State Youth Research Articles

Patterns of Daily Cigarette and E-cigarette Use among United States Youth and Young Adults: Insights from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort between 2018 and 2019

PurposeTemporal patterns of daily tobacco product use among ever users from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort (TLC) between 2018 and 2019 were explored. MethodsThe sample (N = 5274) includes individuals (15–36 years), residing in the United States, who had ever used any tobacco product at Wave 7 (February – May 2018) and provided tobacco use information at Wave 9 (September – December 2019). ResultsThere was a nonsignificant 1.1 percentage point increase in daily tobacco use (on at least 25 of the past 30 days), from 14.6% (95% CI: 12.8, 16.6) to 15.7% (95% CI: 13.8, 17.7). Tobacco product use remained stable over time, as 65.3% (95% CI: 56.4, 73.3) of daily cigarette smokers, 57.0% (95% CI: 43.6, 69.4) of daily e-cigarette vapers, and 8.5% (95% CI: 2.0, 29.3) of daily dual users stayed with their primary tobacco product. There was also some evidence of switching, as 7.5% (95% CI: 3.7, 14.8) of daily cigarette smokers became daily e-cigarette vapers and 2.3% (95% CI: 0.7, 6.8) of daily e-cigarette vapers became daily cigarette smokers. DiscussionAlthough most daily tobacco users were likely to continue using their primary product, some daily users transitioned to daily use of other products – suggesting that policies and public education focused on reducing overall nicotine use are essential for addressing the nicotine epidemic among young people.

Quantitative Analysis of Ball-Head Impact Exposure in Youth Soccer Players.

Since the implementation of the US Soccer heading guidelines released in 2015, little to no research on ball-head impact exposure in the United States youth soccer population has been conducted. The purpose was to compare ball-head impact exposure across sex and age in youth soccer players over a weekend tournament. Ten male and female games for each age group (Under-12 [U12], U13, and U14) were video recorded at a weekend tournament for a total of 60 games. Ball-head impact exposure for each game was then coded following a review of each recording. Male players were 2.8 times more likely to have ball-head impacts than female players, (p < 0.001) particularly in the U14 age group when compared to the U12 age group (p = 0.012). Overall 92.4% of players experienced 0-1 ball-head impacts per game with the remaining players experiencing 2+ ball-head impacts per game. Ball-head impact exposure levels are low in the youth players. Most youth soccer players do not head the soccer ball during match play and those that did, only headed the ball on average once per game. Overall, the difference in ball-head impact exposure per player was less than 1 between all the groups, which may have no clinical meaning.

Factors Associated with Use of Cigars, Little Cigars, Cigarillos, and Blunts among Hip Hop Youth in the United States

Objectives: Despite their wide use, little is known about risk and protective factors associated with cigar, little cigar, and cigarillo (CLCC) and blunt use among United States (US) youth, including youth in the Hip Hop peer crowd. Methods: Data come from a majority black and Hispanic cross-sectional sample of 2187 Hip Hop youth ages 12 to 18 recruited via address-based sampling and social media in 2015. We used multivariable logistic regressions with covariates entered in blocks to test which participant characteristics were associated with (1) CLCC use and (2) blunt use. Results: Several cultural/environmental, social/normative, and intrapersonal factors were positively associated with CLCC and blunt use, eg, older age, peer cigarette and marijuana use, and lower perceived smoking risks. There were also unique positive correlates of each, including being non-Hispanic black (vs Hispanic), smoking being allowed in the home, having friends that smoke CLCCs, and experiencing poor mental health for CLCC use, and household tobacco use and sensation seeking for blunt use. Conclusions: Factors associated with CLCC and blunt use may be important in designing interventions to prevent their use. The associations among household tobacco use, sensation seeking, and blunt use among the Hip Hop peer crowd warrant future investigation.

State‐mandated school‐based BMI assessments and self‐reported adolescent health behaviors

AbstractI provide novel evidence on the role of imperfect information in shaping childhood obesity. Between 2003 and 2017, 24 states began requiring schools to perform Body Mass Index assessments on students. Using the 1991 to 2017 National and State Youth Risk Behavior Surveys and a stacked difference‐in‐differences identification strategy, I show that these state‐mandated school‐based BMI assessments were associated with an increase in the likelihood that teens described themselves as overweight and reported that they were trying to lose weight. The relationship was most pronounced for overweight teens, suggesting that the assessments improved awareness about BMI status among this group, though I also find that non‐overweight teen girls were subsequently more likely to incorrectly describe themselves as overweight. While I do not detect meaningful changes in exercise or calorie‐limiting behaviors, I do find that these state‐mandated school‐based BMI assessments were associated with a modest reduction in BMI.

