State Self-esteem Research Articles

Brain mediators of biased social learning of self-perception in social anxiety disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by an excessive fear of social evaluation and a persistently negative view of the self. Here we test the hypothesis that negative biases in brain responses and in social learning of self-related information contribute to the negative self-image and low self-esteem characteristic of SAD. Adult participants diagnosed with social anxiety (N = 21) and matched controls (N = 23) rated their performance and received social feedback following a stressful public speaking task. We investigated how positive versus negative social feedback altered self-evaluation and state self-esteem and used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to characterize brain responses to positive versus negative feedback. Compared to controls, participants with SAD updated their self-evaluation and state self-esteem significantly more based on negative compared to positive social feedback. Responses in the frontoparietal network correlated with and mirrored these behavioral effects, with greater responses to positive than negative feedback in non-anxious controls but not in participants with SAD. Responses to social feedback in the anterior insula and other areas mediated the effects of negative versus positive feedback on changes in self-evaluation. In non-anxious participants, frontoparietal brain areas may contribute to a positive social learning bias. In SAD, frontoparietal areas are less recruited overall and less attuned to positive feedback, possibly reflecting differences in attention allocation and cognitive regulation. More negatively biased brain responses and social learning could contribute to maintaining a negative self-image in SAD and other internalizing disorders, thereby offering important new targets for interventions.

대학생의 상태자존감이 SNS 중독경향성에 미치는 영향

This study is about the relationship between SNS addiction tendency and self-esteem of university students who need to establish self-identity and prepare for adult life at the present time when SNS (social network services) use rate is rapidly increasing. It was attempted to help establish the right state self-esteem by identifying the impact and to help prepare measures to prevent SNS addiction. Data were collected using a Google questionnaire from March 9 to March 15, 2023, targeting university students from two universities located in B city. 260 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and 258 copies were used for the final analysis, excluding 2 copies with incorrect responses. The collected data were subjected to frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS Statistics 25.0 program. The main results of the study are as follows: First, among the sub-factors of state self-esteem, 'functional self-esteem' showed differences according to grade level and SNS usage time, 'essential self-esteem' by gender, and 'social self-esteem' by gender, grade level, and SNS usage time. Second, SNS addiction tendency was found to be different according to gender and SNS usage time. Third, SNS addiction tendency was found to have a negative (-) correlation with functional self-esteem, essential self-esteem, and social self-esteem. Fourth, as for factors influencing SNS addiction tendency, gender female and SNS use time had a positive (+) effect, functional self-esteem and social self-esteem had a negative (-) effect. In conclusion, first, when operating an SNS addiction prevention program at a university, it is necessary to apply a program that can increase 'essential self-esteem' while reflecting the characteristics of each gender. Second, a relationship building program that can reduce the difficulty of interpersonal relationships without excessive use of SNS should be conducted. Third, it is necessary to apply a self-esteem strengthening program that can lower depression and anxiety and increase 'functional self-esteem' and 'social self-esteem' as well as educational programs on the correct use of SNS.

Short-term dynamics of pride and state self-esteem change during the university-to-work transition

Young adults differ in their self-esteem change during the university-to-work transition. The short-term processes (such as state changes) which are related to individual variability in change are not yet fully understood. In this pre-registered study, we examined experiences of pride as an emotional process underlying state self-esteem change in a sample of 232 Dutch master students over 8 months across their university-to-work transition. We used dynamic and multilevel structural equation models to analyze three waves of 14-day experience sampling data, examining momentary and daily associations between pride and state self-esteem on the within-person level. We examined correlated change in pride and state self-esteem, and the extent to which pride predicted variability in state self-esteem change. Results indicated positive within-person associations and considerable individual differences in pride–state self-esteem associations across moments and days. Across months, changes in pride and state self-esteem were positively correlated, but pride before graduation did not predict variability in later state self-esteem change. Pride–state self-esteem associations remained robust after accounting for feelings of joy, transitional valence, and timing of the transition. Findings indicated that pride uniquely predicted state self-esteem change during the education-to-work transition, which suggests that pride is a key emotion underlying self-esteem change.

STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AMONG STUDENTS

Goal: to study the relationship between achievement motivation and self-esteem among students. Participants: 72 students aged 17-47 years (Mdn=23). Methods: Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, The Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale, State Self-Esteem Scale. Results: strong linear positive relationships were found between achievement motivation and state self-esteem, performance-oriented self-esteem, social self-esteem, global self-esteem. A moderate positive linear relationship was found between achievement motivation and appearance-oriented self-esteem.

