Uttar Pradesh Research Articles

Effect of socioeconomic status and women empowerment status on coverage of oral cancer screening among Indian women within reproductive age group

Oral cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in India and 5% of all cancers in women is contributed by oral cancer. In spite of being a part of national programme, the screening coverage rates remain low. Studies have indicated that the societal status of women and their empowerment plays a role in screening coverage for cancer. The objective of the current study is to estimate the coverage of oral cancer screening among Indian women within reproductive age-group across Indian states and union territories (UTs), to explore the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) and women empower status (WES) with oral cancer screening coverage across Indian states and union territories (UT). Data from the fifth round of the nationally representative cross-sectional survey (National Family Health Survey, NFHS-2019–2021) was used in the present study with 3,48,882 individuals being included in the final analysis. We have cross-tabulated SES and WES composite scores with the Dimension Index (DI) of screening and categorised states and UTs into low, middle and high. We have represented these values over the Indian map. The interaction among these was graphically represented by a bubble plot. Further, we estimated the association of each indicator of SES and WES with screening coverage using multivariable logistic regression. The national coverage of oral cancer screening among women of reproductive age was 0.77% with Andhra Pradesh (7%) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (10%) recording the highest screening coverage. Despite having high SES and WES scores, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, the screening (DI) was low. States with both high women empowerment status and high socioeconomic status showed high oral cancer screening uptake but the trend was not universal. Still, there were variations in the association among the states. The increased screening was significantly associated with higher access to improved sanitary facility (76%) and clean fuel for cooking (44%). Socio-economic status is an important precursor for better oral cancer screening coverage but women empowerment status did not always translate into good cancer screening uptake. Deep-rooted socio-cultural constructs and stigma associated with cancer and its implications may play a role. Implementation research for better uptake of oral cancer screening coverage is required.

Impact of Large-Scale Sodic Soils Reclamation Projects in Uttar Pradesh: Key Insights for Policy Implications

Impact of Large-Scale Sodic Soils Reclamation Projects in Uttar Pradesh: Key Insights for Policy Implications

Residue and Irrigation Management for Optimizing Productivity and Profitability of Wheat in Ambala (Haryana)

Background: The rice-wheat cropping system in Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab faces sustainability risks due to soil fertility depletion, rising cultivation costs and environmental pollution hazards because of the large-scale burning of rice crop residues. Two-year field experiments investigated wheat sowing techniques by keeping rice crop residues under various irrigation schedules to optimize production and economic outcomes in Ambala, Haryana. Three sowing methods, i.e., conventional sowing (CS), Happy Seeder (HS) and Super Seeder (SS) and four irrigations scheduling, i.e., scheduling at critical growth stages (IS1), IW/CPE ratio 0.9 with first irrigation at CRI (IS2), IW/CPE ratio for whole crop season (IS3) and depletion of 50% available soil moisture (IS4). Methods: Happy Seeder sown wheat exhibited a significantly higher average yield of 58.38 q ha-1 than conventional (57.69 q ha-1) and Super seeder (56.85 q ha-1) sown wheat. Overall, Happy Seeder and irrigation schedule (IS3) produces the highest grain yield of 65.23, 63.56 and 64.40 q ha-1 in the first, second year and pooled year results. In conventional sowing of wheat, the average total cultivation cost was 107134.02 and 110907.71 Rs ha-1, which was less in Happy Seeder sown wheat, i.e., 99077.07 and 102932.27 Rs. ha-1 respectively, in the year 2021-22 and 2022-23. Result: The average benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for the happy seeder technique, 1.42 and 1.44, outperforms the conventional sowing wheat approach during both years of experiments. The recent wheat sowing using happy seeder under residue mulching conditions, must adopt modified irrigation scheduling practices to enhance yield and profitability, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices. The study highlights the potential of recent agricultural practices to boost farmer income, promote sustainable agricultural growth and environment conservation.

