Statement Of Fact Research Articles

Representatives Illocutionary Act Found in Wednesday Addams Movie

This study explores representative speech acts in the Wednesday Addams movie, analyzing their frequency, types, and functions. The primary goal of the research is to analyze how representative speech acts are used in character dialogue to conve beliefs, intentions, personalities, and to understand their contribution to narrative and character development. Employing Yule's (1996) classification and Leech's (1983) theory, the study identifies 25 instances of representative speech acts categorized into statements of fact, assertions, conclusions, and descriptions. Statements of fact were found to be the most frequent (32%), followed by descriptions (28%), assertions (20%), and conclusions (20%). These representative speech acts provide significant insights into the characters’ beliefs, intentions, and personalities, contributing to the narrative and character development of the film. The study also compares findings with previous research, indicating that while prior studies have focused on broader speech acts, this research narrows its focus to representative speech acts, offering a more detailed understanding of their role in character dialogue and storytelling. A qualitative descriptive method was applied by analyzing the dialogue in the Wednesday Addams script. This study explores how language is used in movies, especially in modern movie.

Effects of Verbal Framing of Video and Attitudes Toward Police on Mock Jurors' Judgements of Body‐Worn Camera Video

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of prosecution and defense opening statements describing video evidence on mock jurors' perceptions and interpretations of that evidence and ultimate judgments. Materials were based on an actual case in which a police officer was tried for murder after fatally shooting an unarmed driver at a traffic stop. The incident was recorded on the officer's body‐worn camera. Participants exposed to the prosecution's verbal framing of the video judged the officer to be significantly more responsible for the driver's death than those not so exposed. Partisan verbal framing also significantly affected what participants reported having seen, in some instances making them more likely to agree with factual statements that were unambiguously false. The effect of verbal framing on participants' responsibility judgments was mediated by its effect on their inferential judgments and emotional responses. Attitudes toward police also significantly affected responsibility judgments, inferential judgments, and emotional responses.

Living without an irrealis

Abstract An important grammatical feature that separates Old Church Slavic from the languages of the other five first-millennium CE Indo-European versions of the Gospels is the absence of a third mood, outside of the indicative and imperative, to encode irrealis contexts. For speakers of Modern English, such contexts are, with few exceptions, encoded by means of modal verbs. A particularly clear distinction may be drawn in English between purpose clauses, where no actual result is stated to have occurred (I arrived early so that I could get a seat; irrealis), and result clauses, where an actual outcome is indicated (I arrived early, so that I got a seat). Another category where a similar distinction comes into play in English is in indirect questions (I wondered how he would solve the problem) as opposed to a factual statement (I know how he solved the problem). This article will investigate the entire range of contexts where the original Greek text employs a subjunctive (or, rarely, an optative) in order to document the manner in which Old Church Slavic handles irrealis contexts, comparing this to the way such contexts are handled by the other Indo-European languages of the first millennium CE recording the Gospel text.

Need for Cognition, Neuromyths, and Knowledge about the Brain in Aspiring Teachers

AbstractNeuromyths are pervasive misconceptions about the brain and its functioning. They are widely held by the general population, as well as by teachers and by preservice teachers. Need for cognition (NfC) may offer a protective effect against misconceptions. The current study examined endorsement of neuromyths in a sample of aspiring teachers and other students as a function of NfC. In an online survey, participants rated agreement with a range of misconceptions and factual statements about the brain and completed a scale measuring NfC. Results showed that participants correctly rejected two thirds of the misconception statements, but there was a high level of agreement for some neuromyth items. Aspiring teachers performed better on factual statements but not neuromyths compared to those not aspiring to teach. NfC was positively associated with ratings of the factual statements, but not with the misconceptions. The findings suggest that some neuromyths remain pervasive and NfC does not confer protection.