The impact of a benevolently sexist organizational climate on individual self-esteem: an exploration of the moderating impact of dyadic communication

PurposeCurrent events such as the #metoo and #timesup movements have ushered in an era of heightened awareness of sexist organizational climate. Increasingly, supporters have called for top-down changes, demanding that organizations embrace a culture of accountability. Accordingly, the current study proposed and investigated the concept of benevolently sexist organizational climate and explored the impact on women's state self-esteem, while testing for the potential moderating effects of power and gender.Design/methodology/approachThe current experimental study utilized a video video-based manipulation to introduce benevolently sexist organizational climate with a 2 (content of communication) x 2 (gender of communicator) x 2 (status of communicator) between-subjects design. The hypotheses were tested using an analysis of variance moderation model, based on a sample of 652 women.FindingsResults indicated a significant two-way interaction between benevolently sexist organizational climate and power on self-esteem. Specifically, results suggested that benevolently sexist organizational climates have a greater negative impact on women's self-esteem when a supervisor communicates the information on the climate as opposed to a coworker.Practical implicationsBenevolently sexist climate had a deleterious impact on women's organizational outcomes especially when communicated by a supervisor. These findings can be used for guidance on the development of training and interventions targeted at mitigating the prevalence of benevolently sexist workplace climate.Originality/valueThis study was the first to propose the concept of a benevolently sexist organizational climate. Additionally, the study demonstrated the negative impact of a benevolently sexist organizational climate on women's state self-esteem providing important implications for organizations. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Relationship between stigma, self-esteem and quality of life among patients with depression at a tertiary care unit of North India: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Depression is one of the debilitating mental illness currently. The stigma attached to this illness and self-esteem of individuals with depression are one of the most important factors which have an impact on the quality of life and issues related to these may impede recovery. The aim of the study was to assess relationship between stigma, self-esteem and quality of life in patients with depression.METHODS: One hundred and ten patients who were diagnosed depression as per ICD-10DCR (F32, F33) were assessed using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 6.0 version, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale, State Self-esteem Scale, and WHO-Quality of Life-BREF.RESULTS: As per the study, 47% of patients experience severe stigma. Most patients reported higher performance proportion of self-esteem in SSES with a mean score of 16.89±4.46 and reported more effect in environmental aspects of quality of life among all the domains of WHOQOL-BREF with a mean score of 73.56±10.80. Stigma was found to have a statistically significantly negative correlation with self-esteem and quality of life and a positive correlation with the severity of symptoms. Self-esteem positively correlated with quality of life.CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed stigma is higher in patients of depression having more severe symptoms and that self-esteem and the overall quality of life were negatively affected by stigma. Self-esteem was strongly related to the quality of life. Treatment focused on to reduce stigma and improving patients’ self-esteem would boost long term recovery and quality of life. The results of the study therefore suggest the need for measures aimed at reducing stigma, improving patients’ self-esteem and psychological well-being.

Intervening on Social Comparisons on Social Media: Electronic Daily Diary Pilot Study.

Literature has underscored the dark aspects of social media use, including associations with depressive symptoms, feelings of social isolation, and diminished self-esteem. Social comparison, the process of evaluating oneself relative to another person, is thought to contribute to these negative experiences such that people with a stronger tendency to compare themselves with others are particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of social media. Social media as a form of social connection and communication is nevertheless an inevitable-and arguably integral-part of life, particularly for young adults. Therefore, there is a need to investigate strategies that could alter the manner in which people interact with social media to minimize its detrimental effects and maximize the feelings of affiliation and connection. This pilot study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a brief web-based intervention designed to alter engagement with social media and promote psychological well-being by encouraging social savoring as an alternative to social comparison. Social savoring was operationalized as experiencing joyful emotions related to the happiness of someone else's experiences (ie, feeling happy for someone else). Following an intensive longitudinal design, 55 college students (mean age 19.29, SD 0.93 years; n=43, 78% women and n=23, 42% White) completed baseline measures (individual differences, psychological well-being, connectedness, and social media use) and then 14 days of daily surveys on their social media activity and well-being. On day 8, the group that was randomized to receive the intervention watched a video instructing them on the skill of social savoring and was asked to practice this skill during days 8 to 14. Overall, participants reported positive perceptions of the intervention. Participants who watched the intervention video reported significantly higher performance self-esteem (P=.02) at posttest than those in the control condition, after controlling for baseline levels. Participants also reported significantly higher state self-esteem (P=.01) on days in which they engaged in more social savoring while using social media, and the use of social savoring increased significantly (P=.01) over time, suggesting that participants found it helpful. Participants in both conditions reported significantly lower levels of social comparison (control: P=.01; intervention: P=.002) and higher levels of connectedness (control: P<.001; intervention: P=.001) at posttest than at baseline. Initial evidence from this pilot study suggests that a web-based social savoring intervention may help minimize the potentially harmful consequences of social media use, at least in some domains. Future work is needed to examine the effectiveness and acceptance of this intervention in different age groups and in clinical samples that are in part characterized by higher levels of comparison with others (eg, people with eating disorders).

