State Policy Research Articles

State policy of sustainable development on the basis of the "green economy"

The article deals with issues of the state policy of sustainable development based on the principles of «green economy». The transition to sustainable development is a process of changing the value orientations of many people. The internationally recognized fundamental values of development are freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature, and shared responsibility. It was determined that the national goals of sustainable development are based on political, economic, social, ecological, moral and cultural values inherent in Ukrainian society. They determine the focus of the strategy on caring for the common good and protecting the national interests of Ukraine. Radical changes related to today’s problems and the course towards European integration make it possible to build a new Ukraine based on the principles of sustainable development, rule of law, protection of human rights, democracy, solidarity, and proper governance. It was emphasized that the strategic vision of sustainable development of Ukraine is based on ensuring national interests and fulfilling Ukraine’s international obligations regarding the transition to sustainable development. Such development involves: overcoming imbalances in the economic, social and environmental spheres; building a peaceful and safe, socially cohesive society with good governance and inclusive institutions; transformation of economic activity, transition to the principles of «green economy», etc. A «green economy» can be defined as one that increases people’s well-being and ensures social justice, while significantly reducing risks to the environment and increasing poverty. Attention was drawn to the Recovery Plan of Ukraine (2022) and the main priorities were determined, namely the acceleration of the implementation of the European Green Agreement thanks to the development of low-carbon energy and the existing energy infrastructure and the possibility of green exports; availability of electricity at a price below the European price with a significant share of «green» energy; support for the transition to energy with zero carbon emissions: development of carbon-free energy (nuclear), increase in gas and biofuel production, development of the ecosystem; regulation of green tariffs; promoting the transition of the agro-food sector to «green» growth; removal of technical barriers to the integration of Ukrainian manufacturers into the Single European Green Market, in particular, by spreading the necessary certification procedures and confirmation of compliance, increasing the level of awareness of manufacturers in this area, supporting manufacturers of ecologically better products, expanding the capacity of Ukrainian manufacturers to participate in «green» (energy­efficient, sustainable) public procurement, etc.

From Charles V to Philip IV of Spain: the concepts of Monarchia Universalis and Catholic Monarchy

ABSTRACT This text discusses the European system in the modern age, describing the concept of ‘state’ as an object bounded by property rights and its owner’s jurisdiction. In order to maintain the state, it was necessary to keep the inhabitants in a state of submission, through either persuasion or force. State policy consisted in preserving the possessions of the state, improving and increasing it, combining statecraft with the subjects and concert with other state-holders. States were not autonomous units, but domains, and state affairs concerned ways of increasing or maintaining their ownership. When two princes married, they united their states and created a new political and institutional framework, with each spouse taking on the conflicts and alliances of his or her partner, creating entirely new situations. Each peace treaty or alliance was solidly sealed with a dynastic union, as can be seen in the example of the rise of the House of Habsburg, which became the first European power after integrating the inheritances of three great lineages: the Austrian Habsburgs, who contributed fiefdoms and states in Central and Eastern Europe, the House of Burgundy, who contributed states in France and the Low Countries, and the House of Trastámara, who contributed the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon.

Problems and prospects of the application of artificial intelligence in the combat of criminal offenses by The Security Service of Ukraine at critical infrastructure facilities

