Conclusive Statements Research Articles

School-Based Strategies to Improve Acceptance of Healthier Foods and Dietary Patterns in Middle and Junior High School Students: A Rapid Review

ObjectivesTo conduct a rapid review addressing the question: What is the effect of school-based strategies that aim to improve acceptance of healthier foods and dietary patterns in children and adolescents on dietary intake and dietary intake-related behaviors? Results are presented for middle and junior high school (MS) only.MethodsWe conducted a literature search (2000–2020) and dual-screened the results using pre-defined inclusion criteria. We extracted data, assessed risk of bias, qualitatively synthesized evidence to develop conclusion statements, and graded the strength of evidence.ResultsFifty-seven articles (54 randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) were included, examining teaching/educational interventions (32 articles), behavioral/environmental interventions (14 articles), and interventions combining education with behavioral/environmental strategies (“combined”; 14 articles). Curriculum-based nutrition education tended to improve dietary intake (particularly overall diet quality and vegetables), but evidence was insufficient for other educational interventions. Behavioral/environmental interventions tended to improve in-school food choices, but evidence on intake was limited due to inconsistency. Combined interventions tended to improve food choices and intake, particularly fruit, vegetables, and lower nutritional quality foods/beverages. Few studies directly compared combined interventions to use of either strategy alone but suggested a benefit of combined interventions.ConclusionsModerate evidence from this rapid review indicates that in MS students: curriculum-based nutrition education improves dietary intake (particularly overall dietary quality and vegetable intake); school-based behavioral and environmental interventions beneficially affect in-school food and beverage selection; and school-based interventions that combine educational and environmental strategies targeting promotion and increased availability of nutrient dense foods and beverages improve food purchasing behaviors and dietary intake, particularly for fruit, vegetables, and foods and beverages of lower nutritional quality.Funding SourcesUSDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support, Special Nutrition Research and Analysis Division.

School-Based Strategies to Improve Acceptance of Healthier Foods and Dietary Patterns in Elementary School Students: A Rapid Review

ObjectivesTo conduct a rapid review addressing the question: What is the effect of school-based strategies that aim to improve acceptance of healthier foods and dietary patterns in children and adolescents on dietary intake and dietary intake-related behaviors? Results are presented for elementary school children only.MethodsWe conducted a literature search (2000–2020) and dual-screened the results using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We extracted data, assessed risk of bias, qualitatively synthesized the evidence to develop conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence.ResultsOne-hundred-six articles (97 randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) were included, examining educational interventions (56 articles [50 RCTs]), behavioral and environmental interventions (32 articles [30 RCTs]), and interventions that combined educational strategies with behavioral and environmental strategies (20 articles [17 RCTs]). Curriculum-based nutrition education tended to improve food and beverage intake, particularly fruit; a few interventions reduced sodium intake. Some studies found that playing educational games for several weeks improved dietary intake, and brief educational books and videos tended to improve immediate food choice. Behavioral and environmental interventions tended to improve in-school food and beverage selection, particularly fruit, vegetables, and milk; many improved in-school food and beverage intake. Interventions that combined educational strategies with behavioral and environmental strategies tended to improve food and beverage intake, particularly fruit.ConclusionsModerate evidence from this rapid review indicates that in elementary school children: curriculum-based nutrition education improves food and beverage intake (particularly fruit); school-based behavioral and environmental interventions improve in-school food and beverage selection (including fruit, vegetables, and milk) and in-school vegetable intake; and school-based interventions that combine educational strategies with behavioral and environmental strategies improve intake of food and beverages, particularly fruit.Funding SourcesUSDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support, Special Nutrition Research and Analysis Division.