E-cigarette use behaviors of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander youth in the contiguous United States: Insights from the Monitoring the Future Study (2018–2019)

This study examines e-cigarette use behaviors of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) youth, in relation to other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Data were obtained from the 2018 and 2019 Monitoring the Future surveys, which include a random, probability-based sample of youth in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades surveyed annually across the contiguous United States. Respondents provided information on race/ethnicity and e-cigarette use (n = 42,980). Measures of e-cigarette use included current (1 + of past 30 days) and regular use (10 + of past 30 days). Chi-square tests were used to determine differences in e-cigarette use by race/ethnicity. Associations between race/ethnicity, other sociodemographic factors, and e-cigarette use were explored using logistic regression analyses. Approximately 5.1% (n = 2,410) of the sample identified as AANHPI. A greater proportion of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders reported current e-cigarette use (NHPI, 28.0%), relative to Asian American (AA, 10.3%), Black (9.5%), Hispanic or Latino (15.0%), American Indian or Alaskan Native (AIAN, 16.5%), multiracial (22.3%), and non-Hispanic White (25.2%) youth. Regular e-cigarette use was highest among non-Hispanic White (12.3%), followed by multiracial (10.7%), AIAN (7.8%), Hispanic or Latino (5.0%), AA (4.3%), and Black (3.0%) youth. Associations between race/ethnicity and e-cigarette use remained significant, after controlling for other sociodemographic factors. Continued monitoring of e-cigarette use is needed among AANHPI, a historically underrepresented population in tobacco research. Special attention should be paid to NHPI, who reported the highest rates of e-cigarette use.

Differential associations between television viewing, computer use, and adiposity by age, gender, and race/ethnicity in United States youth: A cross-sectional NHANES analysis.

Time spent on screens and adiposity change rapidly from childhood to adolescence, with differences by gender and race/ethnicity. Apply time-varying effect models (TVEMs) to a nationally representative sample of youth to identify the age ranges when the cross-sectional associations between television viewing, computer use, and adiposity are significant. Data from 8 to 15-year-olds (n = 3593) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2018) were extracted. TVEMs estimated the associations between television viewing, computer use, and fat mass index as dynamic functions of the participants' age, stratified by gender and race/ethnicity. TVEMs revealed age-specific statistically significant associations that differed by gender and race/ethnicity. Notably, computer use was related to higher adiposity in non-Hispanic White females aged 9.3-11.4 years (slope β-range: 0.1-0.2) and in non-Hispanic Black females older than 14.8 years (β-range: 0.1-0.5). In males, these age windows were 13.5-15.0 years (non-Hispanic White, β-range: 0.1-0.2), 11.4-13.0 years (non-Hispanic Black, β-range: 0.1-0.14), and older than 13.0 years (Hispanic, β-range: 0.1-0.4). More research during the specific age ranges in the demographic subgroups identified here could increase our understanding of tailored interventions in youth.

‘The right not to live in fear’: youth, rights, and relationality in the neoliberal colonial state

ABSTRACT Drawing on the experiences and demands of South Korean queer and climate youth activists and Maya Chuj youth organisers, this paper shows the limits and containment ideologies undergirding inter/national human rights frameworks. While positioned as a universal ideal for alleviating suffering, youth organisers’ experiences demonstrate how these frameworks are mobilised by neoliberal colonial nation-states as neoliberal colonial tools of containment for youth and marginalised bodies. Drawing on decolonial feminist theories this paper explores how South Korean queer and climate youth activists and Maya Chuj youth organisers unsettled and refused to be contained by dominant human rights frameworks and discourses.

Changing the Narrative of Violent Conflict: Issues of Unemployment and Poverty among the Youth in Plateau State

Changing the Narrative of Violent Conflict: Issues of Unemployment and Poverty among the Youth in Plateau State

Protective Environmental Factors and Opioid Use Among Sexual Minority Youth.

