State Secrets Research Articles

Wild state secrets: ultra‐sensitive measurement of micro‐movement can reveal internal processes in animals

Assessment of animal internal “state” – which includes hormonal, disease, nutritional, and emotional states – is normally considered the province of laboratory work, since its determination in animals in the wild is considered more difficult. However, we show that accelerometers attached externally to animals as diverse as elephants, cockroaches, and humans display consistent signal differences in micro‐movement that are indicative of internal state. Originally used to elucidate the behavior of wild animals, accelerometers also have great potential for highlighting animal actions, which are considered as responses stemming from the interplay between internal state and external environment. Advances in accelerometry may help wildlife managers understand how internal state is linked to behavior and movement, and thus clarify issues ranging from how animals cope with the presence of newly constructed roads to how diseased animals might change movement patterns and therefore modulate disease spread.

Functioning of the state secrets security system in Ukraine: organizational and legal structure, principles and objectives

In the paper the analysis of regulatory and legislative capacity on state secrets security as part of the national security of Ukraine against real and potential threats in the information sphere. Detailed considered regulating the content and definition of state secrets security system, given its generic definition. Research of the basic elements and sub-levels of the system of state secrets security to build its organizational and legal structure, establishment and legal theory and practice-production principles defining its objectives and purpose. The listed orders provide state secrets security, which are part of a single overall order – secrecy. The existing organizational, legal, engineering, cryptographic and operational-search measures to secure state secrets were presented.

Commodifying state crime: Accounting and “extraordinary rendition”

Abstract In 2001, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) set up an “extraordinary rendition” program in which supposed al Qaeda agents were secretly kidnapped and rendered to countries known for torturing prisoners, or to CIA controlled black sites where “enhanced interrogation techniques” were employed. In 2009, two of the subcontractors for the CIA's privatized rendition fights, Richmor and Sportsflight, went to court over a contract dispute. Based on the testimony and evidence in the case, this paper examines the role accounting played in transforming a state crime into a commodity that could be costed and argued about. Accounting did so by elevating profit, performance, minutia and normal business routines as important, and kidnapping and torture as irrelevant. However, the court case also demonstrated the absolute mendacity of accounting in that the federal government did not intervene even though state secrets would be revealed through the invoices entered into evidence.

Carrier Rocking Motion Model Based on Stress Analysis

The complicated sports of aircraft carrier affected by the wind and waves when sailing affects the measurement accuracy of shipboard radar seriously. In order to eliminate the effect of carrier motion to improve the accuracy of radar measurement, we must establish the motion model of aircraft carrier and research on the motion of carrier. At present there is not much research on movement of domestic aircraft carriers, and the overseas research are in a state secret. Established the motion model of aircraft carrier according to the force of carrier caused by wave. Provides help for the research on carrier motion law and influence on the accuracy of radar.

Pokus o marxistickou infiltraci bohosloveckých fakult v Československu. Se zvláštním zřetelem na "Katedru společenských věd" bohoslovecké fakulty v Bratislavě

The Communists seized power in Czechoslovakia in 1948. They attempted to permeate through their ideology all spheres of social life, including the area of education. So- called of Social were consequently established at all universities in Czechoslovakia: with theological faculties being no exception. At the Faculty of Theology in Bratislava, the teachers of Marxism were aware that it made no sense to spread atheist propaganda among the clergy and consequently worked at persuading the clergy to pledge loyalty to the regime and control their reactions. All the teachers of Marxism were Communist party members. A number of them also lectured at the Political school of the Communist Party Central Council. They collaborated with the state secret services and informed them about everything which occurred at the faculty. They were actually present at all the assemblies of the faculty council. The Departments of Social Sciences functioned for more than 40 years, with a short suspension in 1968-69, and they lasted up until the revolutionary changes which transformed the situation in Czechoslovakia in 1989.

