Integrity Of State Research Articles

Pancasila as The Basis of The State Unity of The Republic of Indonesia

Indonesia is facing various challenges because some people do not use religious and cultural values as a source of ethics in the nation and state. Socio-cultural conflicts have occurred due to ethnic, cultural, and religious pluralism that the government and society are not appropriately managed and fair. Based on that, Pancasila is needed by all generations of the nation. The type of research method used in this research is normative research, namely research on library materials which are primary data in science is classified as secondary data, which relies on data collection tools in the form of library studies or document studies. The research concludes that generations need Pancasila to unify the nation. Even though the Indonesian people are now united, it does not mean that Pancasila is no longer needed. Because what is called the Indonesian nation is what is currently there and what will exist in the future. As long as the regeneration process continues, we still need Pancasila as a unifying nation.

Multilingual education development in Ukraine

In a world that is becoming more globalized, learning a language is a crucial component of developing one's consciousness and their capacity for social mobility. Changes in the definition of the degree of foreign language proficiency, new definitions of the selection of content and organization of resources, and the employment of appropriate forms and methods of control are all necessary in response to new realities. In light of Common-European polymeric trends, our state's integration into the European educational space, the proliferation of student exchange practices, and the accessibility of our nation's educational system to international students, multilingual education on the principle of Ukrainian + foreign is of particular relevance. The expansion of foreign language learning is consistent with European directives, which advise that Member States teach two more EU languages in addition to their national tongue in educational institutions. The issue of linguistic and cultural diversity in Europe can be adequately addressed through multilingual education in Ukraine. The consideration of regional demands of local ethnic populations, national features, and Common European trends is a crucial aspect of multilingual education in Ukraine.

PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DALAM KEBINEKAAN: ANALISIS MORFOSEMANTIK TERHADAP FRASE “LI TA’ARAFU” DALAM SURAT AL-HUJURAT AYAT 13

Diversity is God's destiny for human existence. Diversity caused by geographical similarities, genetic or hereditary similarities, cultural similarities, religious similarities, or even national similarities is a manifestation of God's destiny. On the other hand, this diversity is often a trigger for the threat of damage to the social relations and even national or state unity. This study aims to analyze the scholars’ views about the meaning of the phrase "li ta'arafu" in the Al-Hujurat verse 13, al-Qur'an. This descriptive qualitative study using morphosemantic analysis method was focused on the lexicons, word changes of the phrase, and their meanings in terms of lexical meaning and denotative meaning in the Indonesian context. The results of this analysis are very important to the awareness of a linearity between good relations with God and good relations with other people.

Religious policy of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II in the Syrian vilayets of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909): methods and symbols

The author examines the religious and political course of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909), aimed at strengthening the unity of the Ottoman state and society based on the principles of Islam, and the implementation of this strategy in the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The research is based on reports of contemporaries, as well as research works in Russian and English. Particular attention is paid to the strategic role of Ottoman Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the context of strengthening the religious authority of the Sultan as the caliph of all Muslims and recruiting prominent ideologues and supporters of Islamic traditionalism from the Syrian vilayets to serve the Sultan. The author especially examines the role of wo representatives of the Muslim intellectual elite: the Sufi sheikh Abu-l-Huda al-Sayyadi as a close associate of the Sultan who provided patronage to the conservative ulama, as well as Ahmad Izzet Pasha al-Abid, who became the main inspirer of the Hejaz Railway. The article also reveals the features of the state policy towards religious minorities (both Muslim and non-Muslim) and migration processes in the Syrian provinces. With the weakening of the international positions of the Ottoman Empire and the strengthening of foreign interference, Syria set an example of relatively successful modernization based on Islamic tradition. At the same time, confessional identity continued to dominate over ethnicity, and the emerging feelings of Arab and Syrian patriotism did not conflict with the principle of Islamic unity of the subjects of the Sultan-Caliph.