School-Based Strategies to Improve Acceptance of Healthier Foods and Dietary Patterns in High School Students: A Rapid Review

ObjectivesTo conduct a rapid review addressing the question: What is the effect of school-based strategies that aim to improve acceptance of healthier foods and dietary patterns in children and adolescents on dietary intake and dietary intake-related behaviors? Results are from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and are presented for high school students only.MethodsWe conducted a literature search (2000–2020) and dual-screened the results using pre-defined inclusion criteria. Among included studies, the review team extracted data, assessed risk of bias, qualitatively synthesized the evidence to develop conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence.ResultsThe body of evidence in high school included 18 articles (from 18 RCTs), examining teaching and educational interventions (12 articles), behavioral and environmental interventions (4 articles), and interventions that combined teaching and educational strategies with behavioral and/or environmental strategies (2 articles). Curriculum-based nutrition education tended to improve dietary intake (particularly vegetables), but findings were mixed across studies and food groups. Evidence was insufficient to draw conclusions for other types of educational interventions, those that utilized behavioral and/or environmental strategies, or those that combined educational and behavioral strategies.ConclusionsLimited evidence from this rapid review suggests curriculum-based nutrition education may improve dietary intake (particularly vegetable intake) in high school adolescents.Funding SourcesUSDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support, Special Nutrition Research and Analysis Division.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fruit and Vegetable Waste From School Lunch

ObjectivesTo synthesize findings from studies that assessed fruit and vegetable (F&V) plate waste from school lunches to i) estimate the level of waste, ii) determine whether there is a difference in F&V waste pre- and post- implementation of the new National School Lunch Program’s (NSLP) meal standards, and iii) identify factors associated with plate waste. MethodsThe systematic review followed the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines, USDA’s Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Bias Assessment, and USDA NEL Conclusion Statement Evaluation Criteria. Meta-analysis of selection and percentage of waste was performed in STATA-16. Thirty-two studies were included in the systematic review and thirty in meta-analysis. ResultsThe estimated mean percentage of students that selected fruits and vegetables were 61% (95% CI: 50%-72%, n = 14), and 48% (95% CI: 37%-59%, n = 14), respectively. The percentage of students who selected fruits increased significantly after the implementation of the new standards. This increase was consistent across all the studies and ranged from 5% to 24%. Fruit waste was estimated to be 39.5% (95% CI: 33.8%–44.5%) and vegetables waste was 50.5% (95% CI: 42.5%–57.4%). No significant differences were found between pre- and post-implementation for fruit or vegetable waste. Child related factors, such as age, gender, and ethnicity/race, were not statistically significant to explain the aggregate waste across studies. Only few studies on plate waste explored the effect of preferences or attitudes, preparation methods, availability of competitive food, and time devoted to eating on F&V waste. However, no relationships could be established beyond the descriptions provided in the original studies. ConclusionsThe change in NSLP meal standards has had a positive effect in increasing the number of students selecting fruits. Further research is warranted to improve the overall F&V selection and reduce waste, especially for dark green vegetables, to maximize the nutritional impact of the NSLP. Funding SourcesUSDA/ARS; The Alliance for Potato Research and Education.

To enhance pupils’ and students’ spatial imagination and logical thinking skills

Every day we are faced with many tasks, the solution of which requires us to think logically. The ability to think and logic as a cause takes us in many cases, from sequentially and consistently finishing judgement interlocutors and shoppers, starting with complex technical and business tasks. But, despite the great need for this skill, we often make logical mistakes without knowing it. In fact, among many people the right mindset can be based on experience and so-called common sense, not on the idea, using laws and special methods, said “the official logic”. To perform simple logic operations, the initial proposal and statements of simple conclusions can lead to often errors in the general sense of closeness and common sense, and if you know or understand something more complex. In this article, ideas and feedback are made about how to increase the spatial imagination and logical thinking ability of students and students.