CHALLENGES IN COMBATING THE CYBER CRIME

The modern society today faces with the greatest achievements of technical and technological development, associated by rapid expansion of information technology and automation of work activities in all social life spheres. Such development in modern society has brought a large number of facilities on one side while, on the other side the presence of deliberate misuse of this technological achievement has also created a number of problems and risks towards individuals and groups in the society in general and national safety in particular. The approach how criminals (offenders) commit crimes has changed. Digital general approach has opened new opportunities for unscrupulous behavior. Millions of euros have been lost by businesses and customers from the use of computers as part of the commission of the crime. Computers and different networks can be used to attack victims or to prepare global violent acts such as terrorist particular among other. In absence of technology and trained personnel to deal with this new threat known as cybercrime, the security agencies are challenged by specialized cyber offenders which are known as hackers because apart from managing to break into state institution websites they are able to have unauthorized access to information classified as state secret and top-secret. Due to the global nature of computer crime, the general action in preventing and combating this type of crime, consists on building bridges of cooperation and coordinated action of all countries, and in this case of Kosovo in order to set international standards in the field of defense and security of information systems which standard would guarantee the success of a sustainable national perspective in combating threats from cybercrimes. In this paper, among others I will present the global aspect of cybercrime, the legal infrastructure defining cybercrimes and their forms, in, the role of security institutions in combating crime in general with particular focus on tackling cyber challenges, current threats and future threats related to cybercrimes, recommendations to combat these crimes, etc. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n19p592

Close Up at a Distance: Mapping, Technology and Politics by Laura Kurgan (review)

Reviewed by: Close Up at a Distance: Mapping, Technology and Politics by Laura Kurgan Jennifer S. Light (bio) Close Up at a Distance: Mapping, Technology and Politics. By Laura Kurgan. New York: Zone Books/MIT Press, 2013. Pp. 232. $36.95. Laura Kurgan’s Close Up at a Distance examines the politics of digital spatial technologies, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and remote sensing—many with roots in American military and national security agency programs but now freely available as civilian tools. Kurgan, whose intellectual biography spans both the theory and practice of architecture and design, is particularly interested in questions about the relationship between reality and representation, especially the tensions between precision and ambiguity, raised by these technological tools. Her analysis proceeds on two fronts. The first, which comprises her book’s three introductory chapters, orients readers to key details of these technologies, including their historical origins, how they work, and the invisible or near-invisible politics embedded within. The analytical contributions of these chapters are clear, if occasionally repetitive, and well-illustrated with supporting images. Although not chiefly aimed at an audience of historians of science and technology, this first section covers familiar terrain to readers in these disciplines, including citations of scholars such as Bruno Latour and Peter Galison that reflect the inroads that limited aspects of history of science and technology have made in the design professions. The strength of these three chapters for their primary audience—they introduce design professionals to a new form of media literacy—is a limitation for a potential readership within the history of science and technology. For there are many points in the book that might have offered opportunities for deeper engagement with our discipline, which would enrich both the book’s account of its fascinating subject and in turn the multidisciplinary conversation about new technologies that is proceeding in parallel in these fields. Thus, Kurgan might have amplified her critique of the [End Page 769] “para-empiricism” of the data produced by spatial imaging technologies—in particular her analysis of their claims to objectivity—in dialog with the rich body of historical literature on the politics of quantification and objectivity across fields of scientific and technological inquiry. Her observations about the growth of military support for commercial satellite operations would fit nicely with recent work on new models of procurement such as the “military-entertainment complex” described by Timothy Lenoir and Henry Lowood. And her call to interrogate the “military-political origins” of technologies now in the civilian domain might have benefited from engagement with John Cloud’s work on the history of military geographic information systems—in particular his discussion of how imagery from classified data-collection systems long ago made their way into the civilian realm, even as the reconnaissance equipment itself remained a state secret. The second front for Kurgan’s analysis, which reflects her professional training outside of the history of science and technology, will likely strike Technology and Culture readers as the most innovative contribution here. For the next nine chapters move beyond textual analysis of her subject and associated images to present a new analytic method. Kurgan uses spatial technologies to explore the politics of those very spatial technologies, and does so with a writing style whose accessibility makes her claims easy to digest. These chapters span topics from mapping the area around the former World Trade Center site to satellite imaging of Kuwait. Each, the subject of an art installation or related project, is presented in its original form, accompanied by updated reflections that nicely link it back to the major themes of the book. Jennifer S. Light Jennifer S. Light is professor of science, technology, and society at MIT. Copyright © 2014 Society for the History of Technology

Суб’єкти права на раціоналізаторську пропозицію в Збройних Силах України

Розглядаються суб’єкти права на раціоналізаторську пропозицію стосовно законодавства України й локального акту з інтелектуальної власності в Збройних Силах України з урахуванням законодавства воєнної сфери й закону про державну таємницю.

Research and Implementation of Relational Database Encryption Technology Based on Main Memory Database

As the relational database is applied widely, how to protect the sensitive data and state secrets has become a problem which needs to be solved urgently. The conventional relational database encryption technology not only reduces the system’s performance, but also results that we can not quickly inquire the encryption data through the original index mechanism due to the loss of the original partial order relation among data. This paper proposes a kind of relational database encryption technology based on the main memory database. It has not only realized the transparent encryption, decryption and ciphertext storage of the relational database, but also still retained the original response and retrieval performance. This technical proposal has very strong adaptability as well as strong practice guidance meaning for protecting the internet business data and the war-industry informative state secrets.

