State Pension Research Articles

What hypotheses can research on son preference in Asia offer for European historical demographic research?

ABSTRACT What insights can studies of son preference in Asia offer European historical demographers? Research on Asia is far easier than on historical Europe, given the scope for in-depth studies of a contemporary phenomenon instead of using available historical data. Levels of sex-selection have also been high in Asia, which makes it easier to analyze its correlates. This enables developing hypotheses that might be useful in studies of historical Europe. Studies in Asia indicate that, in rigidly patrilineal societies, son preference forms part of households’ strategy for managing their assets and risks. The extent of sex-selection varied enormously over time within a given setting, rising sharply when households faced heightened risk --- such as war, or the unwinding of Communist regimes that offered communal access to resources --- and decreasing as modern state pension systems mature. These household strategies also affect the life-chances of other household members, including marriage restriction to reduce asset fragmentation. Kinship systems shape the rights of different categories of household members and the norms of cooperation between them — including between generations, spouses, and siblings of different genders and birth orders. This paper offers some hypotheses on the implications of variations in patrilineal kinship systems in Europe for the life-chances of different categories of household members. For purposes of constructing hypotheses that can be tested if data permit, the European kinship systems are contrasted in a stylized way, as those based on a ‘lifeboat’ ethic of jettisoning non-heirs from the household, versus those based on a more ‘corporate’ ethic in which the household seeks to support all its members. Historical demographers working on Europe have rich fields to explore, given the region’s diversity: of kinship systems, of economic opportunities, and of exposure to major risks such as wars, famine, and the establishment and dis-establishment of Communism.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПОЖИЛЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ РОССИЙСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article deals with the main problems of older people in the conditions of modern Russian reality. The relevance of the stated topic of scientific research is due to the increase in the proportion of older people in society. Advances in healthcare, an increase in the level and quality of life, an increase in life expectancy, and a decrease in the birth rate have led to a significant increase in the proportion of elderly people in the structure of society. With the help of comparative, sociological and statistical methods, the current position of older people in society, their main problems, standard of living and well-being were analyzed. It has been determined that elderly citizens, as a specific socio-demographic group, are characterized by their psychological characteristics, the presence of certain problems, different levels of health, education and a wide variety of interests. The main problems, as a rule, inherent in this category of the population are singled out: deterioration in health, mental and emotional state, loneliness, low standard of living and well-being. The level and quality of life of the older generation is also important in shaping their physical well-being and mental state. According to the Natixis study, the Russian Federation ranks 38th out of 44, which is one of the last in the ranking of the well-being of older people. Therefore, one of the most important problems in the life of Russian pensioners is the low level of material support. For most older people, pensions are the main source of income. The size of state pensions is insufficient to pay for the growing costs of medicines, food, housing and communal services. Good health is a priority in a person's life, but in old age, health deteriorates significantly, which leads to the emergence of medical and social problems. According to statistics, as a result of examination, each aged person has from 3 to 8 chronic diseases, as well as the presence of such body disorders that lead to disability. Cardiovascular disease, respiratory system disease, vision problems, amnesia, diabetes are the most common ailments in older people.

Bauer and Beyond: The Changing Interpretation of Article 8 of Directive 2008/94/EC and Its Impact on EU Member State (and UK) Pension Protection Arrangements on Employer Insolvency

In this article, the interpretation of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) of Article 8 of Directive 2008/94/EC (protecting employee pension rights on employer insolvency) (‘Art. 8’) over the last 14 years is reviewed. In six cases the ECJ has ruled on the correct transposition of Article 8: Robins, Hogan, Webb-Sämann, Hampshire, Bauer and TMD. Initially the ECJ decided that Article 8 required a 50% minimum level of protection of the value of pensions. This raised a lot of further questions. More recently it decided, in Bauer, to add a further underpin based on the Eurostat at-risk-of-poverty threshold. The Bauer decision, in the authors’ view, makes two possible errors, discussed in this article, which might create legal uncertainty as to how the additional underpin can, in practice, be administered. The Bauer underpin was unforeseeable and suggests possible (excessive) judicial activism. Our review of the Article 8 ECJ case law identifies continuing gaps in compliance in the UK (the lack of protection for unfunded pension schemes) and in the Netherlands (if an employer has agreed to provide additional funding to make good benefit shortfalls). In contrast, we identify that Article 8 does not require the protection of early retirement benefits (or invalidity benefits) in contrast to the ECJ decision in Beckmann. We discuss the use, in an English case (Hughes), of an age discrimination argument to remove a compensation cap in the UK Pension Protection Fund (PPF) for those below normal pension age using Article 21 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Our review may help identify potential areas of noncompliance with the transposition of Article 8 in other Member States.