Effect of Lycopene on Selected Electrolytes in Sprague Dawley Rats Exposed to Dimethoate

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of lycopene on some selected electrolytes in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to Dimethoate.
 Experimental Design: A completely randomized experimental design using standard methods for analysis.
 Location and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Biology, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. GPS 4o48ʹ14ʹʹ N 6o59ʹ12ʹʹ E. The study lasted for 28days.
 Methodology: Thirty male rats were randomly selected into five (5) groups A-E (n=6/group). Groups B, C and D recieved 10,20 and 30 mg/kg/bw/day of dimethoate respectively co-administered 10mg/kg/bw of lycopene daily. Group E were administered 30mg/kg/bw/day of dimethoate without lycopene. All animals were allowed access to cool clean water and standard rat pellet ad libitum. Twenty-four hours to the termination of the experiment, feed was withdrawn from the animals. Blood samples for electrolytes analysis were collected through ocular puncture between the hours of 7:00am and 9:00am into plain sample tubes according to the approved protocol of blood collection techniques, while statistical analysis was carried out using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and expressed as their respective units using SPSS 20 software.
 Results: Result showed a significant (P=0.05) increase in the concentrations of sodium, calcium, potassium and bicarbonate with increase in the concurrent administration of lycopene. The highest concentration of all electrolytes was observed at the concentration of 30mg/kg/bw/day with coadministration of lycopene. Administration of lycopene at the concentration of 10mg/kg/bw appeared not to have any significant effect on production of electrolytes since all the electrolytes assessed increased with increased concentration of the pesticides. However, further work is required to make any conclusive statement with lycopene effect on electrolyte.

What Proportion of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Published in the Annals of Surgery Provide Definitive Conclusions—A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Objective: To perform a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in the Annals of Surgery during a 10-year eligibility period and determine the unambiguity of concluding statements of these reviews published in the journal. Background: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses integrate clinically pertinent results from several studies to replicate large-volume, ‘real world’ scenarios. While the assimilation of results from multiple high-quality trials are at the summit of the evidence-base, the increasing prevalence of reviews using low-to-moderate levels of evidence (LOE) limit the ability to make evidence-based conclusions. In surgery, increasing LOE are typically associated with publication in the highest impact surgical journals (e.g., Annals of Surgery). Methods: A systematic review was performed as per PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search of the Annals of Surgery for articles published between 2011 and 2020 was conducted. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: In total, 186 systematic reviews (with or without meta-analyses) were published in the Annals of Surgery between 2011 and 2020 (131 systematic reviews with meta-analyses (70.4%) and 55 without meta-analyses (29.6%)). Study data were from 22,656,192 subjects. In total, 94 studies were from European research institutes (50.5%) and 58 were from North American institutes (31.2%). Overall, 75.3% of studies provided conclusive statements (140/186). Year of publication (P = 0.969), country of publication (P = 0.971), region of publication (P = 0.416), LOE (P = 0.342), surgery performed (P = 0.736), and two-year impact factor (IF) (P = 0.251) failed to correlate with conclusive statements. Of note, 80.9% (106/131) of meta-analyses and 61.8% of systematic reviews (34/55) provided conclusive statements (P = 0.009, †). Conclusions: Over 75% of systematic reviews published in the Annals of Surgery culminated in conclusive statements. Interestingly, meta-analyses were more likely to provide conclusive statements than systematic reviews, while LOE and IF failed to do so.

Representative Speech Act in Arabic News Discourse: Study on Aljazeera and Al-Ahram

Covid-19 pandemic has caused many pros and cons which are mainly represented in the news in the mass media. Therefore, this study aims to observe how the mass media from Arab countries represent their position towards the Covid-19 pandemic through the news they release. In this study, the data is retrieved from Aljazeera and Al-Ahram. To find out their thoughts and opinions regarding the Covid-19 pandemic, the representative speech act framework presented by Yule (1996) and Searle (1979) is used. Meanwhile, the descriptive-analytical method on that news is relied, starting from providing data, classifying, analyzing, and presenting the results of the analysis. The result shows that there are four types of representative speech acts found in the Arabic news discourse, they are statement of fact, assertion, conclusion, and description. The writers represent their thoughts and opinions by choosing certain verbs or cognate objects, either agreeing or disputing some opinions, as well as citing various news sources or events that are considered valid and credible. Moreover, the comparison of the results from the two news sources did not show a significant difference because the language of these two newspapers is the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