Community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection due to Serratia rubidaea: A rare and opportunistic pathogen

Abstract The genus Serratia belongs to the order enterobacterales consisting of Serratia marcescens as the most common species of clinical importance and non-S. marcescens species including Serratia fonticola, Serratia odorifera, Serratia plymuthica, Serratia liquefaciens, and Serratia rubidaea. Most of these non-S. marcescens species are usually considered as nonpathogenic and rarely reported to be associated with various clinical conditions in humans. S. rubidaea is rarely described as member of the genus Serratia which is naturally found in the environment including soil and water. S. rubidaea has been reported as human pathogen, and its isolation from clinical specimens is rare. S. rubidaea has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen affecting immunocompromised individuals. Only few case reports are available documenting clinical significance of S. rubidaea causing various invasive and life-threatening manifestations. We report four cases of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection caused by S. rubidaea in immunocompromised patients from a tertiary care teaching institute from Uttar Pradesh, India.

Constraint Analysis and Suggestion of Respondents Regarding Dairy Management Practices in Semi-Urban and Rural Areas

India needs to increase milk production which can be possible by narrowing down the gap between the existing technology and their adoption. Ensuring domestic demand and enduring top most position in the world, India needs to produce 300-400 million tones of milk by 2050 (Vision 2050, 2015). The dairy is a business which provides the continuous source of income to the occupants and in case of landless person who are economically week, livestock farming is a better option. The research was based on a survey done in 2022-23 to analyzing constraint and suggestion of respondents regarding dairy management practices in semi-urban and rural areas of Fatehpur district in Uttar Pradesh. 15 respondents from each selected semi-urban and rural villages were randomly selected to constitute 120 samples (60 semi-urban + 60 rural). The perceived constraints have been studies under different aspects like: personal constraints, economical constraints, technological constraints and marketing constraints. The semi-urban respondents has perceived most serious type constraints viz., lack of poor economic condition of farmers, dysfunctional of animal insurance schemes, A.I. and BAIF centers are away from the village, lack of remunerative milk prices. Whereas rural respondents has perceived most serious type constraints viz., lack of interest of other family members, veterinary medicines are very costly for treatment of sick animals, A.I. and BAIF centers are away from the village, poor transportation also affects adversity in proper disposal of milk products. Suggestions as perceived by semi-urban respondents viz., ‘educational programmes regarding cattle breeds improvement for higher milk production should be initiated’ was ranked first whether in case of rural dairy farmers ‘government must provide marketing facilities at village level for selling the milk and milk products’ was ranked first.

Performance evaluation of composite Vrindavani cattle in field conditions of Uttar Pradesh

The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of Vrindavani crossbred cattle under field conditions of Uttar Pradesh. The study was conducted in six tehsils of the Bareilly district, involving interviews with 201 respondents and covering a total of 554 animals. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview schedule. A one-way ANOVA was performed to find the statistical differences between the tehsils in the Bareilly district. The average lactation milk yield, lactation length, average milk yield per day, peak yield, and dry period of Vrindavani crossbred cows under field conditions was 2996.54±32.99 kg, 348.80±1.98 days, 8.64±0.10 kg, 13.34±0.17 kg, and 117.51±2.76 days, respectively. The age at puberty, age at first service, age at first calving, service period, number of services per conception, and calving interval averaged 611.36±9.71 days, 678.94±5.46 days, 1010.71±7.25 days, 171.90±2.63 days, 2.39±0.07, and 465.71±3.01 days, respectively. The average birth weight, and weight at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months for Vrindavani crossbred calves were 21.17±0.07 kg, 45.76±0.25 kg, 80.79±0.44 kg, and 128.03±1.12 kg, respectively. The performance of Vrindavani crossbred cows was comparatively better than other crossbred cattle populations under field conditions. However, their performance in the field was lower as compared to organized farms. To improve the productivity of Vrindavani crossbreds further, a proper breeding policy should be implemented at the field level to ensure the propagation of Vrindavani crossbred semen. Additionally, improvements in non-genetic factors are necessary to achieve higher productivity.

A Study on the Barriers in Usage of Formal Financial Products/ Services by Women in the Rural Area of Kabrai Block of Mahoba District of Uttar Pradesh

A Study on the Barriers in Usage of Formal Financial Products/ Services by Women in the Rural Area of Kabrai Block of Mahoba District of Uttar Pradesh

The 'Sāṃkāshya' As A Sign of Ancient Buddhist Traditions: Past and Present.