Investigating the impact on mental wellbeing of an increase in pensions: A longitudinal analysis by area-level deprivation in England, 1998–2002

In 1997 approximately two million people aged 60 years or over were living poverty in the UK. In 1999 the UK Government raised real pension incomes of low-income pensioners by around a third through the introduction of the Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG). This study explores the implications of this change for pensioners’ mental wellbeing with a focus on differences by area level deprivation in England. We explore mental wellbeing outcomes of 205 men (750 person-year observations) and 367 women (1,336 person-year observations) of state pension age from scores on the General Health Questionnaire from the British Household Panel Survey using a panel difference-in-difference estimation procedure. We compare the mental wellbeing of pensioners receiving MIG to that of low-income pensioners not claiming MIG, from 1998 to 2002. To investigate differences by area deprivation we use quintiles of the of the distributions of the 2000 and 2019 local-authority-level English Index of Multiple Deprivation. Models controlled for age, marital status and year. Between 1998 and 2002, 136 (38%) of low-income women and 57 (28%) of low-income men in the sample were claiming MIG at any one time. Income increased by 31% for men and 22% for women. There was no change in mental wellbeing for women but we found an improvement for men overall and for men living in the most deprived areas, in the latter case with a decrease of the GHQ-12 score of 2.43 points (95% CI: −5.49, 0.02). This estimate was similar across all measures of deprivation, and across both years of IMD. This study provides tentative evidence that the increase in pension income in England for low-income pensioners contributed to a reduction of inequalities in mental wellbeing for men. This needs to be considered in terms of future state pension policies.

Employee perception of managers’ attitudes towards older workers is associated with risk of loss of paid work before state pension age: prospective cohort study with register follow-up

It is increasingly urgent to retain older workers in the workforce. In the present study, we analysed the prospective associations between employees’ perceptions of their managers’ attitudes towards older workers, and of having experienced age discrimination in the labour market with the risk of loss of paid work before the state pension age. Questionnaire data from 10,320 currently employed workers aged 50 + on perceptions of managers’ attitudes towards older workers and perceived age discrimination were collected at baseline in the SeniorWorkingLife study. Data on labour market affiliation were obtained from national registers at baseline and two-year follow-up. Results show that the perception of negative attitudes was prospectively associated with an increased risk of loss of paid work for three of the five negative attitudes “older workers create conflicts, their qualifications are outdated, and they cannot keep up with the pace and development”. Perception of positive attitudes was prospectively associated with a reduced risk of loss of paid work. The perception of age discrimination was prospectively associated with an increased risk of loss of paid work. The results strengthen existing evidence on associations between ageism and labour market attachment, by applying a longitudinal design and including actual change in labour market participation. However, some negative attitudes may be more detrimental to the older workers’ labour market participation. Employees’ positive perceptions of managers’ attitudes reduced the risk. Good relations between employees and managers appear to be important for retaining older workers in the labour market.

Redistributive State in Iran, Fiscal Sociology, and the Attitude of Two Generations of Students Toward State Revenue and Expending

The Iranian state is the state of redistribution of oil and gas resources by a wide bureaucracy. Inequitable redistribution of resources and bureaucratic corruption have caused drastic movements in Iran over the past decade and raised the issue of public attitudes toward state funding and spending. Although previous studies in the literature have extensively addressed the rentier Iranian government, the issue of the public attitudes toward redistribution has been largely neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the attitudes of two generations of students toward state financing and expenditure practices in Iran. The data were collected by conducting two surveys in 2003 and 2016. The findings demonstrated that from the perspective of Iranian students, economic corruption is the most important factor leading to economic crisis.