Tolerant and Intolerant Messages

Messages that are communicated textually and erroneously are then received by individuals whose lack of religious knowledge encourages tolerant and intolerant behavior, resulting in interfaith violence as happened in Indonesia in the 90s. The research focused on the experience and meaning of the cleric in West Jakarta regarding tolerance and intolerance. The method to conduct this research is qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, through in-depth interviews with ten participants, then analyzed through horizonalization to form a general meaning and in-depth description of tolerance and intolerance.The results show that religious tolerance is interpreted as the freedom of every person to practice worship in accordance with their beliefs on the basis of mutual respect with other people of different religions to create an atmosphere conducive to the common good. This freedom is limited to the scope of each religion which manifests through mutual assistance in helping social and cultural issues.Religious intolerance is characterized by an attitude of disrespect for the worship activities of adherents of other religions arising from understanding textual teachings of religion, blind fanatics, and injustice that inhibits national and state unity. Religious intolerance is perceived not to happen if every religious adherent is willing and able to carry out their respective religious teachings. Forms of intolerance through disagreement and conflicting, destructive, hateful and envious in dealing with religious differences. This research has implications for the expansion of the implementation of the concepts of tolerance and intolerance, and policy changes in multi-religious countries.

Comparative history in humanities’ teaching in Ukraine


 
 
 History as a Magistra Vitae encompasses a lot of mutually complementing research and teaching subjects. It should be taught step by step from local and simple items up to global generalizations taking into account the age, educational level, and professional interests of audience. The pupils at the primary and secondary schools learn at first about their native towns or districts, later in more detail about their motherland as a whole, and common patterns of Europe with just basic names and data of the World. The higher schools are to combine minimal information of history necessary for any civilized human being with emphasized attention at the respective fields’ past separately for future lawyers, physicians, engineers, etc. In Ukraine as an extremely exhausted nation it is crucially important to break deeply rooted complex of inferiority, to prove indivisibility of domestic history with East-Central and the rest of Europe. We should overcome as soon as possible a situation when large territories had been devastated by Holodomor and colonized by alien settlers from other parts of the Soviet Union after this genocide. The newcomers’ offspring gradually will get accommodated to their new homeland yet during Transition they are an easy target for destructive impacts from abroad. To counteract subversive propaganda, we need highly educated teachers and lecturers. The pro-European liberals in Ukraine had been exterminated by notorious totalitarian purges or forced to exile and replaced by mercenaries of Russian revanchist forces. The huge traditional Universities hardly can be reformed and modernized, as they inherited stereotypes and prejudices from the past. Newly created, seemingly more flexible and certainly less corrupted higher schools attract capable and ambitious people yet their alumni feel temptation of more easy opportunities. Ukraine needs patriots now more than ever desperately fighting for survival against aggressor in current Hybrid war. The prospects look optimistic, yet for the time being it requires a lot of efforts. History teaching becomes still more important to promote unity of interdependent philological, historical, political, and state making generations of national rebirth aimed at the repatriation to modernity.
 
 

ENHANCEMENT OF THE NATIONAL DEFENCE POSTURE BY USING THE MILITARY POWER

The development of a national defence enhanced posture is a fundamental requirement in line with the developments of the current and possible future security environment, as well as regards the commitments made at North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and European Union (EU) level in relation with the development of capabilities and contributions to missions and operations. Romanian Army prepares, integrates at national level and, if necessary, makes use, in accordance with the law, of all available resources. While peacekeeping or peace-building operations are presented in the various defence and national security strategies as the last resort, the last option after all other measures have been actively explored, it remains in the eyes of public opinion and policy makers the first face of the armed forces, the heart of the profession of soldier. The conventional deterrence has always existed – if vis pacem para bellum. Two main mechanisms can discourage a potential opponent. The first is the threat of retaliation, also known as deterrence by punishment. The second mechanism consists in persuading him of the impossibility, or at least of great practical difficulty, of achieving his immediate objectives, thus prompting him to give up not for fear of the consequences of his action, but due to his low chances of success. The guarantee of sovereignty, independence and state unity, the territorial integrity of the country and constitutional democracy is the most fundamental task of the armed forces. It is, after all, the primary role of defending the land of the homeland when it is threatened. The most obvious expression of that is the concept of ensuring the capacity to implement defence plans drawn up at national level.

