State Of Peace Research Articles

The Outgrowing Nature of Insecurity Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: Issues, Challanges and Way Forward

The paper examines the proliferations of insecurity in Nigeria amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It also study the dimensions of the various security challenges and the pattern of variance from what is obtainable prior to the menace of SARS-19. The perplexing question is that the issue of Boko haram, banditry, kidnaping, rape, and other social problems are more evident during this pandemic to the extent that the relative peace that is been enjoyed prior to the novel coronavirus is now absence in majority of villages and towns in Nigeria. The Nigeria security outfits has not been able to find lasting solutions to this problems rather it getting worse, quick and lasting solutions is needed to avert and revert the country into normal state of peace if not the Nigeria state will turn into quagmire before the end of the COVID-19 novel virus. This paper made use of available secondary materials of events and cases. The paper suggests the need to re-orientate the government, security personnel’s societies and the general populace towards it effects on security and Nigeria economy in whole.

An Analysis about the Formation of Morandi’s Personal Artistic Concept

Not influenced by the current mainstream but chose to study alone, Morandi was a fresh stream in the art history. He has formed his unique concept of art through study of classical painting and under the influence of Cezanne and other artists. The ancients once said, “One can't show high ideals without simple living; One can't have lofty aspirations without a peaceful state of mind.” This state is rare both in the way of life and in the attitude of painting. Only by concentrating on what one love and putting aside the complex thoughts in one’s mind can one have a dialogue with his inner self. So is for Art.

ROLE OF AYURVEDA FOR BLISSFUL AGEING

Ageing is a part of life cycle. The ageing process involves multidimensional changes in physiological, pathological, social and psychological condition of a person and this change over from youth to death comprises of many painful, dependable episodes - that makes the human life miserable. According to Ayurveda Jara (ageing), being a Swabhavabala pravritta roga, occurs due to vyadhi-hetu called Kala/Parinam. The great maharshi like Charaka and Vagbhata named the very first chapter of their samhita granthas as Deerghanjivitiyam and Ayushkamiyam respectively. Ayurveda is the art of living life to get stress life. In Ayurveda considered Hitayu and Sukhayu concept. Hita being healthy living while Shukha is comfortable and Blissful life.Ayurveda emphasis on prevention and promotion for the maintenance of health through Hita-charyas,which includes Dincharya, Ratricharya Ritucharya for Ayu, Bala, Pusthi and Swasthya. Saddvrita, its aims to develop the right balance between mind and body for growth of a healthy life. Rasayan therapy, which destroy age related diseases and delaying ageing which helps in graceful ageing.Specific Aushadha Vargas like Vayasthapana, Jeevaniya, Brimhana, Vajeekaran and other group of drug are available, which maintain youthfulness. According to Ayurveda, Dhirghayu or longevity means complete balance in body, mind and soul associated with longevity, without this a person cannot enjoy the real benefit of longevity i.e. a state of permanent blissful and peace.

The Recuperation of Humanism in the Context of the Martial Society: Homer, Anton Schneeberger, Kurt Lewin, and Narrative Medicine

The humanist tradition developed in the Renaissance that not only cultivated the human spirit but applied its knowledge for the purpose of improving society across various humanist and scientific disciplines is not altogether extinct. Using the erudite Swiss physician and botanist Anton Schneeberger (1530–1581) as a founding father of sorts of modern humanist medicine confronted with war, I discuss the recuperation of humanism in the twentieth century, first in the thought of psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) who, under war circumstances, produced a work whose analytical acumen can still be used today, and subsequently in the creation of the discipline of narrative medicine that, unwittingly perhaps, echoes Schneeberger’s insight into the imperative of inserting storytelling into the practice of both patient- and physician-centered medicine. In the background of the argument is the existence of a new society, a martial society that functions as if there were war despite its ostensible state of peace.

Eine Genealogie sorgender Sicherheit: Sorgeregime von der Antike bis zum Anthropozän

This article proposes an alternative genealogy of security by exploring the nexus of security and care from antiquity to the present. In Greek and Roman antiquity, securitas – literally ‚carefree’ – designated a state of inner peace. With the rise of Christianity, pastoral power introduced a new regime of securing care. The pastoral care for the soul is supposed to secure salvation, whereas Christian Caritas established new forms of care for those in need (Fursorge). Modern biopolitical dispositives of security continued this tradition of care for others with the means of modern welfarism. Security dispositives organized new forms of social care (Sozialfursorge) and became increasingly concerned with the security of supply (Versorgungssicherheit) of vital infrastructural services. Since the second half of the twentieth century, a new form of care for the environment has emerged. The precautionary principle (Vorsorgeprinzip) seeks to prevent irreversible environmental change, whereas new environmental disposal and remediation practices (Entsorgung) cope with the residuals of industrial modernity. The genealogy shows the wide variety and historical flexibility of forms of security care. Conceptually the paper argues that, in contrast to sovereign and statist security technologies like the police and the military, securing care represents a positive, yet nevertheless problematic form of security. This provides new insights for a critique of security.