Using Wikidata lexemes and items to generate text from abstract representations

Ninai/Udiron, a living function-based natural language generation system, uses knowledge in Wikidata lexemes and items to transform abstract representations of factual statements into human-readable text. The combined system first produces syntax trees based on those abstract representations (Ninai) and then yields sentences from those syntax trees (Udiron). The system relies on information about individual lexical units and links to the concepts those units represent, as well as rules encoded in various types of functions to which users may contribute, to make decisions about words, phrases, and other morphemes to use and how to arrange them. Various system design choices work toward using the information in Wikidata lexemes and items efficiently and effectively, making different components individually contributable and extensible, and making the overall resultant outputs from the system expectable and analyzable. These targets accompany the intentions for Ninai/Udiron to ultimately power the Abstract Wikipedia project as well as be hosted on the Wikifunctions project.

Opinion Identification using a Conversational Large Language Mode

The paper focuses on testing the use of conversational Large Language Model (LLM), in particularchatGPT and Google models, instructed to assume the role of linguistics experts to produce opinions. Incontrast to knowledge/evidence-based objective factual statements, opinions are defined as subjective statements about animates, things, events or properties in the context of an Opinion (Speech) Event in a social cultural context. Taxonomy distinguishes explicit (direct/indirect) and implicit opinions (positive, negative, ambiguous, or balanced). Contextually richer prompts at the LLMs training phase are shown to be needed to deal with variants of implicit opinion scenario types.

Is Women's Knowledge About Oral Contraception Affected by Social Media? [ID 2683506

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to investigate a possible association between use of social media for women’s health and individuals’ knowledge regarding oral contraception. METHODS: This IRB-approved, anonymous study surveyed English-speaking, female followers of two of the authors’ (V.Y., R.A.S.) well-known platforms on Instagram and YouTube about their oral contraception knowledge and the sources of that knowledge. The 14-question survey collected demographic information and personal experiences with hormonal contraception. It then asked for agreement on a 5-point Likert scale with factual and nonfactual statements about oral contraceptive pills. The sources of information were compared between high- versus low-scoring participants. RESULTS: Two thousand fifty-four women responded. The majority (72.3%) were 25 years or younger; 57.6% were Caucasian; 67.5% had at least college degrees. Nearly 50% were students; the remainder were employed. Incomes were well distributed. Two-thirds had used oral contraceptives but nearly 80% reported searching online prior to filling a prescription. Most frequently missed questions were related to mood disorders, weight gain, and infertility. Comparing those who had less than or equal to two questions correct (42.3%) versus greater than or equal to five questions correct (11.1%), more of the former (56.6%) acquired information from friends and social media than did the latter (28.1%) (P<.001). CONCLUSION: This survey of young, highly educated, frequent consumers of social media harbored many myths about oral contraceptive use, often originating from friends and social media sources. Recognizing the effect that online influences have on women’s oral contraceptive knowledge may assist providers in their counseling.

The Grammar of Faith. Ludwig Wittgenstein on Madness and Religious Faith

Ludwig Wittgenstein repeatedly called religion and faith “madness”, “folly”, etc. However, this does not mean that he considered it irrational or meaningless. Rather, he saw in it a way of thinking and speaking, a “language-game”, that was not explicitly rational, but nevertheless meaningful, and in which there were “entirely different connections” than normal between individual statements. Nor can the language of faith be regarded as conventional, according to Wittgenstein, even if approached from the point of view of the nature of the statements it contains. If, for example, we think that theological statements are factual statements (as if they refer only to existing things or objects), then this language immediately becomes meaningless. The aim of my study is to analyze the “grammar” of this language (the language of faith or religion), using Wittgenstein’s notes from different times, paragraphs of his published works, comments made during university lectures, etc., and to describe the correct use of words in it.

Novel framework for dialogue summarization based on factual-statement fusion and dialogue segmentation.