Stellar proper motions in the outskirts of classical dwarf spheroidal galaxies withGaiaEDR3

ABSTRACTWe use Gaia EDR3 data to identify stars associated with six classical dwarf spheroidals (dSphs) (Draco, Ursa Minor, Sextans, Sculptor, Fornax, Carina) at their outermost radii, beyond their nominal King stellar limiting radius. For all of the dSphs examined, we find radial velocity matches with stars residing beyond the King limiting radius and with ${\gt}50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ astrometric probability (four in Draco, two in Ursa Minor, eight in Sextans, two in Sculptor, 12 in Fornax, and five in Carina), indicating that these stars are associated with their respective dSphs at high probability. We compare the positions of our candidate ‘extra-tidal’ stars with the orbital tracks of the galaxies, and identify stars, both with and without radial velocity matches, that are consistent with lying along the orbital track of the satellites. However, given the small number of candidate stars, we cannot make any conclusive statements about the significance of these spatially correlated stars. Cross matching with publicly available catalogues of RR Lyrae, we find one RR Lyrae candidate with ${\gt}50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ astrometric probability outside the limiting radius in each of Sculptor and Fornax, two such candidates in Draco, nine in Ursa Minor, seven in Sextans, and zero in Carina. Follow-up spectra on all of our candidates, including possible metallicity information, will help confirm association with their respective dSphs, and could represent evidence for extended stellar haloes or tidal debris around these classical dSphs.

A systematic narrative review of subjective well‐being promotion intervention programmes in the school setting

AbstractGiven the growing number of interventions aimed at promoting well‐being in the school setting, this narrative review sought to synthesise available evidence about the characteristics of the interventions: theoretical components, evaluation designs and their reported results. Two electronic databases (EBSCO and Scopus) were searched, and articles published between 2015 and 2020 were included. A total of 1477 articles were identified from these search engines and based on the systematic scrutinising process a total of 55 articles were included in the review. Only one‐third of the studies employed experimental, causal designs. Therefore, the review is unable to make conclusive statements about promising approaches, Nevertheless, the results show that the majority of interventions used to promote school children's well‐being were based on positive psychology, most of which were focused on promoting positive emotions. The studies reviewed also suggest that longer interventions, with a higher number of sessions, which are targeted at multiple components of positive emotions are more likely to yield positive results. Almost all these studies were carried out in developed countries, with only one empirical work in Latin America. Therefore, more robust experimental studies using causal designs are needed, and more empirical work is needed in low‐ and middle‐income countries on effective practices in developing children's subjective well‐being.

Conclusion-Supplement Answer Generation for Non-Factoid Questions

This paper tackles the goal of conclusion-supplement answer generation for non-factoid questions, which is a critical issue in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), as users often require supplementary information before accepting a conclusion. The current encoder-decoder framework, however, has difficulty generating such answers, since it may become confused when it tries to learn several different long answers to the same non-factoid question. Our solution, called an ensemble network, goes beyond single short sentences and fuses logically connected conclusion statements and supplementary statements. It extracts the context from the conclusion decoder's output sequence and uses it to create supplementary decoder states on the basis of an attention mechanism. It also assesses the closeness of the question encoder's output sequence and the separate outputs of the conclusion and supplement decoders as well as their combination. As a result, it generates answers that match the questions and have natural-sounding supplementary sequences in line with the context expressed by the conclusion sequence. Evaluations conducted on datasets including "Love Advice" and "Arts & Humanities" categories indicate that our model outputs much more accurate results than the tested baseline models do.

A multifactorial assessment of the SRP pathway constituent FtsY as a vital mycobacterial constituent.