The article is devoted to the study of the problems and prospects of the use of artificial intelligence in countering criminal offenses by the Security Service of Ukraine at critical infrastructure facilities. The peculiarities of state policy, the current state of legal regulation of the use of innovative technology in Ukraine are considered, and problematic issues of the use of artificial intelligence in the course of the tasks of prevention, detection, termination, and pre­trial investigation of criminal proceedings in the relevant field are analyzed. The main areas of application of artificial intelligence in combating criminal offenses at critical infrastructure facilities have been worked out, such as: intelligent detection of threats in the process of countermeasures; automation of algorithms for combating illegal encroachments; information and analytical support. The key methods and technologies of artificial intelligence that can be used in the process of combating criminal offenses at critical infrastructure facilities by the Security Service of Ukraine are highlighted, in particular: deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing and computer vision. The potential risks and problematic issues of introducing artificial intelligence into the automated process of combating criminal offenses at critical infrastructure facilities are outlined. Attention is drawn to compliance with the principles of transparency and accountability of activity, legality, responsibility for erroneous decisions, ensuring human rights and freedoms, prevention of risks of discrimination, excessive reliance on artificial intelligence. The need to improve the legal basis for the use of artificial intelligence in combating criminal offenses at critical infrastructure facilities, as well as introducing changes and additions to the legislation of Ukraine concerning the criminal-procedural activity of the Security Service of Ukraine, was noted. The introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into the system of combating criminal offenses at critical infrastructure facilities is identified as a promising direction for further research.

Certain aspects of legal support of ESG-strategy at the enterprise

The article is devoted to disclosing, from the legal point of view, the peculiarities of implementation and application of an ESG strategy at an enterprise through local acts of the enterprise. Today’s reality for Ukraine is the forced need to live and develop under the influence of destabilizing factors. A global trend that is designed, among other things, to counteract destabilizing factors is the comprehensive implementation of sustainable development goals. A practical reflection of the implementation of such goals at the level of an individual business entity is an ESG strategy, through the implementation of which a domestic business entity will not only be able to ensure its compliance with the relevant state policy, but will also potentially be able to build a system of counteracting destabilizing factors. In addition, the implementation of an ESG strategy can contribute to the post-war recovery of Ukraine. One of the goals that can be implemented in the short term is Goal 7, Renewable Energy. Decarbonization is a partial means of solving this problem. An ESG strategy can be used to implement decarbonization processes at the enterprise level, as it contains an environmental component. In addition to the environmental component, the ESG strategy also includes economic and social components, which opens up opportunities for the implementation of almost all sustainable development goals through it. The most effective model that will contribute to the optimal provision of the legal economic order is the introduction of ESG through a combination of elements of state regulation and self-regulation, but given the overload of the state apparatus, it is still advisable to implement ESG at the level of an individual business entity through the use of self­regulation mechanisms. One of the most promising legal means for implementing and applying an ESG strategy at the level of an individual enterprise is local rulemaking. For companies that do not have a complex organizational structure, it is advisable to use a single local act - a regulation or a comprehensive company policy. For companies with a complex organizational structure, it is advisable to use such a legal structure as an internal business agreement.

Концептуальные признаки технологического суверенитета в государственной политике и академической практике

The article presents a conceptual and theoretical analysis of the technological sovereignty of the Russian state. The work examines the main academic discourses in the interpretation and justification of the essence, meaning and role of technological sovereignty in the modern era of society development. The legal policy of various states andits key priorities in the field of ensuring technological sovereignty are discussed separately, as well as the doctrinal, legal and legislative foundations for ensuring technological sovereignty of Russian society during the period of sanctions pressure and changing geopoliticalreality are analyzed.

The evolution of Islamic trade law under the influence of international trade practice: towards the problem of convergence of legal orders

The article provides a historical and legal analysis of the development of Islamic trade law under the influence of secular European trade law. It was concluded that until the second half of the 20th century the influence of European trade law on Muslim legal orders was one-sided. Initially, the penetration of secular European trade law into Islamic commercial law was carried out through the law of medieval merchants (lex mercatoria). From the beginning of the 19th century the reception of secular European trade law was determined by the active colonial policy of European states (the model was the French system of trade law, reflected in the Napoleonic Commercial Code). Only at the end of the 20th century international commercial practice began to take into account Islamic contractual structures, as well as religious prohibitions and permissions of Sharia.