Perceptions of oneself and one’s spouse following a stressor discussion predicting attachment insecurity over one year

The Attachment Security Enhancement Model (ASEM) posits that attachment anxiety decreases when people revise their negative working model of self, whereas attachment avoidance decreases when people revise their negative working model of others. These revisions are expected to occur in diagnostic situations that provide relevant information about the self and close others. Guided by this theory, the current research assessed whether state perceptions of oneself (state self-efficacy, state self-esteem) and of one’s spouse (state perceived partner responsiveness [PPR]) following a personal stressor discussion provide an impetus for changing trait-level perceptions and decreasing the relevant attachment insecurity dimension over time. In a sample of 164 newly married couples, we found that people who reported greater post-discussion state self-efficacy and state self-esteem reported greater increases in trait self-efficacy and trait self-esteem over the following year. These changes to the model of self in turn predicted greater decreases in attachment anxiety over that year, consistent with the ASEM. Regarding perceptions of one’s spouse, neither state nor trait PPR predicted declines in attachment avoidance, and state PPR did not predict changes in trait level perceptions. Finally, we observed some ASEM-inconsistent changes in attachment insecurity: Increases in trait PPR predicted declines in attachment anxiety, and increases in trait self-esteem and self-efficacy predicted declines in attachment avoidance. These findings suggest that personal stressor discussions may catalyze changes in trait perceptions and attachment change. Additionally, this work shows that improving the model of self and the model of others promotes attachment security but that the processes for reducing attachment anxiety and avoidance may not be entirely separable.

Unconditional self-acceptance among the psychology students of University X, Malaysia: the role of mattering, perceived social support and state self-esteem

&lt;p&gt;Unconditional self-acceptance (USA) is important for mental health. Studies reported that university students would develop the USA when they feel socially supported, included, and matter. Nevertheless, those factors are dependent on social feedbacks. Amidst the COVID-19 outbreak is, they had to follow the social distancing protocols and interact online with each other. This change might have altered the way they perceive the social support and mattering. It is hypothesized that these alterations predicted their USA through their perceived social support (PSS) and the sense of social inclusion (state self-esteem). To test the hypothesis, 214 young adults (85 men, 129 women), aged between 18 to 25 (M=22.80, SD=1.92) were asked to complete a demographic form and the scales of each variable. Students from University X, Malaysia were chosen as the population as they studied fully online when we started this study; unfortunately, the university went back to physical study before we managed to collect our target sample size. The results of Bootstrapping with 5,000 samples and 95% confidence interval showed that state self-esteem (SSE) fully mediated the relationship between mattering and USA, while PSS did not. Therefore, the hypothesis of serial mediation was not supported.&lt;/p&gt;

A comparison of the impact of exposure to fit ideal and non-fit ideal body shapes in fitspiration imagery on women

Previous research indicates a negative impact of exposure to fitspiration on women's mood, self-esteem, and body satisfaction. Fitspiration typically features thin and toned bodies, but there is some variation in the body types shown, which may influence its effects on viewers. Participants (N = 605women) were randomly allocated to view fit ideal, non-fit ideal, or neutral control images from Instagram, and completed state measures of appearance self-esteem, self-objectification, body satisfaction, and negative mood before and after image exposure. Women in the fitspiration conditions also reported level of state appearance comparison with women depicted and how inspired they were to do more exercise. Fit ideal and non-fit ideal images had a negative effect on body satisfaction. However, participants in the non-fit ideal condition showed an increase in state self-esteem and a decrease in state negative mood following image exposure, in contrast to the fit ideal condition. Condition did not have an impact on state self-objectification and there was no difference between fitspiration conditions in how inspired participants felt to do more exercise. State appearance comparison was correlated with change in self-esteem, negative mood, body satisfaction scores and with how inspired individuals felt to exercise. Small effect sizes and limitations indicate that replication of findings is required. However, the effects of viewing fitspiration imagery may depend on thinness and muscle tone of models shown, and level of comparison with people portrayed.