The signal recognition particle (SRP) system plays an imperative role in transporting the secretory protein to its intended location. The SRP pathway running in Mycobacterium tuberculosis constitutes FtsY (signal receptor), FfH (SRP), and 4.5S RNA in which signal receptor acts in the GTP-dependent manner. In this study, we are rendering the essential facts of FtsY with respect to mycobacterial growth. The growth study experiment showed that downexpressed FtsY slowed the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 from the initial lag phase to stationary phase. Previously, we have showed that GTPase activity of FtsY is metal ion dependent and showed the maximum activity with 10mM magnesium. The effect of Mg2+ and Mn2+ on mycobacterial growth showed that Mg2+ did not affect the growth, whereas higher concentration of Mn2+ decreases the bacterial growth. After searching the inhibitor database, 14 GTPase and ATPase inhibitors, Mac0182344, ML141, ITX3, NAV_2729, Br-GTP, Rhosin_HCl, Mac0182099, CCG_50014, CID_1067700, Mac0174809, Nsc_23766, Berberine, Nexinhib20, and EHT1864, were found to interact with FtsY. Further, ML141 and NAV2729 found to decrease the enzymatic activity of FtsY as well as the mycobacterial growth. Therefore, the conclusive statement of the present study can be stated as that the FtsY plays major role in mycobacterial cell survival and ML141 and NAV2729 can be used to constrain the SRP pathway.

Evidence and suggestions for establishing vitamin D intake standards in Koreans for the prevention of chronic diseases.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESVitamin D is produced in the skin during sun exposure and is also ingested from foods. The role of vitamin D needs to be considered in the prevention and management of various diseases. Moreover, since the majority of Koreans spend their days indoors, becoming susceptible to the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The current study aims to prepare a basis for determining dietary reference intake of vitamin D in Korea, by reviewing the evidence against various diseases and risks.MATERIALS/METHODSLiterature published in Korea and other countries between 2014 and 2018 was prioritized based on their study design and other criteria, and evaluated using the RoB 2.0 assessment form and United States Department of Agriculture Nutrition Evidence Library Conclusion Statement Evaluation Criteria.RESULTSOf the 1,709 studies, 128 studies were included in the final systematic analysis after screening. To set the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D based on the selected articles, blood 25(OH)D levels and indicators of bone health were used collectively. Blood vitamin D levels and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to establish the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D for each stage of the life cycle. The adequate intake levels of vitamin D, according to age and gender, were determined to be in the range of 5–15 μg/day, and the tolerable upper intake level was established at 25–100 μg/day.CONCLUSIONSThe most important variable for vitamin D nutrition is lifestyle. A balanced diet comprising foods with high contents of vitamin D is important, as is vitamin D synthesis after UV exposure. The adequate intake level of vitamin D mentioned in the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI) remained unchanged in the 2020 KDRI for the management of vitamin D nutrition in Koreans.

Knowledge Management as a Core Competency? Evaluating the Application and Benefits of Knowledge Management

Knowledge management or KM becomes essential because it facilitates the ongoing exchange of information among all stakeholders within an enterprise or organisation and stresses the significance of learning. Whenever necessary, the sharing of facts or data has become a priority and facilitates breakthroughs or a shift in an organisational setup. The management's experience and skills are freely approachable to workers and contribute to a constructive and supportive workplace environment. Competent knowledge management facilitates the generation, diffusion, and use of information to assist a company to accomplish its aims and purposes. In the introductory part of the research, the importance of knowledge management in business settings is discussed. Following that section, the theoretical framework of knowledge management is analysed through previous research findings in the literature review part. The methodology section highlighted the research approach along with different web portals which are used during the research for data collection. The finding part has two sub-sections- one discussed the application of KM to improve the sustainable development approach of businesses and the second one is about the benefits of knowledge management. Knowledge management has been currently employed as a mediator for the sustainable development of businesses. In a quickly changing corporate environment, establishing long-term sustainable plans stresses the requirement for a unique framework of knowledge management methods. The function of knowledge management as a mediator in the interaction between business culture as well as sustainable development is significant, as is the connection between management approach as well as sustainable productivity. Effective strategies are recommended in the very last section of this research paper just after stating the conclusive statements of the research