A Rasa Reading of Prayer on a Clear Morning in the Month of Magh

The study examines how the persona perpetually searches tranquility in the poem entitled “Prayer on a Clear Morning in the Month of Magh” by Laxmi Prasad Devkota. For the study, I have entered into rasa reading to explore the sovereignty of śānta rasa, which is pervasively dominant in the poem. As the nature of śānta rasa, all emotions merge out of śānta and finally in the end, submerge into it. Primarily, the determinant, consequent, and transitory emotions are identified and further analyzed to illustrate how they conjoin. Through the discussion, it appears that any sensitive readers of the poem could identify themselves to the persona’s emotion as one involves in prayer. It stands as the devotion and celebration of the God and nature in the month of Magh; that represents creation and clarity. It happens there suspending ‘I’, surpassing ego, and searching metamorphosis of the lustrous desires, fabric beauty, and worldly pain for overcoming both life and death enjoying the elixir of the Sun and learning the lesson from the God. As a result, the persona believes in the dying down of the worldly dream to achieve delight and disillusionment eliminating shiny lacy veils entrapping humanity. Thus, the poem searches tranquility as a state of pure peace relishing utmost and absolute aesthetic pleasure, sama. Finally, it expands the scope of the Eastern aesthetics, especially unfolding and widening the area of śānta rasa, which is usually overlooked even in the Eastern literature.

Emergence and Experience of “Peace of Mind”: What Can Classic Writers Tell Us?

Across history and among diverse civilizations, human beings have been interested in attaining a state of peace of mind and how to educate people in attaining so. However, the conceptualization of such phenomenon has not been accurately discussed within psychology and furthermore is a lack of awareness on the diversity between conceptualization and the experience of a state of “peace of mind”—this being one of the main aims of the present article. Though this transitory and dynamic state of mind has been related to affective processes such as acceptance, contentment, and surrender, more descriptive and explanatory accounts about the emergence and experience of peace of mind could expand our understanding meaning-making and affective processing in everyday life. Dimensions of semiotic mediation theory are beneficial in the exploration and understanding of the phenomenon of “peace of mind”, as well as this phenomenon greatly can illustrate dynamics of sign levels. In order to expand the theoretical understanding of what peace of mind entails, we make use of an innovative method: using literature as data that allows peace of mind to be investigated from a perspective of cultural psychology.

Contemporary Wars in Africa or 21st Century Competition for Power

Lately the African continent has been the focus of global attention and discussions on the present and future of Africa, especially with regards to the highly topical questions concerning the global and African state of peace and security. As multiple extremely complex armed conflicts continue to cause chronic instability and vulnerabilities in several African states and regions, they also directly affect the state of international security in the 21st century in an intensively interconnected and globalized world from an economic, political and peace/security perspective. Accordingly, this research article offers an in-depth analysis of some of the major causes and explanations of the existing wars in Africa related to the illicit exploitation of resources, vulnerability, and control. The goal of this work is to reveal and analyze the complexity of 21st-century wars in Africa and their deep interrelated causes by applying the example of the long and banal armed conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Thus, the authors argue that the destabilization of the political and socio-economic situation in Africa, and DRC in particular, is directly connected to local and regional conflicts over access to various forms of resources, influence, and power, but also to the artificially created chaos by various interested power parties for expansion, profit, and hope for further profit. In this sense, it has been emphasized that conflicts of so-called ‘low intensity’, artificially maintained over a long period of time, pose no lesser degree of threat to the regional state of peace and security.