How does social status relate to self-esteem and emotion? An integrative test of hierometer theory and social rank theory.

Drawing together insights from two theories-hierometer theory and social rank theory-we investigated the links among social status, self-esteem, and emotion. Both theories address how individuals navigate social hierarchies. Both posit adaptive dynamics whereby a social input (status or rank) shapes one or more psychological mechanisms, which then regulate a behavioral output. However, they emphasize different psychological mechanisms. Whereas hierometer theory emphasizes self-regard-in particular, self-esteem-social rank theory emphasizes emotions-in particular, depression, anxiety, and shame. We tested hypotheses derived from these theories, examining the links among status, self-esteem, and these emotions, across six studies (N = 1,719). In Studies 1 and 2 (cross-sectional), status correlated positively with self-esteem, and negatively with depression, anxiety, and shame (but not guilt). Studies 3-6 established the causal pathways between these constructs for the first time. In Studies 3 and 4 (experimental), increasing status induced higher state self-esteem, and lower depression, anxiety, and shame (but not guilt). In Studies 5 and 6 (experimental), increasing self-esteem induced lower depression, anxiety, and shame. Finally, across studies, self-esteem statistically and causally mediated the links between status and depression, status and anxiety, as well as status and shame. Our research advances theoretical and empirical understanding of self-esteem and emotion as functional trackers of one's place in the social hierarchy. It points to self-esteem playing a more primary role as a tracker of status, helping to explicate how and why status is related to these clinically relevant emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Harga Diri dan Kebersyukuran Sebagai Prediktor Citra Tubuh pada Remaja Perempuan Penggemar K-pop

Usually, teenagers want to have a body that suits the beauty standard established by the media and society, which causes bad body image. There are several factors that can affect someone’s body image, two of them are self-esteem and gratitude. The aim of this research is to find out whether self-esteem and gratitude can predict body image on K-pop teenage fangirl or not. The hypothesis proposed in this research is self-esteem and gratitude could predict body image on K-pop teens fan girl, who often see idols as a benchmark for ideal body type. This research uses a quantitative approach, respondents involved in this research amounted to 607 K-pop teenage fan girl. The measuring instrument used in this research are Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) by Cash dan Pruzinsky (2002), State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) by Heatherton dan Polivy (1991) and Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) by McCullough et al. (2002). The result of this research indicates confirm with the proposed hypothesis, that self-esteem and gratitude could predict body image on K-pop teens fangirl. It shows that the values of R = .264 with a significance of p = .000 (p &lt; .05) and value of R2 = .070, which shows that self-esteem and gratitude, together, can affect body image by 7% .

Self-esteem influences the willingness to engage in COVID-19 prevention behavior and persuasion efficacy

RationaleBehaviors such as hand-washing and vaccination save human lives during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Yet, people differ widely in their willingness to engage in them. This investigation examines whether people's willingness to protect themselves physically from contracting coronavirus depends on their self-esteem. Based on self-verification theory, we propose that people who hold negative self-views are less motivated to protect their health which reduces their willingness to engage in recommended preventive measures such as mask-wearing and social-distancing. ObjectiveWe set out to test (i) whether self-esteem predicts people's willingness to engage in COVID-19 prevention behaviors, (ii) whether this relationship is due to variance in motivation to protect one's health (as well as alternative mechanisms), and (iii) whether health messages can more successfully persuade low self-esteem people to follow preventive measures by framing those behaviors around protecting the health of others (vs. oneself). MethodsFour studies were conducted with U.S. and German residents. In Study 1, we examine the association between self-esteem, willingness to engage in self-protection behavior, health motivation, and several alternative accounts. In Study 2, we manipulate state self-esteem, and in Studies 3 and 4, we vary the target of COVID-19 prevention behaviors (self vs. other). ResultsPeople with chronic or temporarily induced low self-esteem report a lower willingness to engage in COVID-19 prevention behaviors because they lack motivation to protect their health. Varying the protection target of preventive behaviors (self vs. others) interacts with self-esteem: Low self-esteem people are more willing to follow preventive measures (e.g., vaccination) when they are framed as protecting others (vs. oneself). ConclusionsSelf-esteem impacts people's behavior during a global pandemic and needs to be considered when designing health communications. Public health messages can increase compliance among individuals with lower self-esteem by framing prevention behaviors as a way to protect the health of others.