Buddhist heritage or historical place refers to the place where the works left by the famous ‘Thera-Therī’ or monks and nuns and the Buddhist kings-mahārājās of the past, great or renowned Mahāpurusha, are presented. Some of these feats have survived, and some have been lost. What was lost was later rediscovered by historians. The Buddhist tradition encompasses numerous historical sites, all of which hold significant importance. In the history of Buddhism, the famous historical places known as ‘Ashtamahātīrthasthāna’ have survived as witnesses of the ancient Buddhist tradition. Likewise, ‘Sāṃkāshya’ is one of the ‘Ashtamahātīrthasthāna’ and one of the ancient Buddhist traditions. The name of this ‘Sāṃkāshya’ is mentioned in Tipiṭaka, or Buddhist history, as well as in the Ramayana-Mahabharata and other ancient texts. People still carry its history and tradition with pride. ‘Saṃkassa’ is a village in the Farukkabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Currently, its name is ‘Saṃkisha-Basantpur’. This ‘Sāṃkāshya’ is one of the most glorious places among the memorials of Lord Buddha and Dhamma. India is a rich land with diversity of culture, language, religion, and topography, and this ‘Sāṃkāshya Nagar’ of India has earned a prominent place as the best destination in the world.

Formulation and Evaluation of Weaning Foods Prepared from Multigrain Flour and Powdered Milk

Aims: Children after 6 months need to shift from breast milk to weaning food. The present study aims to develop low cost nutritious weaning foods to fulfil the increased nutritional requirements during this phase of growth. Study Design: The present study involved development of three different samples of low cost weaning foods prepared with multigrain flour (combination of rice flour, wheat flour and gram flour in the ratio of 2:1:0.5) mixed with milk powder (5%, 7.5% and 10% of the total flour mixture). Sensory, physicochemical and cost analyses were performed for the samples. Place and Duration of Study: University Polytechnic (Boys), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, between January 2016 and July 2016. Methodology: Sensory evaluation was done on a 9 point hedonic scale after preparing the samples for consumption by adding either water or milk. Physicochemical properties of the developed samples such as moisture content, ash content and protein content were assessed during storage at room temperature (25-32˚C) for 2 months in airtight laminated aluminium film packing material. Results: In sensory of samples prepared with water, sample 3 was found to be the most preferred sample while in case of samples prepared with milk, sample 1 was found to be the best in sensory quality. All the developed weaning food samples were found to be stable during 50 days of storage. Moisture content, Protein content and Ash content of the samples ranged from 4.84 to 10.38%, 13.23 and 16.29% and 1.22 to 1.54% respectively. Samples with more milk powder showed higher protein content and fat content. Conclusion: The prepared weaning food samples had comparable physicochemical and sensory characteristics and lower cost than the commercially available weaning foods. They will be helpful in fulfilling the nutritional requirement of the vulnerable sections of society including middle-income groups (MIG) and low-income groups (LIG) consumers and overcoming malnutrition.

Effect of Various pH Levels on the Growth and Sporulation of Trichoderma viride Isolates and Assessing their Antagonistic Activity against Soil-borne Pathogens

Trichoderma viride strains, which are filamentous fungi commonly found in soil, possess the ability to parasitize various fungi harmful to plants. In this study, ten strains of T. viride were isolated from different locations in Uttar Pradesh, India, and examined for their cultural, physiological, morphological, and antagonistic characteristics against soil-borne pathogens. The T. viride isolates were assessed at different pH levels for their growth, sporulation, and antagonistic efficacy under in vitro conditions using the dual culture technique against five major soil-borne pathogens that cause significant diseases in cereal and pulse crops. Among the ten isolates tested, the 49CP isolate from Sultanpur exhibited the maximum growth and sporulation at a pH of 6.5 as well as the highest inhibition percentages of mycelial growth in the pathogens: 63.23% against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, 65.85% against Sclerotium rolfsii, 53.33% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 53.84% against Pythium sp., and 48.00% against Rhizoctonia bataticola. Trichoderma viride is also recognized for its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent against soil-borne pathogens, which are responsible for significant crop losses.