Sensitivitas antarbudaya mahasiswa di Yogyakarta

Di dalam masyarakat majemuk atau multikultural seperti Indonesia ini, sensitivitas antarbudaya yang dimiliki warga masyarakat menjadi elemen penting untuk terciptanya kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara yang damai. Namun demikian, penelitian yang memfokuskan pada sensitivitas antarbudaya belum banyak dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti masalah sensitivitas antarbudaya, khususnya di kalangan mahasiswa. Secara khusus, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk membandingkan tingkat sensitivitas antarbudaya mahasiswa di tiga program studi yang ada di UNY, UPNV, dan UNRIYO. Penelitian yang menghasilkan luaran berupa tulisan ini merupakan penelitian komparatif, berusaha membandingkan tingkat sensitivitas antarbudaya mahasiswa tiga program studi (Keperawatan, PKn, dan Teknik Perminyakan). Responden penelitian ini sebanyak 90 mahasiswa yang dipilih secara acak dari tiga program studi tersebut (Keperawatan: 30; PKn: 30; dan Teknik Perminyakan: 30). Metode pengumpulan data adalah dengan penyebaran angket. Data dianalisis secara statistik baik secara deskriptif maupun komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan tingkat sensitivitas antarbudaya di antara tiga program studi tersebut. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa mahasiswa dari ketiga program studi tersebut memiliki tingkat sensitivitas antarbudaya yang tinggi, karena berada pada kategori pendukung cultural relativism, bukan cultural egocentrism. ABSTRACTIn a pluralistic or multicultural society like Indonesia, intercultural sensitivity possessed by citizens is an important element for the creation of a peaceful society, nation, and state. However, there has not been much research focusing on intercultural sensitivity. Therefore, researchers are interested in examining the issue of intercultural sensitivity, especially among students. Specifically, this research was intended to compare the level of intercultural sensitivity among students in the three study programs at UNY, UPNV, and UNRIYO. The research report written in this paper is a comparative study, trying to compare the level of sensitivity among students of three study programs (Nursing, Civics, and Petroleum Engineering). The research respondents were 90 students who were randomly selected from the three study programs (Nursing: 30; Civics: 30; and Petroleum Engineering: 30). The method of collecting data is by distributing questionnaires. Data were analyzed statistically both descriptively and comparatively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the level of intercultural sensitivity among the three study programs. Thus, it can be concluded that students from the three study programs have a high level of intercultural sensitivity, because it is in the category of supporting cultural relativism, not cultural egocentrism.

Principles of Humanitarian Law in the War Biography of Imam Ali (Peace be upon Him) the Equestrian Principle and Proportionality as a Model

The biography of Imam Ali included the most human principles and rules, and his war biography was amixture of justice, fairness and mercy. This brief study reached several results, which we summarize asfollows: The Imam hated war and pushed it as long as he found a way to do that. The basic principle forhim is the state of peace, and war is an exceptional and urgent case, and all his wars were self-defence, aresponse to aggression and the payment of sedition and corruption. The Imam prevailed in his battles againsthumanism over the necessities and requirements of war, so love, peace, compassion and mercy were thebasis of his personality, and his perseverance was forgiveness and tolerance, even if that led to the loss ofvictory, as happened in the incident of the law of water in the battle of ((Safin)). The principle of chivalrywas evident in its most beautiful form in the personality of the Imam, with the qualities of honesty, courageand arrogance he carried.

الأمم المتحدة ومشکلات الصراع على مناطق النفوذ مطلع الحرب الباردة المسألة الیونانیة أنموذجًا.