A systematic review of self-esteem and related factors among burns patients

The present systematic review was conducted to examine self-esteem and related factors in burns patients. A comprehensive search was conducted from the first to the April 1, 2022at the international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Burns", "Self-confidence", "Self-perception", "Self-esteem", and "Self-concept". A total of 762 burn patients were included in this review from ten cross-sectional studies. The mean score of self-esteem in burn patients based on Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, State Self-Esteem Scale, Cooper Smith's self-esteem questionnaire, and Rifai's self-esteem scale were 17.77 (SD=5.55) out of 30, 65.91 (SD=5.49) out of 100, 56.68 (SD=5.49) out of 100, and 109.77 (SD=9.55) out of 145, respectively. Factors associated with self-esteem in burns patients were gender, occupation, the location of the burn, type of burn, site of burn, burn scar, and quality of life had a significant relationship with burn patients' self-esteem. Factors such as social support, family support, friends support, and supporting others, had a significant positive relationship with self-esteem of burns patient. However, self-esteem in patients with burn had a significant negative relationship with grade of burn injury, percentage of burn, depth of burn, facial burn, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychiatric morbidity, major depressive, and suicidality factors. Overall, patients with burns had moderate levels of self-esteem. Therefore, it is recommended that health professionals use interdisciplinary approaches to better manage burn patients.

Knowledge and Practices Regarding Menstruation Hygiene Management Among School Going Adolescents

Adolescence is a crucial time for girls to prepare for and adjust to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to better understand the challenges girls face due to menstruation in the form of socio-cultural norms and its impact on self-esteem. The study was conducted on 240 adolescent girls in the age group of 10-14years and 15-19 years belonging to rural and urban areas of Hisar district. Self- developed schedules were used to delineate personal, socio-personal variables, MHM status in terms of knowledge, attitude and practices, socio-cultural norms concerning menstruation and facilities at school and home in terms of MHM. Self-esteem of adolescent girls was assessed by using State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) developed by Heatherton and Polivy (1991). Results, illustrate that knowledge, attitude and practice level of respondents was signifi cantly associated with personal and socio-economic variables i.e. age, class, area of residence, mother education and father occupation. Majority of respondents of rural background were unsatisfi ed with the family communication and guidance on MHM they received at homes. Regarding facilities at school in terms of MHM more than 1/4th rural adolescents agreed that there was lack of separate and clean latrines with doors, lack of soap and wash material, lack of changing room to manage periods at school, lack of sanitary material and lack of guidance on MHM. Approximately one- third of girls irrespective of area of residence reported dissatisfaction with home facilities with regard to MHM

Relationship Between Self-esteem and Negative Perception Trends About the Body in Early Adults at STIKES Maharani Malang

This study aims to examine the relationship between self-esteem and the tendency of negative perceptions about the body in early adulthood at STIKES Maharani Malang. This study uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlational method. The study amounted 98 female students at STIKES Maharani Malang by using the Purposive Sampling Technique as a sample determinant. The data analysis technique used is the Pearson Product Moment correlation test. Data collection uses an adaptation of the State self-esteem (SSES) by Heatherton and Polivy [1] and a modified Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptom Scale (BDD-SS) by Wilhelm et al. [2]. The results of hypothesis testing using Spearman Rank correlation with a value of Sig .00 (P &lt; .05), because in the assumption test the data is not normally distributed. The results of the analysis show that there is a positive relationship between self-esteem and the tendency of negative perceptions about the body.&#x0D; Keywords: self-esteem, negative perception tendencies, early adulthood

Practices in State Self-Esteem Research: An Analysis of Enacted Ontologies

ABSTRACT Methodological and empirical questions concerning state self-esteem are contingent upon very specific underlying commitments to “what” state self-esteem and its dynamics actually are. These are questions concerning ontology. These underlying commitments or views about “what actually exists” are not explicit, but enacted through our research actions. It is vital to bring these implicit underlying ontologies to the surface, so that we as researchers can reflect upon them, and on the assumptions that we are communicating and reinforcing with our methodological and empirical practices. In service of a conceptually solid and unambiguous framework of theoretical and methodological approaches to state self-esteem, I aim to lay bare the ontological commitments enacted in current research on state self-esteem. I show that state-self-esteem research forms two different assemblages of practices, which are repertoires of conceptual assumptions, discourse norms, methods of analysis, and operationalizations. One assemblage sketches a narrative of daily self-esteem in mechanistic terms, the other sketches a narrative of daily self-esteem in processual terms. After analyzing how concrete practices enact these ontological commitments, I reflect on how the two research assemblages might converge to benefit research on state self-esteem in the future, emphasizing the need for reflexivity from researchers.