Compliance with food safety measures and their economic impact on smallholder dairy farmers: Evidence from the Indo-Gangetic plains of India

This study examines the adoption and economic impact of compliance with food safety measures (FSM) using cross-sectional farm-level data from three key states in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Bihar, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh, in 2023. The majority of the farmers were operating on marginal and small plots. A Food Safety Index (FSI) derived from 71 distinct practices was used as a quantitative measure of adoption of compliance with FSM. The study assigns 0.60, 0.23, and 0.17 wt to microbiological, physical, and chemical safety measures, respectively, to derive FSI. Determinants of compliance with FSM were analysed using multiple linear regression and ordered logistic model, while Generalized propensity score (GPS) was used to assess the economic impact of compliance with FSM on farm-level performance indicators. The findings indicate that farmers are adopting a moderate level (0.48–0.58) of the FSI. Various socio-economic and demographic factors, such as education, income, marketing channel, training exposure, awareness level, and infrastructure, significantly influence the adoption of FSM. The impact assessment reveals that compliance with FSM correlates with milk prices, productivity, and profitability. However, a lower level of compliance may not yield significant improvements in milk productivity. The study suggests incentivization through pricing reforms, improving infrastructure, strengthening formal marketing channels, and raising awareness through training.

To the Studies on Pollution of Under Ground Water Mau City

The study focuses on the environmental evaluation and classification of the Mau City area, located in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, India. The investigation covers an area of approximately 20 km2 and includes a diverse population in terms of socio- economic, cultural, and geographical characteristics. The population data reveals significant growth, with a population increase from 168,716 in 1991 to 2,205,968 in 2011. Animal populations, including cattle and poultry, have also shown an increasing trend from 2018 to 2020. Fertilizer usage data between 2017 and 2020 indicates fluctuations in the consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, demonstrating potential agricultural impacts on the environment. Water quality analysis is a major part of this study, employing various methods to determine salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Salinity was measured through titration with silver nitrate, while oxygen levels were analyzed using different methods, including dissolved oxygen (DO) analysis. Results indicate variations in water quality across different sampling sites (S1-S6), with key parameters such as pH, turbidity, temperature, and bacterial contamination being recorded monthly for the years 2019 and 2020.The research also involves the collection and analysis of water samples using various devices, including water samplers, bottom samplers, and biological samplers. Methods such as the EDTA method for water hardness, the gravimetric method for sulfate determination, and the colorimetric analysis for iron and chromium concentrations were utilized to evaluate the pollutants in the water. The study provides critical insights into water quality degradation, highlighting the presence of various pollutants, including nitrates, sulfates, and heavy metals like chromium, copper, and iron.

Assessment of Different Organic Manures on Yield of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica Plenck.) cv. KTS-1 under Bundelkhand Climatic Condition

Aims: The organic content in manure helps soil retain moisture, increases gas exchange, and introduces beneficial bacteria, loosens clayey soil, promoting root growth. Soil with a higher organic content is more resistant to erosion and produces superior crops. Using organic manure decreases farming's environmental impact. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, it recycles waste materials, nourishes the soil, and nurtures crops. Methods: This experiment was carried out during Rabi 2023-24 at the Organic Research farm Kargunwan ji, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh). Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italicaPlenck.) cv. KTS-1 was sown under randomized block design (RBD) with 11 treatment viz., Control, Vermicompost 100%, Cow litter 100%, Pressmud 100%, Vermicompost 75%, Cow litter 75%, Pressmud 75%, Vermicompost 50%+Cow litter 50%, Cow litter 50%+Press mud 50%, Pressmud 50%+Vermi 50%, Pressmud 33%+Cow litter 33%+Vermi 33% with 3 replication accommodating spacing (60 × 45) cm2,plot size (2.4 × 1.8) m = 4.32 m2 with total gross experimental area of (23.5 x 9.6) m = 225.06 m2. Results: Results shows thatat harvest, treatment T10 took to the minimum curd initiation at 53.10 days, compared to the control plot at 68.07 days. Similarly, days to 50% curd initiation and maturity were also shorter in T10, at 67.03 days and 80.13 days, respectively, while the control plot took (78.03 and 96.13) days. Ttreatment T10 produced the largest curd diameter (14.78 cm) and weight (321.03 g), significantly surpassing the control plot (6.37) cm diameter and (138.43) g weight. Overall, T10 yielded (321.03) q/ha, markedly higher than the control plot (138.43) q/ha, demonstrating significant improvements in broccoli yield and quality. Conclusion: The results clearly revealed that the application of organic treatments, particularly T10 (Pressmud 33% + Cow litter 3% + Vermi 33%), significantly enhanced the yield and quality of broccoli. This treatment resulted in faster curd initiation and maturity, larger curd diameter, and increased curd weight compared to the control plot. The findings indicate that the strategic use of organic manure can optimize broccoli production, suggesting a viable approach for improving crop outcomes in sustainable agriculture.