What You Don't Know Will Kill You: A First Amendment Challenge to Lethal Injection Secrecy

The conventional cocktail of drugs used in lethal injection executions has been sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride. However, in 2011, the sole manufacturer of sodium thiopental in the United States, Hospira, Inc., restricted the distribution of the drug to prevent it from being used in executions. In response, states are now experimenting with drugs like pentobarbital, midazolam and hydro-morphone in executions. Furthermore, several states have obtained, or intend to obtain, death penalty drugs from compounding pharmacies, entities which have recently come under intense scrutiny for their lack of regulatory oversight and production of sub-standard drugs. The most alarming development, however, is the secrecy that has accompanied lethal injection executions in recent years. For example, some states, like Georgia, have passed statutes that make information about the source of the drugs and the professional qualifications of the lethal injection participants a confidential state secret. Understandably, much discussion about lethal injection drugs and states’ lethal injection protocols is focused on the Eighth Amendment and Due Process consequences for the condemned. This Note, however, analyzes a particular injection protocols is focused on the Eighth Amendment and Due Process implications, but this note will argue that the First Amendment provides a qualified right of access to information about lethal injection drugs, lethal injection secrecy statute under the First Amendment and and concludes that the public has a qualified right of access to information about lethal injection drugs under the First Amendment.

Repressão, autonomia e responsividade: o direito que se exerce nas delegacias de polícia no Brasil

Neste artigo, trataremos das relações entre sociedade e Estado a partir da utilização das ideias de direito repressivo, autônomo e responsivo, de Nonet e Selznick, para entender as transformações operacionalizadas no âmbito da polícia civil de três estados brasileiros - São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Pernambuco - em razão da pesquisa "Semana de visitas a delegacias de polícia", que avalia os distritos policiais em termos de orientação para a comunidade, as condições materiais, o tratamento igualitário da população, a transparência e prestação de contas, as condições de detenção e, ao final, discute com os delegados os resultados obtidos, viabilizando a transformação da forma como o serviço policial é oferecido à população. A partir dos dados coletados em 64 delegacias de polícia visitadas em Pernambuco, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, em três anos consecutivos (entre 2009 e 2011) e, considerando a melhoria na qualidade do atendimento prestado à população, problematizamos como a polícia tem se tornado mais permeável e responsiva à população, apesar da permanência de fortes traços repressivos, como o peso da função de manutenção da ordem e de uma política de segredo do trabalho policial em torno do funcionamento das instituições.

The U.S. Secret Service History, Mission and Role in the Homeland Security Strategy

The United States Secret Service is an American federal law enforcement agency that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Until March 1, 2003, the Secret Service was part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Secret Service has two distinct areas of responsibility: Financial Crimes, covering missions such as prevention and investigation of counterfeiting of U.S. currency and U.S. treasury securities, and investigation of major fraud; Protection, which entails ensuring the safety of current and former national leaders and their families, such as the President, former presidents, vice presidents, presidential candidates, visiting heads of state and foreign embassies. Protecting national leaders, visiting heads of state and government, designated sites and National Special Security Events has become more complex with the evolution of conventional and non-conventional weapons and technology. In meeting new challenges, the Secret Service will continue to provide progressive training, devise and implement sound security plans, measures, equipment and systems to ensure the safety of individuals, sites and events under Secret Service protection. Th e Secret Service’s unique investigative and protective mission is sustained by a strong, multi-tiered infrastructure of science, technology and information systems; administrative, professional and technical expertise; and management systems and processes.

Right to Know v. the Secrecy Law in Japan: Striking the Right Balance

The 'right to know' information is a well established human right principle protected under the umbrella of Public International Law. In Japan, this right stems from the Japanese constitution and its provisions were enshrined in the Administrative Information Disclosure Law (AIDL) of 2001. However, in December 2013, the Japanese National Diet passed a Secrecy Bill which caused uproar among legal experts, the media and other civic and human rights organizations, mainly due to its failure to come to term with the concept of secret information, which may undermine and hamper journalistic activities and freedom of the press. The 'special gravitas' question of striking the right balance between the legitimacy of state secrets and the public's right to know persists in Japan still. This article attempts to answer some of these lingering questions and strives to find a solution.