State Regulation and Hospital Community Benefit Spending in Medicaid Expansion States.

Previous studies show that nonprofit hospital spending on charity care declined in Medicaid expansion states. We test whether state community benefit regulations mitigated the decline in charity care spending. We use a fixed effects model to evaluate the association between state regulations and nonprofit hospital community benefit spending and its subcategories as a share of total expenses in Medicaid expansion states. We obtained community benefit spending data from the Internal Revenue Service Form 990 Schedule H filings of 1,738 hospitals in 44 states and the District of Columbia from 2010 to 2017. We determine the stringency of state regulations by comparing the provisions of state and federal requirements based on regulation information compiled by the Hilltop Institute. State minimum community benefit requirements are associated with increased community benefit and charity care spending by nonprofit hospitals in Medicaid expansion states. States that imposed minimum community benefit requirements on nonprofit hospitals did not experience a decline in charity care spending after Medicaid expansion. The results suggest state minimum community benefit rules may expand the provision of community benefit and charitable care spending.

Varied Health Spending Growth Across US States Was Associated With Incomes, Price Levels, And Medicaid Expansion, 2000-19.

Little is known about health care spending variation across the US for recent years. To estimate health spending by state and payer, we combined data from the government's State Health Expenditure Accounts, which have estimates through 2014, with other primary data on spending. In 2019 state-specific per person spending ranged from $7,250 to $14,500. After adjustment for inflation, annualized per person spending growth for each state ranged from 1.0percent in Washington, D.C., to 4.2percent in South Dakota between 2013 and 2019. The factors that explained the most variation across states were incomes (25.3percent) and consumer prices (21.7percent). Medicaid expansion was associated with increases in total spending per person, although the median of spending in expansion states showed slower growth in out-of-pocket spending than the median in nonexpansion states. Contemporary estimates of state health spending are valuable for tracking divergent expenditure trajectories in the US and assessing the associated factors.

The Impact of the United States on Military Spending in the Arab Gulf States During the Reign of Donald Trump: 2017-2020

This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of the US policy on military spending in the Arab Gulf States during the reign of Donald Trump extending from the 2017 to 2020,
 and to clarify the nature of military spending and the indications of this spending. The study relied on the historical system analysis and descriptive analysis approaches to describe the nature and size of military spending in the Arab Gulf States, and the amount of change that occurred in its size during the reign of US president Donald Trump. The study showed that the US foreign policy towards the region during the tenure of US President Donald Trump was based on the principle of paying for protection, and that non-payment nullifies the alliance with it and its defense. As a result, most of the Arab Gulf states concluded many military deals with the United States, as well as pledged to finance American military operations in the region, as military deals were concluded between the United States and Saudi Arabia estimated at about $ 110 billion, and a contract between Qatar and the United States in an aircraft deal of about 20 billion dollars. The size of the military spending of the Arab Gulf States during the period (2016-2019) reached (326.5 billion dollars). The average expenditure of GDP reached (33%) of GDP during that period, and it increased in 2019 to (40%). The Sultanate of Oman topped the total percentage of military spending during the period (2011 -2019), reaching (91.50%).

Workplace Interventions to Reduce Occupational Stress for Older Workers: A Systematic Review.

The working life of individuals is now longer because of increases to state pension age in the United Kingdom. Older workers may be at particular risk in the workplace, compared with younger workers. Successful workplace interventions to reduce occupational stress amongst older workers are essential, but little is known about their effectiveness. The aim is to evaluate current evidence of the effectiveness of interventions for reducing stress in older workers in non-healthcare settings. Four database searches were conducted. The search terms included synonyms of “intervention”, “workplace” and “occupational stress” to identify original studies published since 2011. Dual screening was conducted on the sample to identify studies which met the inclusion criteria. The RoB 2.0 tool for RCTs was used to assess the risk of bias. From 3708 papers retrieved, ten eligible papers were identified. Seven of the papers’ interventions were deemed effective in reducing workplace stress. The sample size for most studies was small, and the effectiveness of interventions were more likely to be reported when studies used self-report measures, rather than biological measures. This review indicates that workplace interventions might be effective for reducing stress in older workers. However, there remains an absence of high-quality evidence in this field.