Pulses in India: Comprehensive Analysis of Production, Challenges, and Strategic Vision for 2030

Despite of immense growth of Indian agriculture, food and nutritional security is still a challenge due to biasedness towards wheat and rice. As production of pulses in the recent decade has not increased in pace with the increase in population. Pulses are a major source of protein in Indian diet and also environment friendly. Therefore, the increase in pulse production will act as an accelerator for nutritional security. This study analyses the nutritional value of pulses, status of pulses economy in India comprising of import, export and consumption status as well as a strategic vision for 2030 towards promotion of pulses in the country. Pulses form one of the most important group of crops in India, which is also responsible for yielding large financial gains by amounting to a large part of the exports. Of all categories of people, pulses form an integral part of the Indian diet, providing much-needed protein to the carbohydrate-rich diet. For farmers, pulses are an important crop because they can both sell them and consume them, which helps farmers maintain household food security and creates economic stability. Being leguminous crops, they help in restoring soil fertility by utilising nitrogen from the air (nitrogen fixation). Therefore, pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. They need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world. The top pulse-producing states in India are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka, collectively contribute significantly to the country’s pulse output, yet current production fails to meet domestic demand, leading to imports. The common pulses across globe are black gram, green gram, horse gram, peas, cow peas, pigeon peas, lentils and chick peas. A long-term vision is required for pulses in India because of various aspects like lower yield compared to global average, wide gap between demand and supply, rapid population growth and nutritional as well as environmental value. In this article the challenges and constraints in achieving projected demand of pulses and government policy support for achieving this projected demand have been discussed, addressing the complex dynamics of pulses economy in India.

Educational Inequality and Household Dynamics in India: Exploring the Role of Caste Capital

The article uses caste capital as a conceptual tool to analyze educational inequalities by looking at the household-level differences and school differentiation among different caste groups in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Caste capital is the social, cultural, and economic assets associated with the hierarchical ranking of a group, which privileged groups could utilize to take advantage of disprivileged others. This includes an informed and conscious effort to create a cultural environment that values and prioritizes education for social and economic advancement. Based on a field survey at the household level, the findings indicate a strong connection between caste, household type, and school choice. The pattern of educational inequality becomes evident whereby individuals from higher caste backgrounds with more affluent households tend to have better educational opportunities. The findings show how caste hierarchy intersects with school choice, creating a hierarchy of educational opportunities producing and reproducing educational inequalities.

Morphometric Study of Nutrient Foramen of Human Adult Humerus and Its Clinical & Medico-legal Implications

BACKGROUND: Nutrient arteries, along with other arteries supplying the humerus, are crucial not only for the healing of serious injuries such as humeral shaft fractures but also for microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation. Therefore, understanding the precise location and morphometry of nutrient foramen in bones like the humerus is essential to prevent common complications, such as non-union of fractures. This study aims to examine the location and topography of nutrient foramen in the humerus and to establish their clinical & medico-legal significance.MATERIAL METHODS: The study was conducted on 400 dried adult humerus bones of both sexes from Western Uttar Pradesh, sourced from the Department of Anatomy & Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology at Mahatma Vidur Autonomous State Medical College, Bijnor. Measurements and observations were carried out using an osteometric board.RESULT: Nutrient foramen was absent in 30 humerus (7.50%), single in 76.50%, and double in 16% of cases. Most humerus had medium-sized foramina (1-2 mm) on both the left and right sides, accounting for 78.80%. The majority of foramina were found on the anteromedial surface (85.02%), with fewer on the posterior surface. Additionally, most foramina were located in the middle third of the humeral diaphysis.CONCLUSION: Surgeons and orthopedists must possess precise knowledge of the number, size, shape, direction, and location of the nutrient foramen to accurately assess the humerus's vascular supply and avoid injury during surgical procedures. Morphometric data is also essential in identifying unknown remains, evaluating the severity and timing of trauma, and determining potential surgical complications in cases of medical malpractice.

Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis infection in children below 15 years’ age, Bihar

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of acute encephalitis syndromes (AES). Although Bihar has comprehensive data on JE, it ranks third behind Uttar Pradesh and Assam in terms of reported cases. We wanted to determine the incidence of JE cases in Bihar and the endemic districts. In Patna, Muzaffarpur and Gaya, Bihar, this study revealed that JEV is one of the major causes of AES and its epidemiology. We analyzed blood and CSF samples from AES patients delivered to a viral diagnostic laboratory between January 2018 and December 2022 for IgM antibodies against JEV using the enzyme immunoassay recommended by NIV, Pune, India. We detected JEV IgM in 193 (8.79 %) of 2195 individuals. Patient demographics included age, gender and place of residence. Most patients were 6–10 years old and had the disease in June. We need to increase awareness initiatives and cross-sector prevention despite the decline in case fatality rate.

Building the baseline: Assessment of ungulate densities in Amangarh Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh, India

We estimated density of ungulate species in the Amangarh Tiger Reserve using line transect distance sampling. Twelve transects were marked and monitored between February and April 2021 resulting in an effort of 108 km. A total of 210 sightings of five species of ungulates were recorded. Spotted deer (Axis axis) was the most frequently recorded species with 80 sightings followed by wild boar (Sus scrofa), sambar (Rusa unicolor), nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). The overall density estimate of all five ungulate species was 62.7 (±11 SE) km-2. Spotted deer was the most abundant ungulate (22.95 ±6.5 km-2) followed by sambar (14.26 ±4.2 km-2), wild boar (13.21 ±4.8 km-2) and nilgai (10.56 ±5.06 km-2). This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of ungulate densities in Amangarh Tiger Reserve. The findings establish baseline information for future monitoring and research studies in the area which is an important buffer to Corbett Tiger Reserve and has seen an increase in tiger numbers over the years.

Rare and first case report of a diffused cutaneous leishmaniasis from Uttar Pradesh state, India

Kala-azar is common in Bihar and some bordering areas of Uttar Pradesh but cutaneous, diffused and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is not yet reported in areas of Uttar Pradesh, India. A rare case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis was reported from a resident of Karaundi village of Deoria district, with no history of travelling to endemic areas with this disease. The present case report raises the alarm for the presence of this disease in this region and also it raises the question of whether the vector is present with compatibility to carry this parasite as well which has not been reported till present. Future molecular diagnosis and vector studies are required to confirm this and also to prevent future outbreaks.

Performance of cash transfer program on farmers’ livelihood: evidence from PM-KISAN scheme of India

IntroductionResearch into various aspects of vulnerability and poverty has played a key role in shaping cash transfer systems. Cash-based direct benefit transfers (DBT) are frequently discussed, as they help reduce corruption and limit intermediary involvement, which often impedes policy implementation in countries like India. Small and marginal farmers (SMFs), constituting 86% of India’s farming population, are essential for sustainable agricultural growth and ensuring food and nutrition security. The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme provides Rs.6000 annually to the farmer families via DBT mechanism. Despite reports and information from various government sources, significant concerns remain regarding the performance of PM-KISAN scheme in improving living conditions of SMFs.MethodsFor having the highest number of SMFs, a research study was conducted in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Two cluster of villages from each of these two states were chosen by simple random sampling (SRS) method. An ex post facto research design was used; data was gathered from 240 SMFs, with 120 beneficiaries and 120 non-beneficiaries, using a stratified disproportionate simple random sampling technique. The study used 18 indicators related to livelihood assets—human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital—to generate a Livelihood Index (LI) through Principal Component Analysis (PCA).ResultsThe beneficiaries of the scheme had an average LI score of 0.396, while non-beneficiaries had a score of 0.366. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was employed to compare the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in order to determine the impact of the scheme. In the Livelihood Index of beneficiaries, in comparison to non-beneficiaries, there was a significant improvement of 3.34 to 4.13 percentage points, according to the analysis, which utilized a variety of matching algorithms.DiscussionImplications from the study suggests that PM-KISAN should be integrated into a broader rural development strategy to maximize multiplier effects. By combining cash transfers with complementary initiatives like modern technology adoption and high-yield seeds, farmers can make productive investments that could enhance their livelihood status.