Energy Diplomacy of Turkmenistan: Determining Factors and Legal Framework

Introduction. Energy diplomacy is an effective means of ensuring energy security (international and national) and, at the same time, an instrument for implementing the foreign energy policy of states. Since energy diplomacy is formed and implemented in the conditions of the state legal and international legal environment, the study of its legal component acquires not only theoretical, but also important practical significance. At the same time, the legal aspects of energy diplomacy (both in general and in relation to specific countries) have not yet been systematically developed in the legal literature, including in the science of international law. Based on the analysis of scientific and regulatory material, the article identifies the features of Turkmenistan's energy diplomacy and its legal support.Materials and methods. Within the framework of the study, the sources of international law related to the topic under consideration, political and legal policy documents and acts of national legislation of Turkmenistan are considered. The theoretical basis of the research was the scientific works of experts in the field of international law and energy law, as well as individual studies of the problem of energy diplomacy, including in relation to a chosen country. The methodological basis of the study was presented by general scientific and special legal methods.The results of the study. Factors of a resource-geographical nature, combined with factors of a political and legal nature (the status of Turkmenistan as a permanently neutral state) determine the originality of foreign energy policy and, significant from the point of view of international law, the features of Turkmenistan's energy diplomacy. The main strategic priority of Turkmenistan's energy diplomacy is to increase the export potential of oil and gas products and, in this regard, to create an extensive, modern and efficient infrastructure for transit and delivery of energy resources to foreign energy markets, comprehensive legal support for these processes. Reliance on the potential of multilateral diplomacy (primarily in the UN system) for the international legal legitimization of their national interests in the energy sector is combined with the development of bilateral international legal relations of energy cooperation on terms of mutual benefit, while respecting the basic principles of international law. The head of state plays a special role in the development and legal formalization of Turkmenistan's energy diplomacy. Embargoes, as well as unilateral restrictive measures, used in the practice of a number of States and individual integration associations, are not used as a means of economic pressure on other States. Special importance is attached to preventive diplomacy within the framework of the Central Asian region.Discussion and conclusion. Turkmenistan's energy diplomacy, being the main means of implementing its foreign energy policy, has an international and constitutional legal framework, in turn, including: the UN Charter and other fundamental international legal acts establishing the basic principles of international law and the provisions of the Constitution of Turkmenistan on adherence to these principles, taking into account its permanently neutral status; Resolutions The UN General Assembly and acts of the constitutional legislation of Turkmenistan relating to the legal formalization and implementation of its permanent neutral status; norms of international law and provisions of the constitutional legislation of Turkmenistan regulating the main forms of diplomatic activity; special principles of international energy law correlating with the norms of the constitutional law of Turkmenistan.

The Current State of Using the Factors Affecting the Digitalization of Tourism in the Regions

In the regions, the current state of using the factors affecting the digitization of the tourism sector is developing at different levels. In this topic, the main factors such as the availability of technological infrastructure, the possibilities of using digital services and online platforms, the digital skills of personnel, the introduction of electronic payment systems, and the use of digital marketing and advertising tools are analyzed. Also, the implementation of the state policy and regulatory framework at a different level by region, attention to security and privacy is also important. In order to improve the current situation, it is emphasized the need to develop technological infrastructure, provide personnel with digital knowledge, and use state programs more widely. In these processes, digitization of the tourism sector is considered as the main factor serving economic development.