Analisis Implementasi Marketplace dan Digital Payment pada Belanja APBN untuk Memberdayakan UMKM

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused adversity in various sectors for almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. The economic sector is one of the ones affected by the pandemic, both the manufacturing sector and the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector without exception. The government realizes that MSMEs have unique characteristics in playing their role to support economic development, so integration is very necessary as a facilitator for the realization of financial inclusion and the digital economy. The Ministry of Finance through the Directorate General of Treasury has built an ecosystem in the form of a Government Marketplace and Digital Payments to encourage efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of state spending, as well as participate in empowering MSMEs.
 Through the development of online shopping applications that meet the payment rules at the expense of the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN) and the government's procurement of goods/services, an ecosystem has been built that integrates the existence of work units that use APBN, MSMEs as providers of goods/services, and banks. the state as a platform provider with the Digital Payment application (Digipay). Even though digipay has been designed by taking into account the principle of ease of use, in its development, users still feel a reluctance to transact. This research uses a qualitative method which aims to identify what conditions affect the implementation of the government marketplace from the side of the relevant parties involved in it.
 

URGENCY OF PENSION REFORM IN GEORGIA

The article discusses the urgency of pension reform in Georgia. The disadvantage of the existing pension model was its pressure on the state budget. At the same time, the recent demographical changes in Georgia revealed new challenges and put at risk the sustainability of the future state pension system; The previous pension system in Georgia would not have provided the old aged citizens with so called “Decent pension” that’s why there was an emergency of a new reformation. It is worth mentioning, that global aging is the history of world success. Nowadays people live longer. This is the triumph of social health security, shown up by establishing healthy life style, pharmaceutical market, generally citizens’ social-economic conditions and economic promotion as well. Aging process affects economic increase, formal and non-formal supporting system and mobilization of supporting resources for elderly citizens from the Government’s side. Nations should admit the global context of the problem, realize new demographic reality; However making some corrections in pension policy might be painful for elderly groups. Key words: Relevance of reformation, demographic changes, active aging, budget pressure, usefulness of the reform , rate replacement, accumulating pension system, pension indexation.

‘Here for Now’: Temporalities of Ageing and Forced Displacement Through Pension Narratives

ABSTRACT Based on long-term ethnographic research with East Timorese multi-generational families displaced from Timor-Leste to Indonesia in 1999, this paper examines the temporalities of displacement. It focuses on the lived experiences of refugees turned residents to challenge the linear assumptions often associated with their lives. Drawing on people’s narratives of state pensions, provided by the Indonesian state to former civil servants of East Timorese origins, as reason for staying, the article demonstrates how ongoing displacement conditions and legacies of violence compel them to focus on the here and now. These narratives provide insights into how people (re)configure political belonging, familial care, and aspirations over time, space and generations. The article reveals how displacement creates multiple and conflicting temporalities that can generate ruptures in younger people’s life trajectories while stretching older people’s temporal horizons and responsibilities to provide. In facing marginalised living conditions and various forms of exclusions, older East Timorese maintain life in the present via their ageing bodies through biometric bureaucracies associated with claiming pensions or through extending their working life. These insights importantly challenge imaginaries that depict later life as a stage of dependency and economic unviability in exile.