The explosive growth of dialogue data has aroused significant interest among scholars in abstractive dialogue summarization. In this paper, we propose a novel sequence-to-sequence framework called DS-SS (Dialogue Summarization with Factual-Statement Fusion and Dialogue Segmentation) for summarizing dialogues. The novelty of the DS-SS framework mainly lies in two aspects: 1) Factual statements are extracted from the source dialogue and combined with the source dialogue to perform the further dialogue encoding; and 2) A dialogue segmenter is trained and used to separate a dialogue to be encoded into several topic-coherent segments. Thanks to these two aspects, the proposed framework may better encode dialogues, thereby generating summaries exhibiting higher factual consistency and informativeness. Experimental results on two large-scale datasets SAMSum and DialogSum demonstrate the superiority of our framework over strong baselines, as evidenced by both automatic evaluation metrics and human evaluation.

Mitigating Large Language Model Hallucinations via Autonomous Knowledge Graph-Based Retrofitting

Incorporating factual knowledge in knowledge graph is regarded as a promising approach for mitigating the hallucination of large language models (LLMs). Existing methods usually only use the user's input to query the knowledge graph, thus failing to address the factual hallucination generated by LLMs during its reasoning process. To address this problem, this paper proposes Knowledge Graph-based Retrofitting (KGR), a new framework that incorporates LLMs with KGs to mitigate factual hallucination during the reasoning process by retrofitting the initial draft responses of LLMs based on the factual knowledge stored in KGs. Specifically, KGR leverages LLMs to extract, select, validate, and retrofit factual statements within the model-generated responses, which enables an autonomous knowledge verifying and refining procedure without any additional manual efforts. Experiments show that KGR can significantly improve the performance of LLMs on factual QA benchmarks especially when involving complex reasoning processes, which demonstrates the necessity and effectiveness of KGR in mitigating hallucination and enhancing the reliability of LLMs.

Fact-opinion differentiation

Statements of fact can be proved or disproved with objective evidence, whereas statements of opinion depend on personal values and preferences. Distinguishing between these types of statements contributes to information competence. Conversely, failure at fact-opinion differentiation potentially brings resistance to corrections of misinformation and susceptibility to manipulation. Our analyses show that on fact-opinion differentiation tasks, unsystematic mistakes and mistakes emanating from partisan bias occur at higher rates than accurate responses. Accuracy increases with political sophistication. Affective partisan polarization promotes systematic partisan error: As views grow more polarized, partisans increasingly see their side as holding facts and the opposing side as holding opinions.

SIGNIFICANCE AND PRACTICAL APPLICABILITY OF APTOPDESHA PRAMANA

Ayurveda, an ancient science renowned for its unique theories and philosophies, is widely recognised for its characteristics that promote a healthy lifestyle. Among the various ayurvedic theories, one of the most prominent is 'Pramana’ or 'Pariksha', which translates to 'Proof'. Pramana encompasses four main types: Aptopdesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana, and Yukti. Acharya Charak elaborated on these types in the 11th adhyaya of Sutrasthan. Aptopdesha holds significant importance as it represents an authoritative statement of fact provided by a knowledgeable and trustworthy individual, an 'Apta purush'. Aptopdesha serves as a fundamental source of information in any scientific discipline. Its role is crucial in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, as well as in research methodologies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the utility of Aptopdesha Pramana.

Analisis Tindak Tutur Lokusi pada Konten Review Handphone dalam Kanal YouTube GadgetIn

This article aims to analyze the locutionary speech acts used in cellphone review content on the YouTube channel "Gadgetin". Locutionary speech acts are an important aspect in language and communication analysis. Locutionary speech acts can provide in-depth insight into how content creators communicate with audiences in the context of technology product reviews. This research uses a qualitative approach by collecting data from a number of cellphone review videos published on the "Gadgetin" channel. Data were analyzed using the speech act theory framework of Austin (1962) and Searle (1969) to identify the speech acts used in the video. The results of the analysis show that there are significant differences in the use of locutionary speech acts in cellphone review content. Based on the data collected, this research classifies locutionary speech acts into several types, including statements of fact about technical specifications, opinions about product quality, audience requests, and others. Apart from that, this article also discusses how the use of slogans affects communication between content creators and their audiences. The research results show that the effective use of locutionary speech acts can increase audience participation and support communication goals in the context of motion review. This research contributes significantly to understanding the use of language in technology product review content on the YouTube platform. The results of this cellphone review analysis can be a benchmark for YouTube content producers and researchers to understand the dynamics of communication in an ever-evolving digital context.