يعرض البحث للصراع الذي دار داخل الأمم المتحدة مطلع الحرب الباردة بين المعسکر الغربي بزعامة الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية والمعسکر الشرقي بزعامة الاتحاد السوفيتي حول اليونان، فيما سمي بـ وذلک من خلال محاور عدة تناولها أولا مجلس الأمن في محاولة للوصول إلى حل، وهي: اعتراض الاتحاد السوفيتي ودول الکتلة الشرقية التي تدور في فلکه على مسألة استمرار وجود القوات البريطانية في اليونان بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية، وشکوى أوکرانيا ضد اليونان بسبب ما يقع من حوادث على حدود الأخيرة مع ألبانيا، وشکوى اليونان ضد جيرانها الشماليين (ألبانيا وبلغاريا ويوجسلافيا)، واعتراض دول الکتلة الشرقية على المعونة الأمريکية لليونان (مبدأ ترومان Truman)، والمجلس وتواصله مع لجنة التحقيق التي کان قد بعث بها إلى البلقان. وأمام عدم توصل مجلس الأمن إلى حل للمسألة في ظل وقوف الولايات المتحدة بما لها من أغلبية بداخله تؤيدها ضد أي طرح کانت لا تراه يتماشى مع مصالحها، واستخدام الاتحاد السوفيتي على الجانب الآخر لـ حق النقض لمنع تلک الأغلبية من استصدار أية قرارات کان يستشعر فيها عدم تحقيقها لرغباته أو تقييدها لتطلعاته، کان قرار المجلس في النهاية بإحالة المسألة إلى الجمعية العامة، ورفعها بالتالي من جدول أعماله. ويتناول البحث تفاصيل ما جرى بالجمعية العامة من جولة جديدة من الصراع بين المعسکرين الغربي والشرقي، والتي انتهت لصالح المعسکر الغربي، بقرار الجمعية العامة في 21 أکتوبر 1947 باعتماد تقرير لجنتها الأولى – اللجنة السياسية- التي کانت قد أحالت إليها المسألة لدراستها وتقديم تقرير عنها، لتتشکل بناء على ذلک اللجنة التي عرفت بلجنة الأمم المتحدة الخاصة بالبلقان بهدف مواصلة عمل لجنة التحقيق بشأن حوادث حدود اليونان ومحاولة إيجاد حل للمسألة. الکلمات المفتاحية: المسألة اليونانية، مجلس الأمن، الجمعية العامة، الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية، الاتحاد السوفيتي، حوادث الحدود، القوات البريطانية، السلام والأمن الدوليين، لجنة التحقيق. The United Nation and the crises of the struggle for spheres of influence at the beginning of the Cold War The question as a model Mustafa al-Gharib Muhammad. Assistant Professor of Modern and Contemporary History, Faculty of Arts, Benha University, Egypt. Email: mostafa.elkaser@fart.bu.edu.eg Abstract: The current study tackles the conflict that took place within the United Nations at the beginning of the Cold War between the Western bloc led by the United States of America and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union about Greece, or what was called the Greek question. The research presents this conflict through dealing with several axes dealt with by the Security Council in an attempt to reach a solution. These axes are the objection of the Soviet Union and its satellite countries of the Eastern bloc to the continued presence of British forces in Greece after the end of World War II, Ukraine's complaint against Greece due to incidents occurring on the latter's borders with Albania, and Greece’s complaint against its northern neighbors (Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia), the objection of the Eastern Bloc countries to US aid to Greece (the Truman Doctrine), and the Council and its communication with the investigation committee that it had sent to the Balkans. Also, as the Security Council failed to reach a solution to the issue in light of the United States’ opposition, with its majority in it supporting it, to any proposal against its interests, as well as the Soviet Union’s use of the veto right on the other side to prevent the majority from issuing any decisions against its interests, the decision of the Council was in the end to refer the issue to the General Assembly, and subsequently dismissed it. The research deals in details with the new round of conflict between the Western and Eastern blocs within the General Assembly. The conflict ended in favor of the Western bloc, as on October 21, 1947 the General Assembly approved the report of its first committee - the political committee - which the question had been referred to in order to study it and submit a report on it. Accordingly, the committee, known as the United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans, was formed to continue the work of the investigation committee on the incidents on the borders of Greece and try to find a solution to the issue. Keywords: The question, Security Council, General Assembly, United States of America, Soviet Union, Border accidents, British troops, International peace and security, Investigation Committee.

Reel Restoration in Drunktown’s Finest

Drunktown’s Finest, a 2014 feature-length film directed by Sydney Free-land (Diné), tells the stories of Luther “Sick Boy” Maryboy (Jeremiah Bitsui), Nizhoni Smiles (MorningStar Angeline), and Felixia John (Carmen Moore), set in the fictional border town of Dry Lake. Freeland renders a visual counternarrative of her hometown, Gallup, New Mexico, featured in an episode of the TV show 20/20 (ABC) that highlighted the alcohol epidemic and gave Gallup the derogatory nickname “Drunk Town, USA.” The characters’ stories on the virtual reservation parallel the real-life stories of many Indigenous people on reservations and in border towns, urban areas, and rural communities. As representative of diverse Diné cultural and political identities, Sick Boy’s, Nizhoni’s, and Felixia’s stories unfold from their aversion to the Navajo Nation to embracing it. The analysis is framed with the Diné philosophy and epistemology of hózǫ́, translated as to be in a state of wellness, balance, peace, and harmony, culminating in beauty. Acknowledging the significance of k’é (kinship and family), ceremony, stories, and language anchored in Navajo land, the film addresses disharmony, sickness, alcoholism, and disconnection and seeks restoration through hózǫ́. “Reel restoration” conveys how Drunktown’s Finest benefits Indigenous peoples from creatives to viewers against decades of aggressive, violent, and anti-Indigenous imagery, restoring their indigeneity, humanity, and ultimately their hózhǫ́.