Private Manning and the Chamber of Secrets

Abstract This article explores news coverage from 2010–2013 of Chelsea (formerly known as Bradley) Manning’s disclosures of both state and gender secrets to discover how government actors, journalists, and social movement leaders disciplined emergent truths in two modalities. The first modality is juridical, involving Manning’s trial and reporting that focuses attention exclusively on Manning’s crime against the state; the second is biopolitical, disciplining Manning by discrediting her body and voice as troubled, confused, damaged, weak, irrational, and pathological. That Manning’s disclosures resulted in repressive and discursive discipline does not mean that such an outcome was inevitable. Rather than abandoning disclosure as a democratic project, we might ask ourselves how the rhetorical process of disclosure might open up a contradictory publicity that critically exposes the complexity of discipline itself.

Parathyroid hormone secretion by multiple distinct cell populations, a time dynamic mathematical model.

The acute response of parathyroid hormone to perturbations in serum ionized calcium ([Ca2+]) is physiologically complex, and poorly understood. The literature provides numerous observations of quantitative and qualitative descriptions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) dynamics. We present a physiologically based mathematical model of PTH secretion constructed from mechanisms suggested in the literature, and validated against complex [Ca2+] clamping protocols from human data. The model is based on two assumptions. The first is that secretion is a fraction of cellular reserves, with the fraction being determined by the kinetics of [Ca2+] with its receptor. The second is that there are multiple distinct populations of parathyroid cells, with different secretory parameters. The steady state and transient PTH secretion responses of the model are in agreement with human experimental PTH responses to different hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia stimuli. This mathematical model suggests that a population of secreting cells is responsible for the PTH secretory dynamics observed experimentally.

Experimental research system evaluation of damage to national security in the sphere of state secrets

State expert on secrets when classification of information to state secrets is conducted justification and determination of possible damage to national security if its disclosure or loss of material carriers of this information. Existing calculate the damage in most based on a conditional (scoring) estimates of predicted value. The paper presents the algorithm of functioning and experimental research developed evaluation system of damage to national security in the sphere of state secrets, which is based on a model of integrated presentation parameters damage, existing means of this sphere and the method of analysis and estimation of possible damage to both conventional (ball) units and in value (monetary) value of loss. The system uses an integrated database containing basic parameters and performance means of the procedure to ensure classification of information to state secrets and has the capability automated reporting the results of the evaluation.

Around the World

In science news around the world, a controversial stem cell treatment developed by the Stamina Foundation gets another chance at clinical trials, Japanese scientists protest a new state secrets law, an expert panel recommends phasing out the decades-old U.S. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, and more.

A Construção de Garantias para o Direito de Acesso e a Esfera do Ambiente

This paper aims at analyzing the issue of secrecy as an instrument of political power that accompanies the political history of the States, highlighting their characterization in so-called democratic States of law from the issue of transparency in administrative and environmental spheres. For this, we will use the concepts of State secrets, defined as those pieces of information that must be kept hidden from the general public in contrast with the so-called need for disclosure of all government acts and policies that pertain to democratic systems, so that the formation of instruments of popular domination can be prevented.

Ограничения основных прав и свобод человека в международном праве и новации в российском уголовном законодательстве

The author analyses new amendments related to state secrets protection: amendments to Article 275 ‘High Treason’, Article 276 ‘Espionage’, Article 283 ‘Disclosure of a State Secret’, and adopted Article 283.1 ‘Illegal Receipt of Information Constituting a State Secret’ of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in respect to their conformity with acceptable restrictions of fundamental human rights and freedoms. Special attention is paid to theoretical and action-oriented aspects of restrictions of fundamental human rights and freedoms. The author investigates relevant provisions of international documents, practice of the European Court of Human Rights, doctrines of leading experts in this sphere. The author notes that the criteria for restricting fundamental human rights and freedoms should be established entirely under the law and be indispensable and applicable in a democratic society, be aimed at the protection of national security and public order. The author draws the conclusion on the urgent character and timeliness of introducing the abovementioned novations into the Russian criminal legislation, and their conformity with generally recognized principles and rules of international law.

Open technology

Historically technology has been connected with the power and has been kept as a State secret. Until now the biggest technological developments come from the army research laboratories, invisible to the eyes of common people. To control the technology is to control the whole civilian population.In the 70´s Buckminster Fuller, an American architect, made a turning point. His main gift to society was the concept of «do it by yourself» (DIY). He opened up technology to the common people. His work was a revolution with the beginning of the «catalogue».From this idea comes the concept of «open technology» developed by Osamu Ishiyama at Waseda University, Tokyo. This idea is a continuation of the philosophy of Fuller and the main target is to democratise technology and make it accessible to the people of the xxi century.