Speech Acts Analysis of Jokowi’s Speech on National Santri Day Commemoration

This research deals with the types of illocutionary acts in Jokowi’s opening speech on National Santri Day commemoration. The aim of this research was to analyse the types of illocutionary speech act which was dominantly used in that speech. This research applied descriptive qualitative method and speech act theory by Yule. There were 25 utterances and the percentage of utterances were Representative 44%, Expressive 20%, Directive 20%, Commissive 4%, and Declarative 12%. The result showed that Jokowi states the facts to the audiences about the current existence of santri. It is found that Jokowi’s speech acts in his speech are intended as a statement of fact, description and assertion.

Speech Act in a Courtroom: An Analysis of Chris Watts’ Trial

The utterances produced by participants in a trial relates to their role and the trial stage. Therefore, everyone involved in the trial will produce a variety of speech acts. This research aims to describe the types of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial and to describe the functions of the speech act used in the trial. The analysis is based on Searle's theory of speech act (1979). The researchers used descriptive qualitative method to describe the types of speech act and the functions of the speech acts by analyzing each utterance produced by all of the participants in courtroom. The finding shows that there are 176 utterances of speech acts which consist of 79 representatives, 23 directives, 14 commissives, 51 expressive, and 9 declarations. The researchers also found 26 functions of speech act. The dominant speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is representative, because all the participants give statements of fact about the case during the trial. Moreover, the most frequently used function of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is stating, because, most of the participants' utterance is used to state their belief and thought regarding Chris Watts’ case. In this research, the specific position of the speaker in the courtroom creates specific function of speech act used. The witnesses’ utterance is used to condemn the defendant, the judge’s utterance is used to sentence the defendant, while the prosecutor’s utterance is used to restate the witness’s statement.

“That’s just, like, your opinion” – European citizens’ ability to distinguish factual information from opinion

Abstract In the current media landscape, it is becoming increasingly difficult for citizens to rely on trustworthy information, not least because reliable facts are mixed with dubious claims, unsubstantiated opinions, or outright lies. The ability to distinguish factual from other types of mediated information is becoming increasingly crucial, but we know little about how well-equipped citizens are to make these distinctions. In an original survey study conducted in ten European countries, we asked respondents whether they considered six different statements relating to the European Union to be factual or opinion statements. Our results show that citizens have considerable difficulties in correctly identifying both factual information and opinions. Next to pre-existing judgements, we identify media-related, political, and sociodemographic factors that influence categorisation accuracy. We discuss our findings in relation to citizens’ perceptions of journalistic credibility and their information literacy as well as ongoing debates about the effectiveness of fact-checkers on social media.

Vox Populi, Vox ChatGPT: Large Language Models, Education and Democracy

In the era of generative AI and specifically large language models (LLMs), exemplified by ChatGPT, the intersection of artificial intelligence and human reasoning has become a focal point of global attention. Unlike conventional search engines, LLMs go beyond mere information retrieval, entering into the realm of discourse culture. Their outputs mimic well-considered, independent opinions or statements of facts, presenting a pretense of wisdom. This paper explores the potential transformative impact of LLMs on democratic societies. It delves into the concerns regarding the difficulty in distinguishing ChatGPT-generated texts from human output. The discussion emphasizes the essence of authorship, rooted in the unique human capacity for reason—a quality indispensable for democratic discourse and successful collaboration within free societies. Highlighting the potential threats to democracy, this paper presents three arguments: the Substitution argument, the Authenticity argument, and the Facts argument. These arguments highlight the potential risks that are associated with an overreliance on LLMs. The central thesis posits that widespread deployment of LLMs may adversely affect the fabric of a democracy if not comprehended and addressed proactively and properly. In proposing a solution, we advocate for an emphasis on education as a means to mitigate risks. We suggest cultivating thinking skills in children, fostering coherent thought formulation, and distinguishing between machine-generated output and genuine, i.e., human, reasoning. The focus should be on the responsible development and usage of LLMs, with the goal of augmenting human capacities in thinking, deliberating and decision-making rather than substituting them.