The Problems of Ideology in the Context of State-Legal Reality

Introduction. The article analyzes the phenomena associated with the emergence of ideologies, their manifestations in the conditions of state and legal reality, as well as the views of researchers regarding the concept of ideology, which for many decades was considered as false consciousness. Changes occurred only by the end of the XX century with the emergence of new scientific concepts with the participation of foreign and domestic scientists. social group, then there should also be a political direction in the activities of the state. It could have the character of a humanitarian policy. The study presents its author's definition. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the interaction between ideology and law, which is considered as a value phenomenon. After the adoption of the decree on the approval of the foundations of state policy for the preservation of traditional values, such a conceptual document is considered by the authors in the context of its ideological content, without which strategic planning for the development of the country is impossible. The issues of interaction between ideology and law are analyzed in the format of the state as a complex social system. The article contains an analysis of the influence of information technologies used in legal relations, which generates the need for legal regulation, which means that they are included in the object of legal cognition, reflection and comprehension by legal consciousness. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to pay more attention to the factors that have a positive impact on legal consciousness. It is argued that the state-legal reality allows us to see the state in its legal design and legal consolidation, and the law in its state provision and guarantee, without interfering with the detailed analysis of both the state and the law. In conclusion, the author formulates proposals concerning the objective demand for ideological forms by the state and its power structures, even if the dominant ideology is not enshrined in the country, since all social institutions have ideological foundations in the protection of values and traditions in society.Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the scientific research consists of general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition. In the work, the methods of systemic, comparative legal analysis, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, philosophical and legal research tools of ideological processes, the involvement of the results of domestic and foreign research on the interaction of ideology and law, statehood, state structure as a complex social system were used.Results of the study. Based on the results of the analysis, it was revealed that the state and its power structures in the conditions of a specific state-legal reality objectively require ideological forms, even if the dominant ideology is not fixed in the country. Consequently, all social institutions have ideological foundations in the protection of values and traditions in society. Discussion and conclusion. The ideological component is manifested in law, among other things, in politically engaged, opportunistic norms and normative legal acts. The intellectual content of the country's strategic development is closely related to the concept of "Russian identity". Identity answers the questions: What are we? Where are our roots? What are our traditions? How do we pass on these traditions from generation to generation? The description of identity remains a scientific and historical description of society. In turn, identity is closely related to ideology. But if identity answers one question: What are we? Ideological forms contain answers to the questions: Where are we heading? What is our goal?

Sports Development Management in the Republic of Armenia: The Structure and Statistics

Sports is one of the many branches of the national economic complex and represents a complex and unique socio-economic system, the activity of which is characterized by multifaceted social and state relations. It should be considered that the management structure of any socio-economic sector of the state is largely determined first by the state policy, the very structure of the state. It should be organically integrated into the sports movement management system. The state body responsible for the development of sports in Republic of Armenia (RA) is the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports (MESCS), which is entrusted with the functions of implementing state policy and legal regulation, as well as providing support to sports organizations and sports federations. The main goal of its activity is the formation of a positive attitude of society, the state and the entire nation towards sports as an effective means of maintaining and strengthening human health, an integral part of universal culture, and as a factor, especially in the physical and moral education of children and young people. The Ministry carries out the functions of state policy and legal regulation in physical culture, sports and youth issues and the processes of developing and implementing them. Along with that, public sports organizations in the form of NAOC of Armenia and national sports federations and units play an important role in the development of sports in the republic. Funding for mass sports and high-performance sports is increasing year by year in Armenia, which is aimed at increasing the number of events, as well as increasing the number of incentives for the achievements of people who do sports and high-level athletes.

Роль и значение правоограничений на гражданской службе в условиях недружественной политики иностранных государств

The study of restrictions and prohibitions in the civil service in ensuring internal and external security, protecting the interests and sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the context of the unfriendly policies of foreign states is of particular relevance. The authors substantiate the expediency of establishing special legal restrictions in the civil service, the strict implementation (compliance) of which by civil servants can serve as a guarantee of ensuring the protection of the interests and state sovereignty of the Russian Federation, especially in the current conditions of the unfriendly policies of some foreign states.

Medicaid managed care restrictions on medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder.