A correlative cross sectional study on Manas Prakriti and psychological parameters among young females

Background: Several scientific studies have documented the relationship among personality types, psychological traits and disorders. Manasika Prakṛiti, described in Ayurveda, is based on the three qualities of mind i.e Satva, Raja and Tama which determine the three Manasika Prakṛiti, namely, Satvika, Rajasika, and Tamasika . Among these, Satvika individuals are less prone for psychological disorders than Tamasika and Rajasika type. Few studies have been conducted on relationship of psychological parameters and Manas Prakriti, Thus it requires a large sample survey specifically in Indian population to make conclusive statements. Aim and Objective: To find an association between Manasika Prakriti and Psychological parameter i.e Stress, depression and anxiety among healthy females. Methods: A total 450 healthy females (180 Satvika, 145 Rajasika and 125 Tamasika Prakriti) were selected from different department of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Assessment of Manasika Prakriti was done by using Manas Prakriti assessment inventory(MPAI) developed by Aftab A et.,al, 2018 and psychological parameters i.e stress, depression and anxiety were assessed by using Stress Scale, Beck depressions inventory II(BDI II) and Sinha’s anxiety scale. Result: Significant difference was found in between Manasika Prakriti and Psychological parameters i.e. stress, depression and anxiety at the faculty level(p<0.001). In all the faculty Satvika Prakriti females having very low level of stress and anxiety(63.4%, 34.4%) and minimal level of depression(76.6%) while few Rajasika Prakriti females having mild level of depression(47.6%) and severe level of anxiety(53.8%).Tamasika Prakriti females were having higher chances of severe level of stress, depression and anxiety as compared to other Prakriti.

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle and buffalo: Recent advances in understanding of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is one of the common ailments caused by ingestion of foreign bodies in adult large ruminants. It is mostly reported in stall fed animals or in animals of industrial areas and has huge economic importance. Its clinical signs are obvious but are obscured in the advanced chronic cases. Diagnosis of the condition is better done through the imaging techniques, although other ancillary tests like haemato-biochemical or physico-clinical examination aides in its confirmation. Treatment is undertaken either as conservative (medicine and magnets) or invasive (surgical) with the former options considered initially. Failure of the conservative treatment is followed by the surgical option and/ or the euthanasia or slaughter. Considering the importance of TRP and its limited know how in this part of the world, the current review details about the disease etio-pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment. Finally, a conclusive statement over the disease is provided.

Efficacy and safety of salmeterol/fluticasone compared with montelukast alone (or add-on therapy to fluticasone) in the treatment of bronchial asthma in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Despite the recommendation of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) plus long-acting beta 2-agonist (LABA) and leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) or ICS/LTRA as stepwise approaches in asthmatic children, there is a lack of published systematic review comparing the efficacy and safety of the two therapies in children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years. This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone (SFC) vs. montelukast (MON), or combination of montelukast and fluticasone (MFC) in children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years with bronchial asthma.Methods:A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, China BioMedical Literature Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodical, and Wanfang for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to May 24, 2021. Interventions are as follows: SFC vs. MON, or combination of MFC, with no limitation of dosage or duration. Primary and secondary outcome measures were as follows: the primary outcome of interest was the risk of asthma exacerbation. Secondary outcomes included risk of hospitalization, pulmonary function, asthma control level, quality of life, and adverse events (AEs). A random-effects (I2 ≥ 50%) or fixed-effects model (I2 < 50%) was used to calculate pooled effect estimates, comparing the outcomes between the intervention and control groups where feasible.Results:Of the 1006 articles identified, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria with 2643 individuals; two were at low risk of bias. As no primary outcomes were similar after an identical treatment duration in the included studies, meta-analysis could not be performed. However, more studies favored SFC, instead of MON, owing to a lower risk of asthma exacerbation in the SFC group. As for secondary outcome, SFC showed a significant improvement of peak expiratory flow (PEF)%pred after 4 weeks compared with MFC (mean difference [MD]: 5.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.57–9.34; I2 = 95%; P = 0.006). As for asthma control level, SFC also showed a higher full-controlled level (risk ratio [RR]: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.24–1.85; I2 = 0; P < 0.001) and higher childhood asthma control test score after 4 weeks of treatment (MD: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.39–3.21; I2 = 72%; P < 0.001) compared with MFC.Conclusions:SFC may be more effective than MFC for the treatment of asthma in children and adolescents, especially in improving asthma control level. However, there is insufficient evidence to make firm conclusive statements on the use of SFC or MON in children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years with asthma. Further research is needed, particularly a combination of good-quality long-term prospective studies and well-designed RCTs.PROSPERO registration number:CRD42019133156.