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Legal Framework of Global Value Chains

Abstract What is the place of voluntary self-regulation in today’s international trade? Can we continue to understand the contract in its relation to the historical unity of state and law considering the massive transformation of the closely related dichotomies between national and international, public and private, and hard law and soft law? What is the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the contemporary debate over global value chains (GVCs)? This paper addresses on the role of law in societal challenges arising from the kaleidoscopic view of globalization. GVCs operate through interdependent contracts and in relation to multiple normative orders that impose moral, economic, and legal obligations. This paper seeks to re evaluate the role of contract law in its relation to sustainable and ethical global trade. The perspective it develops prioritizes the interaction between extra-legal considerations in contract law and the momentum of CSR as well as the historical dynamics of law, economics, and politics.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ZBORIV MILITARY CAMPAIGN OF 1649 ON THE STATE-BUILDING FACTOR OF THE HETMANSHIP

The article is devoted to the study of the military-tactical course of the Zboriv campaign and its historical and legal consequences. The chronological sequence of the military strategic operation and military-historical aspects of the Battle of Zboriv are also considered. The direct role of the agreement in the history of state and legal phenomena and processes is clarified and outlined. The general significance of the essential causal relations of foreign policy, the formation of the tendency of development of the further essence of legal relations during the years of the national revolution is highlighted. In addition, the article summarizes the main conditions Treaty of Zboriv, its socio-political influence on the territory of the Ukrainian Cossack state, as well as the formation of the historical and legal state-building factor. The consequences of the Zboriv campaign, as one of the stages of the liberation war, embody a complex of social transformations, generalize new forms of state unity, while highlighting a clear awareness of the national self-identification of society. Based on the events of 1649, aspects of Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s state-building program within the ethnic borders of Ukraine were improved, which, in turn, influenced the further evolution of the socio-political system of its form of government and the strengthening of legal diplomatic relations. After all, it was during the national revolution that the perfect form of the regimental-hundredth order of command of the Cossack army was formed, and new strata of the Ukrainian social system appeared, which stimulated the process of improving the national legal system. Subject to the signing of the Zboriv Agreement between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kyiv, Chernihiv, and Bratslav voivodships came under the jurisdiction of the Cossack administration, where the Cossack judicial system and court jurisdiction were formed. Particular attention is paid to the leading provisions of the treaty and the law-making significance for the further development of the Hetmanate. The fundamental regularities of the origin and functioning of the basic political and ideological principles of national statehood under specific historical conditions are determined.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC ACTIVITY IN THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article presents the results of a study of the impact of public activities on the formation of national identity of higher education students. The urgency of the problem is due to the contradictions, in particular: between the need to preserve the identity of the Ukrainian nation and strengthen the state unity of Ukraine and the lack of proper scientific methodology that makes it possible to develop a holistic theory and effective methods of forming national identity; between the strong educational potential of public activity for the formation of national identity of students and insufficient organizational and methodological support for the implementation of this potential in modern higher education. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of public activities for the formation of national identity of higher education students of the first and second scientific and educational levels. Research methods: analysis, generalization, systematization of psychological and pedagogical, methodical works of scientists, encyclopedic reference books on national education of higher education students of the first and second scientific and educational levels, questionnaires. The scientific novelty of the study is that the author for the first time characterized and tested the impact of public activities on the formation of national identity of higher education. It was proved and experimentally verified in the article that the public activity has a significant impact on the formation of national identity of student youth, because it highlights the need for an effective attitude to the world around, preservation and increase of spiritual and material values of the nation, awareness of responsibility for the nation, its present and future.

СУСПІЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНІ ЧИННИКИ РОЗВИТКУ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ

The author of the study on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature determines the socio-political factors and their impact on the development of pedagogical education.he study analyzes the subjective and objective, domestic, socio-economic factors that affect the development of education. The interrelated components of the functioning of educational institutions and the factors that influence the educational process are identified. The author of the publication argues that the education sector is influenced by a number of factors, the main of which are the state, society and pedagogical science. Changes in the state and the world, new ideas, concepts, samples of the best educational experience always influence a condition of education in the country. Any government, through state mechanisms, seeks to ensure that the younger generation assimilates the cultural and historical tradition of the people, integrates into the state's integrity and identifies itself as a loyal citizen. In addition, the state directly or indirectly sets educational standards. The study found that the problem of the role of education is primarily due to social needs and the social functions it performs. In turn, pedagogical science substantiates the principles, methods and organizational forms of the educational process, the need to constantly search for effective forms, methods and techniques of teaching, as well as improving standards, programs and developing new educational methods. Key words: state and educational policy, society, science, pedagogical education.

The Hegemon’s Perspective, Part I. On the inner source and morphology of world power and hegemony

The Hegemon’s Perspective, Part I. On the inner source and morphology of world power and hegemony

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ОБЪЕМА РЫНКА ГРУЗОВЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК В РЕГИОНЕ С УЧЕТОМ ВЛИЯНИЯ ПАНДЕМИИ КОРОНОВИРУСА

The global transport and logistics system was one of the most affected areas as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. The negative effects are based on various factors, such as the closure of State borders, the introduction of restrictions on the movement of people and goods, the disruption of supply chains, and the decline in demand and purchasing power. The combination of these factors affected all types of transport – from the use of personal and public transport in cities to passenger and freight transport both within and between countries. The scale of negative consequences depends on the type of transport and the state's integration into the global transport and logistics system. However, transport as an industry should be more resilient to the consequences of any shocks, as it is one of the backbone sectors of the country's economy.The purpose of this article is to analyze the consequences of the crisis caused by the coronovirus pandemic for the rail freight transport market. The object of the study is the territorial center of branded transport services of the Southeastern railway. The subject of the study is analytical procedures and methods for processing data on the state and prospects of changes in the cargo market.

Причини та джерела сепаратизму в Джамму та Кашмірі

Indian society is distinguished by an extraordinary diversity of ethnic, confessional, caste and social. Ethnic groups inhabiting the country are different in size, levels of economic development and national identity, degree of consolidation and autonomy. In addition, the ethnic situation in India is complicated by the religious factor. Approximately 85% of the population of India belongs to the Hindu community, the rest are minority communities (Muslims, Christians of various denominations, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains). In addition, as a political unity, modern India was created artificially, as a result of the British conquest. Therefore, the national feeling arose after the fact, and not in the natural process of the national consolidation of the country. It is not surprising that due to this heterogeneity of the population, India over the years of independence has faced many conflict situations caused by dissatisfaction with its position on the part of various ethnic, social and religious groups, as well as contradictions between their interests. Such protests of minorities, as well as conflicts on ethnic and religious grounds, always pose a threat to political stability, and sometimes – to the territorial integrity of the country. In this regard, movements pursuing separatist goals pose a particular danger to the unity of the Indian state. Some of them (for example, the movement for the creation of an independent Dravidistan in southern India) were allowed within the federal system through the creation of the so-called linguistic states after the territorial reorganization in 1956. But even now, separatist movements continue in different parts of India. of varying intensity. The central and regional authorities of the country are making great efforts in the fight against separatism. To do this, they use the entire available arsenal of means and methods: from options for suppressing separatists by military force to peace negotiations and considering the possibility of a political settlement of the problem.

Modern city: the system of local government and support of small and medium-sized businesses

The article analyzes issues related to the impact of various reforms in the sphere of Russian self-government on the development of Russian cities, especially in the context of new territorial administration systems. As the initial premises of such reforms, we consider, first of all, the constitutional innovations of 2020, which in one way or another affected the economic and legal foundations of Russian local self-government, in particular, through the approval of a single institution of “public power” in the country. The concept of “public authority” is intended to embody the unity and interaction of state and municipal administration in solving the problems of socio-economic development of territories. Further, in the context of the development of cities and their management systems, the tasks of preparing new “Foundations...” of state policy in the field of local self-government are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need to strengthen the role of municipal management structures in supporting small business forms. The importance of specifying the place and role of various types of municipalities in the practice of strategic planning is shown.

КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ДИСКУССИИ ПРИ ПРИНЯТИИ ОСНОВНОГО ЗАКОНА ФРГ 1949 года

With the split of Germany in the Western Länder, the constitutional process of framing the new political and legal reality in the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949 begins. In considering and discussing the draft Basic Law of the FRG, the Parliamentary Council chose the term "basic law" instead of "constitution". The choice of this expression was intended to emphasise that the task of the Parliamentary Council was not to create a legal regime for the whole of the united German state, but only for a particular part of it, which consisted of the eleven Western states. In line with this, the German statesman G. Peters pointed out that it was the title "Basic Law" which was intended to express the will of the German Länder not to create any new "Western German State", but "to construct only something temporary and territorially limited until such time as the Federal Republic of Germany". Thus, the notion of the Basic Law was intended to denote not a part, but a general arrangement of state life; not a permanent and durable, but a temporary order in the western part of Germany. This attribute also explains the differences with the concept of the constitution. The preamble to the Basic Law contains the fundamental ideas of German unity and is the basis for its interpretation in the spirit of its founders. As the main aim of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany the preamble indicates the need to safeguard the national and state unity of the German people. It seeks to establish a new free democratic state order. The legal basis for the unification of Germany was laid down in Article 23 of the Basic Law. This article, which listed the states of the FRG, stipulated that "in the remaining parts of Germany, the Basic Law shall take effect upon their accession". Consequently, according to this article, other parts of Germany could join the Federal Republic of Germany. The Basic Law of the FRG enshrined the idea of the formal constitutionality of German unification. Article 146 stipulated that a new constitution, adopted by "the free decision of the German people," was to be drawn up. The option of unification of Germany under Article 23 was envisaged by the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany equally with the possibility of unification under Article 146 of the Basic Law. This is confirmed by the position taken by the Federal Constitutional Court in its judgment of 31 July 1973: "A provision of Article 23 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany has a constitutional legal value of its own and is one of the essential precepts of the Basic Law. Therefore, the FRG is obliged, as soon as the legal possi-bility for the accession of the 'remaining parts' of Germany arises, to do everything necessary to bring about the unity of Germany. Thus, the constitutional and legal basis for the unification of Germany was laid down in the Basic Law of the FRG of 1949. Democracy and freedom in a Western-oriented environ-ment became the priority in the Federal Republic of Germany. The idea of the unity of the country, however, was not discarded and remained one of the leading objectives of the state in the Basic Law. The main guarantor of unification was the preamble, which stated the aim of achieving unity of the country, while Art 16, Art 23, Art 116, Art 146 set out the legal mecha-nisms for the future unification of Germany.

Constitutional-legal status of the special administrative region of Hong Kong as a territorial autonomy within the People's Republic of China: current trajectories of transformation

In this article examines the genesis of the formation and development of Hong Kong as part of the People's Republic of China, analyzes the current constitutional-legal status of the system of public authorities in this region and the problems of legal regulation of their relationship with the authorities of the central of the PRC. Author is concluding that the determining determinants of Hong Kong's qualifications as territorial autonomy are the authentic legal system, financial-economic and international-legal status. Also is emphasized that the model of the constitutional-legal regulation of the status of Hong Kong is characterized by a "creeping" bifurcation of formal and actual approaches to interpreting the area of competence of this region, which led to mass protest actions (2019 - 2020), partly inspired by the reactions of some foreign actors. In final of article author is formulated thesis on the convergence of the constitutional-legal regime of territorial autonomy with the principles of state unity and territorial integrity.