Objectives: Nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) is a pressing public health concern and affects sexual minority youth (SMY) at greater rates than heterosexual youth. We investigated whether protective environmental factors-(1) Human Rights Campaign's state equality index (SEI) and (2) supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth, influenced NMUPO among SMY and non-SMY students. Methods: We combined data from the 2017-2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2016-2018 School Health Profiles, state-level socio-demographic and SEI data across 24 states (N=156,149). Generalized linear mixed models examined associations between (1) SEI and (2) supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth, with NMUPO, accounting for clustering at the school-and state-level. Results: Before adjustment, we found that youth in states with higher SEI were significantly less likely to engage in NMUPO compared to students in states with lower SEI, a relationship that became non-significant after adjustment. After adjusting for individual-and state-level indicators, SMY in states with supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth were less likely to engage in NMUPO. Conclusions: Supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth may play an important role in the health of SMY. Establishing more inclusive policies and supportive environments within schools may reduce NMUPO among SMY.

Heuristic Potential of Applying the Assessment Index to Regional Public Programs in the Field of Youth Policy

The aim of the research is to determine the possibilities and limitations of applying indices for assessing regional youth policy in the Russian Federation. The article contains a detailed analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature on current methods for evaluating state youth policy and possibilities of applying indices in this sphere. The comparative analysis of the use of indices for assessing youth policy in the CIS countries was conducted. The authors propose an index of complex evaluation of regional state programs based on the correlation between the data on the budgeting of the youth policy sphere in the subjects and the migration indicators of this age group. As a result of empirical research, the authors have identified groups of regions of the Russian Federation with different levels of funding of the investigated sphere and the degree of sufficiency of budgetary provision to maintain a neutral balance of youth migration.

What Do United States Adolescents Eat? Food Group Consumption Patterns and Dietary Diversity from a Decade of Nationally Representative Data

BackgroundAlthough the importance of adolescent nutrition has gained attention in the global nutrition community, there is a gap in research focused on adolescent dietary diversity and food group consumption. ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterize population-level food group consumption patterns and quantify the extent of dietary diversity among United States adolescents using a large nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 10–19 y. MethodsWe used 24-h dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018 to construct the 10 food groups comprising the minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) indicator and estimated the prevalence of intake of each food group. A composite metric adolescent dietary diversity score (ADDS) was derived for each adolescent where 1 point was awarded per food group. Both population scores and the distribution of individual scores were estimated. Differences in proportions of food groups consumed across sociodemographic categories were tested using the Rao–Scott χ2 test, and pairwise comparisons were expressed as population prevalence differences and prevalence ratios. ResultsFood group consumption patterns were very similar across 2 d of dietary recall but varied significantly by sex, race/ethnicity, and income status. The food groups with the highest prevalence of consumption were grains, white roots, and tubers (∼99%), milk products (∼92%), and meat, poultry, and fish (∼85%), whereas <15% of adolescents consumed key micronutrient-dense foods, such as vitamin A–rich fruits and vegetables and dark green vegetables. The mean ADDS was 4.69, with modest variation across strata. ConclusionsOn average, United States youth consumed fewer than 5 food groups on a given day. The lack of dietary variety and relatively low prevalence of consumption of several micronutrient-rich plant-based foods could pose a risk for adolescents’ ability to achieve micronutrient adequacy in the United States.

МОДЕЛИ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ В МОЛОДЁЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ 1917-1923 ГГ.

The paper discusses the process of Soviet power state youth policy formation at the initial stage of Soviet statehood evolvement. The process offorming bodies of student self-government, determining the degree of their loyalty to the Soviet authorities, their effectiveness in the process of influencing youth, choosing a model for the relationship of the formed bodies with party organizations of universities is analyzed. On the basis of archival materials introduced into circulation for the first time, the conclusion is made that during this period the ruling party and the state authorities lacked a unified concept of student self-government bodies formation. Eventually, it was decided to allocate political influence on the youth, which was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Komsomol organizations of universities under the leadership of party bodies. As an additional structure of student self-government, student trade unions were organized, which took over the work of organizing student life in the broad sense of the word.

Developing evidence based practice skills in youth justice

A number of studies have found that when probation officers, and others who supervise young people and adults on community based orders, have good intervention skills their clients are more likely to be engaged in supervision and to have low recidivism rates. The skills include, role clarification, pro-social modelling, problem solving, cognitive and relationship skills. Little research has been done, however, on the development of these skills across whole organisations. This study aimed to examine the extent to which training and coaching of probation officers, across two state youth justice departments in Australia, improved the use of workers’ skills. Audio-tapes of worker/client interviews were provided to research staff before and after training and coaching. Analysis of the audio-tapes found a significant increase in the overall use of worker skills following the training and coaching. However, the increases in the skills applied largely to role clarification, rather than pro-social modelling, problem solving and cognitive skills.