Hubungan Internasional Indonesia dan Uni Eropa Terhadap Kebijakan Ekspor Nikel Sebagai Tantangan Perekonomian

One of the problems in international relations occurred due to international trade which led to the European Union's feud against Indonesia on January 17, 2018 in which the European Parliament made a decision on the use of palm oil for biodiesel products. The decision was made to increase energy efficiency to 35% by 2030, most parliaments approved the plan to ban the use of palm oil as the main raw material in biodiesel in 2021, seeing this the Government of Indonesia through the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) starting January 1, 2020, a ban on the export of nickel ore or nickel ore will be imposed. The decision was made in an effort to maintain nickel reserves by considering the sustainability of the supply of raw materials from existing smelters. This research was conducted using descriptive quantitative methods with a literature/literature study approach and was descriptive. The results of this study conclude that bilateral international relations between Indonesia and the European Union are very tight, this is indicated by the existence of trade problems and the existence of a lawsuit to the WTO from the European Union against Indonesia. to increase State spending, improve trade relations between Indonesia and the European Union with consideration of tax relief, implementation of guidance for exporters/MSMEs who will export their products. The WTO in resolving disputes between its members has a system that is in many ways unique and successful

THE LATEST TRENDS IN PENSION REFORM IN UKRAINE

Abstract. In this article, the authors confi rm the need for further reform of pensions in Ukraine. The relevance of the chosen topic is that the pension system needs to be reformed, as it cannot create decent living conditions for pensioners. Despite some important changes in the further development of the pension system, its reform has not yet been completed, as the budget of the Pension Fund of Ukraine is still signifi cantly dependent on budget subsidies (35% in 2021), and most pension payments do not prevent poverty of recipients (in 2021 the average pension was 3991 UAH and the minimum wage - 6500 UAH), a signifi cant share of income is in the shadows (from 30% to 50%), which generally indicates the lack of social justice in the functioning of this system. The purpose of this article is to assess the system of compulsory state pension insurance in Ukraine and prove its inability to ensure adequate payments to pensioners, based on conclusions and recommendations to demonstrate ways to improve the national pension system, in particular through the introduction of a funded component. The authors use the following research methods: analysis (in the study of pension systems), synthesis (in generalizing research results on pension system reform), scientifi c abstraction, method of induction, deduction, generalization and comparison, systematization, methods of statistical analysis and graphical presentation of research results, methods of economic and mathematical modeling. The paper uses economic and institutional analysis, as the studied sources are primarily analytical documents, scientifi c publications and regulations. Key words: pension, pension reform, pension system, accumulative pension system.

Fiscal condition, institutional constraints, and public pension contribution: are pension contribution shortfalls fiscal illusion?

AbstractOne important aspect of public finance is understanding expenditure allocations among competing purposes. Applying the public choice paradigm and fiscal illusion framework, this study explores the interplay between current state expenditures and financial needs, and long‐term financial responsibility to pension funds. Using state finance and pension data during 2004–2018, we found actuarially determined employer contributions paid by a state are inversely related to budgetary fund balances, total reserve fund balances, and state expenditures. Especially when governments are fiscally stressed, state officials appear to delay pension contributions while prioritizing operational spending. Interestingly, more stringent TELs and technical BBRs are effective at promoting prudent pension fund management. The study contributes to the public finance literature by providing empirical evidence to advance the argument that government's financing choices can affect the level of public expenditure while demonstrating the mechanism of the relationship between fiscal illusion and government budgetary decisions.

Policy diffusion in federal systems during a state of emergency: diffusion of COVID-19 statewide lockdown policies across the United States

This paper develops a unified model of policy diffusion to analyze the speed of adoption of statewide lockdown policies within a federal system during the COVID-19 pandemic. The modified unified model was built to improve our understanding of policy diffusion in contexts where existing models fall short. The authors highlight three main policy diffusion channels: regional, vertical, and internal. The paper shows the empirical test of the model across US states and finds that vertical effects, such as higher approval ratings for President Donald Trump, as well as a comparatively high proportion of COVID-19 federal funding support, bear a strong positive association with the speed of statewide lockdown adoption policies. In addition, certain internal effects are also important - higher governor approval ratings are positively associated with the speed of statewide lockdown adoption policies, as are state and local spending, democratic state governments, and population awareness of the virus. However, other internal factors, such as the stringency of statewide lockdown policies and the relative proportion of COVID-19 deaths in a state, were minimally associated with the speed of lockdown policy adoption. Surprisingly, unlike past studies, horizontal regional effects did not play a significant role in the presented analysis - the speed of adoption of lockdown policies by neighboring states bears no association with the speed of policy adoption of statewide lockdowns. Overall, the results suggest a strong influence of political factors on the speed of statewide lockdown adoption policies in the US.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: Financing & Investment Activities and State Expenditures