Regional University as a Social Institution (on the example of the Ingush State University)

The article analyses a regional university as a social institution on the example of the case of the Ingush State University. A general description of the university is given. It is shown that a regional university in modern conditions as a social institution acquires special significance both as a scientific institution, and as the main element of the regional educational space, and as a center of an innovative economy. The Ingush University focuses on continuing professional education, that includes pre-university training, secondary vocational education, higher vocational education at various levels, as well as postgraduate and additional vocational education. Opportunities for obtaining secondary vocational and higher education for socially vulnerable segments of the population are expanding. The university is one of the largest employers in the region, therefore, the article emphasises its role in solving the problem of graduates employment. The university provides opportunities for stable employment for representatives of the highest qualifications, who otherwise would not have been able to find an occupation due to the peculiarities of the structure of the depressed regional economy. In addition, the conditions for the development of small innovative enterprises are being formed at the Ingush State University. The driving force behind this process is the Engineering Center, a supplier of a sorbent with a high sorption capacity to the Russian market. The centre is aimed at a long-term solution of problems in the development of modified sorption materials that are used in a wide range of industries, including medicine and agronomy, to eliminate environmental pollution as a result of oil spills, to purify wastewater from various organic substances. The culture-creating role of the university in the space of regional culture is multifaceted. The university, on the one hand, is part of the world cultural and educational community, on the other hand, it works to preserve, develop and spread the culture of the regional peoples. The article analyses the integrative function of the university in the creation and support of a single educational and cultural space as an important condition for state unity and sustainable development of our multinational country. The role of the rector's personality in solving the problems facing the regional university in modern conditions is emphasized.

Nigeria’s First Republic and Post 1966 Federalism: A Comparative Study

Objective: The objective is to make a comparative study of the Nigeria’s First Republic (1954-1966) and the post 1966 federalism. The two periods saw Nigeria practicing federalism with different power sharing and governmental components arrangements. The study is significant at this time of search for a viable federalism, incessant agitations for restructuring the Nigerian state, and increasing threats to her unity and cohesion over the federal arrangement.
 Methodology: The study used non-numerical, secondary and historically documented sources to collect data and also used the historical method and practical events in Nigeria’s journey of federalism to analyse the data.
 Result: In the First Republic, it was a fiscal federalism with greater regional autonomy and limited constitutional powers to the Central Government, while the post 1966 federalism had more and strategic powers constitutionally allocated to the Central Government. First Republic federalism was more disciplined in financial and residual matters and power with greater autonomy and competition between regions which greatly fostered development and accountability among them, with less constitutional frictions between the Central and Regions.
 Implication: The study fills an existing gap in the study of Nigeria’s federalism viz-a-viz more calls for restructuring and or true federalism, number of units and devolution of constitutional powers, corruption, slow and discouraged development, which result in over-reliance on statutory allocations from the Centre, and intensifies struggle for resource control, although it on the other hand controversially guarantees the unity of the Nigerian state.

Revitalisasi Nilai-Nilai Tauhid sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Muslim Progresif dalam Beragama dan Bernegara: Interpretasi dan Aplikasi QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 21-22 Perspektif Teori Hermeneutik Farid Esack

Al Qur'an which is called idiom sālihu likulli zamān wa al-makān and Al Qur'an as hudan li al-nās should be able to be a solution for all aspects of life. On the other hand, the term monotheism is often only interpreted as a theological function that seems so sacred and final. Meanwhile, in the modern context, especially in a state, Al Qur'an is required to answer problems related to issues of the state, especially in Indonesia. By using Farid Esack's Hermeneutic theory, the researcher wants to interpret the verse of Tauhid QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 20-21 and trying to apply it to the life of the state, especially in Indonesia to realize progressive Muslims. Based on the analysis carried out, the results show that the interpretation and application of QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 20-21 in the perspective of Farid Esack's hermeneutic theory. If departing from the moral ideal of QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 20-21 are orders to worship and be grateful for Allah's blessings. So looking at the context in a state, especially in Indonesia, there are three manifestations of the interpretation and application of QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 20-21. First, tauhid means carrying out all the commands of Allah and staying away from all the prohibitions of Allah. second, in the context of Indonesian citizenship, monotheism should accept and respect all racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural differences in Indonesia. Third, tauhid in the context of Indonesian citizenship should take part in public spaces to promote and maintain the unity and welfare of the unitary state of Indonesia.Keywords: Tawheed, Hermeneutics, Progressive Muslims.