The Legal Framework of Water Quality Management in Turkey

After the 1970’s, an unprecedented urbanization and industrial activities have resulted in severe inland and coastal water degradation in Turkey. Infrastructure investment in wastewater management has fallen behind schedule due to the lack of required extensive financing to implement large projects. On the other hand, land-use planning has been overlooked due to increased demand for housing and legal gaps that weaken the enforcement in that respect. Turkey is updating its regulations within the framework of the current EU directives after becoming a candidate country to the European Union (EU). Comprehensive reforms related to institutional and legal issues have gradually taken place with the objective of meeting the defined strategies for water pollution abatement. A new “Water Law '' has been drafted for ensuring a more efficient water management by updating the existing legal framework where needed and with emerging issues (e.g. climate change). In 2021, a “Consultative Assembly on Water'' was established to analyze the content and items of the new “Water Law '', in particular, and the conclusion statement was displayed. In this study, Turkey’s water quality management policies are presented by taking into consideration the present urgent actions and future needs, development at national, regional and municipal levels as well as the on-going EU accession process together with regional and international agreements. An assessment of inland and coastal water quality is done according to the regulations in force and set standards.

Eksplorasi Peran Handphone Berbasis Android Dalam Pembelajaran Daring di Sekolah Dasar

Learning activities in schools since the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic that hit the world, as a result of which learning is carried out online. However, in the era of globalization, such as at this time android-based mobile phones can be used as online learning media. So the purpose of this study is to see the role of Android-based mobile phones in online learning in elementary schools. The research method used in this study is a survey method in which the researcher took 2 samples of schools in Aikmel sub-district with a total of 105 students as respondents. The data collection technique used a questionnaire or a questionnaire consisting of 5 statement items and one conclusion statement item. The power analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis. The results showed that the role of cellphones in the learning process was less effective, but on the other hand, cellphones were very helpful in implementing online learning

Breastfeeding and risk of overweight in childhood and beyond: a systematic review with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies

Breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, but it is uncertain whether this is a causal relation because most studies have not adequately reduced risk of bias due to confounding. The aim of this review was to examine whether 1) ever compared with never consuming human milk and 2) different durations of human milk consumption among infants fed human milk are related to later risk of overweight or obesity, with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies. The 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, together with the Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review team, conducted a systematic review of articles relevant to healthy full-term infants in countries with a high or very high level of human development. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL; dual-screened the results using predetermined criteria; extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias for each included study; qualitatively synthesized the evidence; developed conclusion statements; and graded the strength of the evidence. The review included 42 articles, including 6 cohorts with sibling-pair analyses and 1 randomized controlled trial of a breastfeeding promotion intervention. Moderate evidence suggested that ever, compared with never, consuming human milk is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity at ages 2 y and older, particularly if the duration of human milk consumption is>6 mo. However, residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Evidence was insufficient to determine the relation between the duration of any human milk consumption, among infants fed human milk, and overweight and/or obesity at age 2 y and older. Further research, using strong study designs, is needed to disentangle the complex relation between infant feeding practices and the risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, as well as the biological and behavioral mechanisms if the relation is causal.