To examine whether Medicaid managed care plan (MCP) utilization management policies for buprenorphine-naloxone and injectable naltrexone are related to key state Medicaid program policy decisions. We abstracted data on state Medicaid regulatory and policy information from publicly available sources and publicly available insurance benefit documentation from all 241 Medicaid MCPs operating in 2021. In this cross-sectional study, we used bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine whether Medicaid MCP prior authorization and quantity limits on receipt of buprenorphine and injectable naltrexone were associated with key state Medicaid choices to leverage federal funds to expand coverage and eligibility (Medicaid expansion, 1115 waivers) and to regulate Medicaid MCPs (uniform preferred drug lists, medical loss ratio remittance). Models were adjusted for MCP characteristics, including profit status, behavioral health contracting arrangement, National Committee for Quality Assurance accreditation, size, market share, and state opioid overdose death rates. Average marginal effects (AME) were reported. Utilization management was common among MCPs, and restrictions were more commonly applied to buprenorphine than injectable naltrexone, despite its higher cost. States that required MCPs to comply with utilization management policies stipulated in a uniform preferred drug list were more likely to require prior authorization for buprenorphine (AME: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15-0.42) and injectable naltrexone (AME: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12-0.38). MCPs in states that required plans to pay back earnings above a certain threshold were less likely to require prior authorization for buprenorphine (AME: -0.30, 95% CI: -0.43 to -0.18). Restrictions on medications for opioid use disorder are widespread among MCPs and vary by medication. State Medicaid regulatory and policy characteristics were strongly linked to MCPs' utilization management approaches. State Medicaid policy and contracting approaches may be levers to eliminate utilization management restrictions on medications for opioid use disorder.

Resilient locusts, ignorant people, modern state and scientific knowledge: a late Ottoman human-animal-state history

This article revisits Ottoman history by exploring the enduring relationship between humans and locusts through an animal-human history approach, emphasizing their ‘companionship’ and combined agencies. Instead of focusing on a specific region, the study highlights an empire-wide locust agency by examining the dynamics among humans, locusts, and state policies within the framework of the institutionalization of science. The study traces the evolution of Ottoman locust policies from the Hamidian era’s shift to standardized methods relying on human labor, to the CUP era’s ambitious emphasis on science and increased state racism, categorizing people as ‘ignorant inferiors’. It argues that while scientific knowledge was used to justify state racism to manage locusts and police humans, the resilience of locusts and their relationship with ‘ignorant’ humans and their surrounding environment forced policy changes. By integrating locust agency, this study offers a holistic perspective on the Ottoman past, revealing how locusts, humans, and the state continually influenced each other, and contested the nature of biopolitics and scientific knowledge.

Государственная политика по вопросу о посещении исповеди верующими в XVIII — начале ХIX вв. (на примере Тобольской губернии)

The article considers the state policy on the issue of religious visits during the XVIII — early XIX centuries. The mechanism of control over the attendance of confession and communion by the population from the reign of Peter I to the beginning of the reign of Alexander I is revealed. Using the example of the Tobolsk province, the features of interaction between the secular and spiritual authorities on the issue of accounting for those who did not come to confession and identifying the reasons contributing to this are shown.

Фактори активізації соціальних інвестицій бізнесу в Україні та Польщі

Introduction. Contemporary global challenges affect the development of business and the startup ecosystem around the world. In particular, the increase in geopolitical risks due to the full-scale war in Ukraine actualizes the issue of social investments of business. However, these processes have a different nature in different countries. For example, in Poland, social entrepreneurship is aimed at facilitating public access to social services, using new technologies and artificial intelligence for digitalization and increasing business competitiveness. An ecosystem of high-tech startups and social entrepreneurship is being formed at the state level. At the same time, in times of full-scale war in Ukraine, social investment of businesses has become especially important. A new approach to doing business is being formed, according to which startups develop not only new technologies but also support social and humanitarian initiatives. Problem Statement. Assessing the factors of social investment activation on the example of Ukrainian and Polish businesses. The purpose is to identify and evaluate the key factors influencing the development and efficiency of social investments in Polish and Ukrainian business. Methods. General scientific and special methods were used, in particular: scientific abstraction and epistemological (content) analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, analogies and systematization, system-structural analysis, expert evaluation method, index method and grouping method. Results. The levels of manifestations and possibilities of activation of social investments at different levels, which is based on SDG standards (a combination of environmental, social and public management principles), which create the basis for sustainable development and growth in the world, have been studied. National economies and individual businesses incorporate ESG principles into their development strategies. Compliance with these principles is possible only if there is a sufficient amount of involved investments. The specifics of state policy in the context of the development of social investments, trends in the development of business and startups in Ukraine and Poland, and successful cases of the implementation of social business projects are analyzed. The conducted analysis made it possible to single out the factors of activation of social investments of business in both countries at the global, state and business levels. Conclusions. Today's challenges require a change in business priorities. Even high-tech startups are revising their development strategies in terms of social investments, activities in accordance with ESG principles. At the global level, factors for the activation of social business investments are common to Ukraine and Poland. At the state level, it is possible to distinguish common groups of factors of business activation in Ukraine and Poland, which have different manifestations for each of the countries. Business representatives demonstrate different approaches to social investments: Polish companies actively integrate corporate volunteering, educational and cultural projects into development strategies, while in Ukraine social entrepreneurship is associated with the need to restore social infrastructure, rehabilitation and integration of these groups into public life.