Ensuring the constitutional right to housing of internally displaced persons in Ukraine and countries that have experienced armed conflicts: comparative legal characteristics

The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional right to housing and its provision to internally displaced persons in Ukraine and countries that have experienced armed conflicts (using the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Georgia).&#x0D; The article analyzes the content of the constitutional right to housing and its implementation in Ukraine. An analysis of the main regulatory legal acts is presented, according to which the procedure for implementing and ensuring this right of internally displaced persons is carried out. The system of such documents consists of: the Constitution of Ukraine; Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons"; Housing Code of Ukraine; The procedure for the formation of housing funds intended for temporary residence, accounting and provision of such housing for temporary residence of internally displaced persons; The procedure and conditions for providing subvention from the state budget to local budgets for the purchase, construction of housing for the purpose of transfer for temporary residence of internally displaced persons and the Procedure for providing housing purchased by the State Youth Housing Department at the expense of humanitarian and other aid funds for temporary residence of affected persons.&#x0D; Particular attention in the work is given to the analysis of the definition of internally displaced persons under the legislation of Ukraine and the countries whose practices are under consideration. It is argued that all the studied definitions justify the reason for the forced abandonment of a person's permanent place of residence and, as a general rule, such relocation occurs as a result of an armed conflict, due to military danger, a threat to the life of a person or a member of his family. The legal status of internally displaced persons in the countries under consideration is defined in relevant legal documents, such as: Law on Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Displaced Persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina; The Law on the Status of Displaced Persons and Refugees in the Republic of Croatia and the Law of Georgia on Internally Displaced Persons - Persecuted from the Occupied Territories of Georgia.&#x0D; It is argued that the widespread practice of ensuring the housing rights of internally displaced persons is the provision of temporary housing and the construction of a new one, attracting funds from international funds.

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЕ СМЫСЛЫ И РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОЕКЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ МОЛОДЕЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Тhe article contains a political analysis of the implementation of the main principles of the state youth policy of the Russian Federation at the regional level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the North Caucasian Federal District, in particular, the Republic of North Osse-tia-Alania (RNO-A). The characteristic properties of youth are singled out as a special social group that requires the appropriate political and managerial attention of the state. The program-targeted efforts of the regional profile executive body of the North Ossetia-A to implement the doctrinal principles of the Russian federal youth policy are traced. As an independent case, the content and organizational initiatives of the head of the RNO-A S.I. Menyailo on the formation of a significant information, communication and value space for interaction between the authorities and youth. Documentary empirical material is involved, meaningful on the basis of content analysis and participant observation.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUTH IN THE NEW UZBEKISTAN

The article aims to analyze the main directions and objectives of the the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026, approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic ofUzbekistan dated January 28, 2022 PD-60, the role and place in youth life in the next 5 years, legal reforms in recent years, as well as the issues of working with young people, protecting and supporting their legitimate interests, supporting and encouraging gifted and talented youth, further improving the development of entrepreneurship among young people.The article analyzes the content of the concepts "The Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan", "Main directions and objectives of the Development Strategy", "Youth", "State Youth Policy" and the specifics of youth policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author also examines the content of socio-legal reforms in the field of state youth policy in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 7, 2017 No PD-4947 "On the Strategy for further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan." Based on the research, suggestions and recommendations are made.

Determination of the directions of the state youth policy as a foundation for the provision of legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work: the methodology of the problem during the period of martial law

The purpose of the article is to characterize the direction of the state youth policy as a foundation for providing legal guarantees for the implementation of the right to work from the point of view of the methodology of the problem during the period of martial law. In science, the question of determining the directions of the state youth policy as a foundation for the provision of state legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work has been touched upon by scientists. However, their works related to the realities of peacetime, but there were no studies that would consider this issue in the plane of the war and post-war period. The article notes that already now, almost a year after the start of the war in Ukraine, it is becoming obvious that Ukrainian youth need the adoption of a legal document, a separate direction of which should be solving the problems of youth unemployment and increasing the attractiveness of Ukraine as a country of employment. It is concluded that in the modern plane of development of Ukraine during the period of the martial law regime and existing military operations, a mutual problem can be traced for both the state and its young citizens regarding the normal functioning of the labor market, which negatively affects the country's economy and the well-being of young people. It is noted that young people have always been one of the most vulnerable categories of the population in the labor market, and with the beginning of the war, their problems in this area became even more acute. Being objectively unable to compete on an equal footing in the labor market, young people are unable to realize their opportunities in the field of exercising the right to work, and therefore the state must provide them with special, increased protection in the form of special legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work as ways of realizing the state youth policy that will solve the problem of youth unemployment. It is also concluded that a mechanism for increasing the attractiveness of employment and employment in Ukraine should be developed separately at the state level, which would facilitate the return of young people who went abroad