The growth of an economy is influenced by many factors, both micro and macro. Directly, economic and financial instruments have a close relationship to the dynamics of GDP, so they receive special attention. In its implementation, economic growth is also influenced by investment activities, banking financing, and state spending. To study this phenomenon, a quantitative method is used with the Vector Error Correction Model analysis technique. In this analysis, attempts to see which model is better in influencing economic growth with realistic data. The results of the study show that, in general estimation models, there is a possibility that economic growth is influenced by state spending, investment activities and bank financing. However, in the long-term model test, the state expenditure factor is the only variable in this study that has a positive trend towards economic growth. Because it has a greater opportunity in moving the economic sector.

State public welfare spending and racial/ethnic disparities in overall survival among adults with cancer.

6509 Background: State public welfare spending may partially address social determinants of health and mitigate structural racism. However, its association with racial and ethnic disparities and overall survival for newly diagnosed patients with cancer is unknown. Methods: Adults ages 18 and older with a new cancer diagnosis from 2007-2016 were queried from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Annual state spending data were obtained from the US Census Bureau. We evaluated the association of 5-year overall survival (OS) and public welfare spending using cluster-robust regression. Analyses were conducted overall, by race and ethnicity, and by cancer site. To determine whether public welfare spending was associated with changes in racial and ethnic disparities in survival, we additionally assessed for interaction effects between public welfare spending and race and ethnicity. Analyses were adjusted for covariates including age, sex, metropolitan residence, state, county-level income and education, insurance status, cancer site, stage at diagnosis, and year of diagnosis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted also accounting for state Medicaid expansion effects and state spending on health care and hospitals. Results: A total of 2,925,550 individuals were identified in our cohort. 5-year OS was 10.6% lower in non-Hispanic Black vs. White patients. Public welfare spending was not associated with 5-year OS overall (0.25 % per 10% increase in spending, -1.47 to 1.96, p =.78) or for non-Hispanic White patients (0.52% per 10% increase in spending, 95% CI -1.30 to 2.33, p =.58). However, increased public welfare spending was associated with increased 5-year OS among non-Hispanic Black patients (2.02% per 10% increase in spending, 95% CI = 0.01 to 4.03, p =.049). There was a 4.46% (95% CI = 2.63 to 6.30, pinteraction<.001) narrowing of the 5-year OS disparity in non-Hispanic Black relative to White patients per 10% increase in spending, or a 42% closure of the 10.6% OS disparity. Specifically, increased public welfare spending was associated with a narrowed Black vs. White 5-year OS disparity for patients with breast (7.50% increase in 5-yr OS for non-Hispanic Black relative to White per 10% increasing in spending, corresponding to closing 42.1% of the disparity), cervical (12.2%, 45.9%), colorectal (3.37%, 44.9%), head and neck (8.23%, 35.7%), liver (4.54%, 44.8%), lung (1.76%, 63.3%), ovarian (6.43%, 35.9%), prostate (2.89%, 41.9%), bladder (7.62%, 42.9%), and uterine cancers (14.9%, 40.9%). Results were similar after accounting for state health care and hospital spending and state Medicaid expansion effects. Conclusions: State investment in public welfare was associated with improved 5-year OS for non-Hispanic Black individuals with cancer, decreasing racial disparities in cancer outcomes overall and for many cancer sites.

Niger: State Spending Probe

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 59, Issue 4 p. 23833B-23833C Policy and Practice Niger: State Spending Probe First published: 02 June 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2022.10565.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume59, Issue4June 2022Pages 23833B-23833C RelatedInformation