Public Support for State Challenges to National Laws

State governments are increasingly challenging the national government and pursuing state rules in opposition to national laws. I am interested in whether the public supports this strategy. Do people want state governments to deliver policy outcomes that better fit the interests of state constituents—even if it undercuts the authority of the national government? Or are citizens critical of state actions that challenge national laws? I find that most Americans do not believe that states should be allowed to block the enforcement of federal laws they disagree with. Opposition to state challenges increases with support for the rule of law. Using experiments, I explore whether people are less likely to support policy outcomes when they are described as challenging national provisions. I find limited evidence that people evaluate state policies differently when described as contrary to national laws. People support national supremacy in the abstract and accept state resistance to national mandates in practice.

Exploring Determinants of Institutional Stakeholder Responses to State Policies Targeting “Divisive Concepts” in the Southern United States

U.S. higher education is facing an ongoing assault via state legislation targeting divisive concepts, such as teaching critical race theory and initiatives supporting diversity, equity, and inclusion across campus. Although attacks to foundational aspects of postsecondary education in the U.S. are not new in the history of the sector, the current policy trend offers an opportunity to gain insights into how institutions and various stakeholders respond to these events and the ethical tensions these individuals may face. Using qualitative content analysis, this study examines publicly available statements and other responses by stakeholders of public 4-year institutions in the Southern United States, as defined by membership in the Southern Regional Education Board. This region of the country has become an epicenter for the introduction and adoption of these types of policies; the region also encompasses a diverse group of states politically and regarding institutional representation within public postsecondary sectors. Ultimately, this study seeks to understand how characteristics of higher education influence responses by institutional stakeholders in this regional context.

Features of Forming the Legal Consciousness in the Modern Settings and Its Influence on the State of Lawfulness