The effects of prefrontal vs. parietal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation on craving, inhibition, and measures of self-esteem.

While prefrontal cortex dysfunction has been implicated in high food cravings, other cortical regions, like the parietal cortex, are potentially also involved in regulating craving. This study explored the effects of stimulating the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on food craving state and trait. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was administered at 1.5 mA for 5 consecutive days. Participants received 20 min of IPL, DLPFC, or sham stimulation (SHAM) each day which consisted of two rounds of 10-min stimulation, divided by a 10-min mindfulness task break. In addition, we studied inhibition and subjective psychological aspects like body image and self-esteem state and trait. To decompose immediate and cumulative effects, we measured the following on days 1 and 5: inhibition through the Go/No-go task; and food craving, self-esteem, and body appreciation through a battery of questionnaires. We found that false alarm errors decreased in the participants receiving active stimulation in the DLPFC (DLPFC-group). In contrast, false alarm errors increased in participants receiving active stimulation in the IPL (IPL-group). At the same time, no change was found in the participants receiving SHAM (SHAM-group). There was a trending reduction in craving trait in all groups. Momentary craving was decreased in the DLPFC-group and increased in IPL-group, yet a statistical difference was not reached. According to time and baseline, self-esteem and body perception improved in the IPL-group. Furthermore, self-esteem trait significantly improved over time in the DLPFC-group and IPL-group. These preliminary results indicate that tDCS modulates inhibition in frontoparietal areas with opposite effects, enhancing it in DLPFC and impairing it in IPL. Moreover, craving is moderately linked to inhibition, self-esteem, and body appreciation which seem not to be affected by neuromodulation but may rely instead on broader regions as more complex constructs. Finally, the fractionated protocol can effectively influence inhibition with milder effects on other constructs.

Association between religiosity and orthorexia nervosa with the mediating role of self-esteem among a sample of the Lebanese population – short communication

BackgroundOrthorexia Nervosa is not yet classified as an eating disorder albeit it can be found in different populations. This condition can be characterized by a preoccupation with the quality of food, accompanied by obsessive thoughts regarding eating behaviors, leading to malnutrition. Previous associations have been reported between high levels of eating disorders and lower levels of self-esteem; where individuals have low self-esteem due to the pressured felt to fit the norms of society in beauty standards. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between religiosity and orthorexia nervosa via either trait or state self-esteem.MethodsThis study was conducted between September 2021 and February 2022 and included 428 participants from all Lebanese governorates. The Teruel Orthorexia Nervosa scale was used to measure orthorexia nervosa. The following scales state self-esteem and religiosity were used to measure self-esteem.ResultsSociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, household crowding index, body mass index and education) were entered in the mediation model as confounding variables. Higher religiosity was significantly associated with higher state self-esteem (Beta = 0.07), while higher state self-esteem was significantly associated with lower identification of those that exhibited ON tendencies or symptoms (Beta= -0.11).ConclusionA high state self-esteem was correlated with a lower level of orthorexia nervosa. Higher religiosity was shown to be associated with higher self-esteem, which in turn was associated with a decrease in the scores of orthorexia nervosa.

Effective destination user-generated advertising: Matching effect between goal framing and self-esteem

This study examines how the relationship between self-esteem (both trait self-esteem and state self-esteem) and goal-framing messages can affect individuals’ visit intentions on the basis of user-generated advertising. An analysis of variance revealed that the visit intentions of participants with low (vs. high) self-esteem were more influenced by loss-framing (vs. gain-framing) messages; meanwhile, gain-framing (vs. loss-framing) messages resulted in stronger destination visit intentions among participants with high (vs. low) self-esteem. This reasearch also investigated the successive mediating roles of emotional arousal (EA) and attitude towards a destination in the above mechanism. When individuals with high (vs. low) self-esteem were exposed to gain-framing (vs. loss-framing) messages, they exhibited stronger EA, thus inspiring more enthusiastic destination attitudes and stronger destination visit intentions. Theoretical and managerial implications for destination managers and website designers are provided.