ON THE ISSUE OF LIABILITY FOR MISLEADING STATEMENTS ABOUT CIRCUMSTANCES

In the course of a largescale reform of civil legislation in 2015, the institute of assurances of representations appeared in Russian law. This construction was implemented from the foreign order, which gave rise to a lot of discussion issues in the doctrine and real law enforcement problems. Law enforcement problems are objectively conditioned by the fact that continental ideas about torts, liability, damages do not correspond in everything to common law approaches, on the model of which the norm on assurances was introduced into Russian law. The new norm of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - Article 431.2 provides a bona de business entity with a wide arsenal to protect the violated right caused by misrepresentation, regardless of the recognition of the contract as invalid or non-concluded. However, in order for such statements of fact as representations to function successfully and serve as a convenient risk management tool, a number of practical and theoretical issues need to be resolved.In this article the author considers one of the most important law enforcement issues in the light of the new institute of representations - the nature of liability for misleading statements. Analyzing foreign judicial practice and taking into account the original legislative construction of the norm 431.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the author concludes that the “positive” methodology of calculating damages is preferable for the stability of business turnover. The article also touches upon the controversial issue of forfeit as a means of creditor’s protection in case of misrepresentation, and practical recommendations are also given.

The dividing question as a hedging tool in the dialogues of the British working class

The subject of the study is the dividing issues-hedges in the speech of the British working class. The purpose of the work is to determine the features of their functioning as a means of speech fencing (hedging). The main communicative tasks for which representatives of the British working class resort to using the structure of the dividing question in order to hedge their statements are identified: expression of opinion, criticism, statement of fact, assumption, proposal, demand, request for information and intention. A number of patterns have also been identified when using ascending or descending nuclear tones in the second half of the dividing questions used as hedges. The material of the study is the dialogues of the characters, representatives of the modern London working class, of the movie "Sorry We Missed You" (2019, directed by K. Loach) in the original language. The work uses linguistic and contextual analysis in order to classify the research material. Audit and electroacoustic analysis of statements were also carried out using the Praat program. The novelty of the study lies in the choice of material and subject of the study: the film "Sorry We Missed You" has not been considered by linguists as a material for analyzing the rhythmic dynamics of English speech, and the features of hedging in communication of the British working class remain extremely poorly studied. The study showed that hedging, allowing communicants to maintain each other's personal boundaries, is not always a means of making a statement polite, as it is often used even in conflict situations. The emotional state of the addressee does not reduce the need to apply a speech separation strategy (including using the structure of the dividing question), but it affects its rhythmic and melodic design. Other important factors in choosing the intonation of hedges are the desire to continue or end the conversation, as well as the gender of the speaker.

Persepsi Guru Paud Terhadap Mitos Neurosains di Wilayah Lombok dan Bali

The purpose of this study was conducted to reveal the perceptions of early childhood education (ECE) teachers towards neuroscience myths. This research uses descriptive qualitative research, namely by using survey research methods. In qualitative research the most important feature comes from natural / real qualitative methods at the interview stage with the help of Google from in the form of questionnaires distributed via WhatsApp social media and observed the results of the respondents. The population in this study were PAUD teachers in the Lombok and Bali regions. With a large sample of 102 PAUD teachers, 51 people from the Lombok region and 51 people from the Bali region. The results showed that teachers' belief in neuromyths is very high, and there are 5 statements of fact that have been understood but the level of understanding cannot be detected. In addition, teachers still have difficulty distinguishing between myths and facts about neuroscience. For this reason, the researcher suggests improving science-based programs by working with teachers and neuroscientists. Teachers will benefit from more accurate brain knowledge and include introductory neuroscience materials in pre-teacher education.