Introduction. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the benchmarks ensuring an appropriate level of development for the important spheres of life, a high living standard, which requires a comprehensive approach to forming the human potential of the generations of the Russian citizens. The quintessence of the Russian statehood strategic development implies minimisation of the prerequisites inducing formation of the destructive legal consciousness in citizens, which obstructs achievement of the legal order in the country. In the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, among the list of national interests, a significant place is allocated to saving the people of Russia, to development of the human potential. The state strategic planning document had defined the following goals: upbringing a harmoniously developed and socially responsible citizen, forming in the society the attitude of intolerance to illegal activities. No doubt, in Russia, the trend of the power exercising mechanism to undergo modern institutional changes is caused by the social modernization and is targeted at the conceptual ideas of the constitutionalism. The economic and socio-political transformations inevitably affect not only formation of the legal environment, but also structuring the public consciousness, which concepts predetermine the development of the reasoned and practically oriented legal solutions. The state of the public perception of the legal phenomena should be constantly monitored due to the continuous impact imposed on it by the transformations in the state structure of the governmental and administrative authorities. The scientific understanding of these processes should not be underestimated, otherwise this can cause the psychological turbulence of a significant part of the population in choosing the behavioural patterns of lawful behaviour. In the context of transformation of the social determination process, which is attributed with a complicated range of the antisocially-motivated impacts, significantly limiting the preventive social and law enforcement potential, the present research is relevant due to the special importance assigned to precise, steady and uniform application of the legislative provisions, the degree of their functional social harmonisation in the social relation regulation mechanism. The deformations of the citizens’ legal consciousness are the factors hindering the achievement of the high efficiency in implementation of the fundamental principles of the supremacy of law. The research aims at investigating the functional role of the legal consciousness in the legal regulation mechanism of the modern social formations, at analysing the problems of exercising the state policy in the frame of forming the positive perception of the legal phenomena among the citizens and revealing the interrelations of the legal consciousness deformations and stimulation of the legitimate behavioural variation.Materials and Methods. The article analyses the results of the research of the native and foreign scientists on the regularities in the public perception of the state and legal phenomena and impact thereof on the legitimate behavioural variation. The general scientific and specific scientific methods were used in the research, such as the statistical method and the method of system analysis of data characteristic of the phenomena affecting the state of lawfulness in Russia.Results. The regularities in the functional role of the legal consciousness within the mechanism of legal regulation of the social relations have been acknowledged. The substance of the legal consciousness interrelations with the legal ideology and legal psychology has been revealed. The problems of efficiency of the state policy in forming the civil legal consciousness have been determined. It has been proposed to integrate into the scholarly discourse such a type of legal consciousness deformation as legal dementia, which predetermines the state of lawfulness in the modern Russian society.Discussion and Conclusion. The practical side of the legal consciousness reflects the behavioural attitudes of a person, his readiness to use in practice his theoretical knowledge and value assessments. The law-related feelings, emotions, ideas, principles, attitudes that have become a part of a person’s legal consciousness, subsequently determine his actions in the legal framework. To ensure protection of the national mental values and to prevent emergence of the destructive attitudes in the society, changes in the educational, scientific, cultural and other spheres should be made taking into account the historical traditions and the experience accumulated by the Russian society. Unfortunately, nowadays, among the main problems of the lawmaking and law enforcement processes in Russia are weak scientific and analytical justification of the draft laws, low quality of laws, acute legal collisions within the law system, violations of the intra-system relations that result in a tendency of citizens’ legal estrangement.

Formation of Centers of Excellence in Russia for Stimulating Industrial Development

The purpose of the study is to summarize the experience of forming Centers of Excellence in the USSR and the Russian Federation for the period from 1920 to the present on the basis of triune contexts. The research objectives are to identify the key tools for the formation and development of Centers of Excellence and compare the results of their use in order to identify the directions for improving state policy and the mechanism for strengthening them, taking into account the current economic situation and the strategic prospects for the country's development. The following research methods have been applied, namely: induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, observation, comparison, systematization, description, empirical, evolutionary, systemic and historical-logical approach to the analysis of certain phenomena and processes. The results of the study have revealed the most effective mechanisms and tools for forming and stimulating the development of Centers of Excellence for the period from the 1920s to the present, and the paper also presents their evolution based on the use of triune contexts. The analysis has shown that it is advisable to take into account the experience of the USSR when developing the mechanism and selecting tools for the formation of Centers of Excellence in modern Russia.

Increased Poverty: The Failure of Government Programs and the Natural Resource Factor

The Indonesian government, including local governments, has spent large sums of money and many programs to reduce poverty. However, in several regions in Indonesia, the number of poor people has increased, as in Central Kalimantan, where the poverty rate has increased in the last three years. The number of poor people in Central Kalimantan in 2020 is 132 thousand people; this number increased to 140 thousand people in 2021, then increased again to 145 thousand in 2022. Research on poverty has been carried out in Indonesia. However, research analyzing poverty caused by natural factors and mismanaged government policies has not been carried out. This research was conducted to analyze poverty in Central Kalimantan between state policy governance factors and natural factors. The research uses analytical qualitative methods and case study designs. The analysis uses the new institutional theory and the natural resource curse theory. The research finds that mistakes in managing government policies (structural dimension) and nature (natural dimension) are factors that both play a role in increasing poverty in Central Kalimantan. As a practical suggestion, the government needs to make more intense and detailed efforts to alleviate poverty in Central Kalimantan that are adapted to natural conditions. Keywords: poverty in Indonesia, poverty programs, the curse of natural resources