Youth Policy and Educational Activities in Russian Universities: Stages of Development and Key Contradictions

In the context of escalating geopolitical tensions, increasing information confrontation, an important factor in the preservation of the Russian state is systematic activity for the social integration of the younger generation, the development of adequate civic attitudes and values. According to the author of the article, today there is a change in the model of implementation of the state youth policy, the focus of which is increasingly shifting to the education system, including Russian universities. In this regard, an important research task is the analysis of models of youth policy and educational activities in Russian universities. The purpose of the article is a brief overview of the historical models of student education in our country, as well as an analysis of the attitudes of the top management of Russian universities regarding the organization of youth policy and educational activities at the university. The article is based on a series of in-depth interviews conducted with the leadership of Russian universities in July–September 2022. It offers criteria for analyzing the effectiveness of educational work with students, presents a typology of models of such work in Russian universities in different historical periods, highlights the main dysfunctions of youth policy implementation in Russian universities at the present stage. In conclusion, the author proposed several key principles to improve the effectiveness of youth policy and educational activities at the university as an important mechanism for the social integration of the younger generation.

Value determinants of youth professional self-realization

The article is devoted to the theoretical and empirical analysis of professional self-realization of students and the definition of its value determinants. According to the author, the professional self-realization of young people is a stage of socialization, where professional potential is formed and realized; it includes a set of professional competencies and special personality traits necessary for the effective implementation of labor activity. Professional self-realization is impossible without the creation of appropriate conditions, which is as part of the State Youth Personnel Policy: an institutionally organized socio-managerial activity of the subjects of youth policy aimed at regulating personnel processes in the youth environment of the country.The effectiveness of the organization of personnel processes depends on how much this process responds to the values of youth.To determine the value conditions for the professional self-realization of students, the results of a sociological study were analyzed. The study was conducted in 2022 under the guidance of the author among Russian students (N=18,392). As a result of the analysis, two groups of value determinants of professional self-realization were identified: primary and secondary.Primary value determinants are strategic, they should be considered when the personnel policy of the organization building, they are in the area of responsibility of the head of the organization; these groups include the value conditions through which respondents reveal the content of self-realization.Secondary value determinants of professional self-realization are tactical. They should form the basis of adaptation practice for each new employee of the organization and be in responsibility of the immediate supervisor; this group includes the most important value conditions in employment for students who need the opportunity for professional self-realization.The revealed value determinants of professional self-realization can be included in the program of adaptation of young specialists in the organization.

United States Youth Arrest and Health Across the Life Course: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study.

Youth are arrested at high rates in the United States; however, long-term health effects of arrest remain unmeasured. We sought to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and health of adults who were arrested at various ages among a nationally representative sample. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we describe sociodemographics and health status in adolescence (Wave I, ages 12-21) and adulthood (Wave V, ages 32-42) for people first arrested at age younger than 14 years, 14 to 17 years, and 18 to 24 years, compared to never arrested adults. Health measures included physical health (general health, mobility/functional limitations, death), mental health (depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts), and clinical biomarkers (hypertension, diabetes). We estimate associations between age of first arrest and health using covariate adjusted regressions. Among the sample of 10,641 adults, 28.5% had experienced arrest before age 25. Individuals first arrested as children (ie, age <14) were disproportionately Black, compared to White. Compared to individuals never arrested, people arrested before age 25 had more depressive symptoms and higher rates of suicidal thoughts during adolescence. Arrest before age 25 was associated with worse self-reported health, higher rates of functional limitations, more depressive symptoms, and greater mortality by adulthood (ages 32-42). Arrest before age 25 was associated with worse physical and mental health--and even death in adulthood. Child arrest was disproportionately experienced by Black children. Reducing arrests of youth may be associated with improved health across the life course, particularly among Black youth, thereby promoting health equity.