in integrative medicine indicates a need to increase awareness of integrative medicine’s applicability to curative cancer treatment. As diet, nutraceuticals, and traditional Chinese medicine are used by up to 82% of cancer patients who use integrative medicine, this paper focuses on nutraceuticals. As female cancer patients are most likely to use integrative medicine, nutraceuticals specific to breast, cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer are reviewed. Methods: PubMed searches in September 2016 and January 2017, and accompanying hand searches were performed for English language, free full text articles published from 2012 onwards. Search terms were combinations of the key words: Homeopathy, phytochemicals, breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, cancer, prevention, treatment. Curative nutraceutical treatments were taken from these searches. Supplemental hand searches were performed as needed. Findings: Integrative nutraceutical therapies are based on biologic plausibility. Individual nutraceuticals are frequently comprised of numerous phytochemical types, and have multiple mechanisms of action. Agonistantagonist mechanisms are not exclusive to phytoestrogens, complicating which derivative or whole nutraceutical to use. Research on breast and cervical cancer inhibitors has seemingly outpaced that for endometrial and ovarian cancer. Breast cancer inhibitors include terpenes, isoflavones, organosulphurs, organoselenium compounds, and withanolides. Conclusion and Significance: Potential nutraceutical candidates for curative cancer treatment abound. Discerning which constituents, which extraction method, and which delivery method to use for an efficacious treatment is an essential, lengthy process. If nutraceuticals such as limonene and Kahalalide F move forward to Phase III trials a nutraceutical cancer treatment pipeline may be established. Withaferin-A and derivatives for breast and ovarian cancer appear to be the leading gynecologic cancer nutraceutical drug candidates.

The History of Health Equity: Concept and Vision

Health equity has long been an ideal, with roots in social medicine reaching back into the mid-nineteenth century when visionary public health leaders and social critics recognized that social and class inequalities led to inequities in health. Constitution of the World Health Organization states that “the highest standards of health should be within reach of all, without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition”. Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations states that “everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family” and that “Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”. Various organizationsthe Rockefeller Foundation, the World Bank, and many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have frequently used the terms “health equity” and “inequity” in their statements of mission and purpose. In 1971, Julian Tudor Hart coined the Inverse Care Law: The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served.” Other analysts have pointed out that medical care is only one of the requirements for good health, with income, education, nutrition, sanitation, and living and working conditions all being essential determinants of health. Margaret Whitehead has emphasized the difference between health differentials that are unavoidable, and those that are avoidable and preventable; the latter were health inequities and recognized as injustices. This essay traces the history of the idea of health equity and raises questions about the translation of the concept into practice.