Izrael i Jordania – dwadzieścia pięć lat po traktacie pokojowym

Twenty-five years after the conclusion of the peace treaty, Israel and Jordan are bound by security partnership and limited economic cooperation. People-to-people relations remain problematic. State-to-nation imbalance occurring on both sides of the relationship has undermined the achievements of the cooperation so far, and the uncertainty regarding the American politics in the region intensifies tensions which grow due to the deadlock in the Israeli-Palestinian relations. The role of the United States as a hegemon guaranteeing the state of ‘cold’ peace is decreasing and this, in turn, activates the diplomacy of states comprising the region as well as other world powers. Finding a satisfactory solution to the Palestinian question conditions the implementation of regional cooperation projects, which are a necessary answer to the new trans-border challenges, such as those related to climate change, that influence the internal stability of the states and the state of peace in the region.

E-1 Intelligence Dimensions of Battle of Uhad

The knowledge of Intelligence/espionage is part of the secret branches of knowledge. Intelligence is the name of true and authentic information the acquisition of which is not possible generally without intense struggle and endeavor. It is such a knowledge that belongs both to the state of war and peace. It is the study of such a knowledge which is about the power and of the enemy forces and about such circumstances in which an armed action can be taken against the enemy. In other words, its objective is to have a correct, balanced and highly accurate analysis of the situation and the availability of information all the time about foes’ capabilities and intentions. The required information is gathered about the enemy during the peace time and the commander fights from beginning to the end during a war by keeping in view this information. The Battle of Uhad is a fine example of the intelligence victories. The timely transmission of information to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) about the plan of the Quraish prepared in utmost secrecy, variation in the war strategy according to the prevailing scenarios by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) and keep changing his strategy constantly according to the information acquired was a brilliant example of his complete mental and practical harmony with his intelligence department. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) always used to have flexibility in his war strategies and used to amend them off and on as per the information received.

STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN TAHAP PENERAPAN NILAI PERPADUAN DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR IPT

Unity in a society is the backbone of a nation's productivity and harmony. Therefore, in order to keep the country in a peaceful state, unity among races must be nurtured and maintained. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the strategy for enhancing the level of integration among (IPT) students. The methods of this study are quantitative research and the research question is to assess strategy for enhancing the level of integration among (IPT) students. This study was conducted through the dissemination of questionnaires and the sample consisted of local (IPT) students. A total of 1000 manuscripts were distributed and from that 478 manuscripts were returned and analyzed. This research found that most (IPT) students are on a medium level of understanding of the unity concept. In addition, this study found that these students lack the will to assimilate among them in totality which is the chief objective of the unity concept. Therefore, it is recommended that the cultivation of the spirit of unity must begin from as early as the family unit and also at the pre-school level. In addition, emphasis should also be given to the usage of the Malay language as the official language of unity and learning in the universities. It is also recommended that reforms must be made and that elements of national unity must be embedded in all university programs so that it will inculcate openness and acceptance among all citizens towards true national unity. This research was funded under the Ministry of Higher Education Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS).

The Philosophy of War: Unity in Diversity

The article discusses the diversity of the subject field of the philosophy of war as well as the internal integrity of the discipline, united by the focus on the philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of war. The author shows the role of H. Lloyd, who influenced K. Clausewitz, H. Jomini and their followers’ interpretation of the meaning and content of the subject area of the philosophy of war. In the abundance of specific topics addressed by philosophers of this field, the following topics should be noted: the issue of victory and defeat and their interpretation as well as the issue of historical memory. This problem is projected on contemporaneity and reflects the deep connection between peace and war, the dialectic of their relations. The interpretation of certain military and political events is of real interest in the light of the processes of distortion of historical events that have radically affected the course of history. An analysis of the motives and causes of this process is supposes to reconstruct an objective picture of relations between the subjects of international relations in various periods of history. The author finds answers in already existing concepts that have been developed in our time. It is important to mention the project of the French philosopher Charles Renouvier, who put forward the concept of “uchronia,” which became the starting point for the consideration of historical events in the “subjunctive mood.” This genre of historiosophical fantasy was picked up by famous followers – by the former President of France V. Giscard d’Estaing and others. The article provides eyewitness accounts of historical events (in particular, the campaign of Napoleon in Russia) that are historical facts and help to understand the true state of things. The article demonstrates that the philosophical study of the problem of war is important for understanding the origins and essence of relations arising from the transition between peaceful and military states.

Political Reconciliation in Light of Global Injustices

Abstract This article applies the idea of political reconciliation (and with it the rationale of restorative justice) to current debates on global injustices. My underlying thesis is that the idea of reconciliation fits better to the nonideal circumstances of global exploitation and domination. Originally, political reconciliation defines a transitional process from a state of severe injustice to a state of renewed social peace and cooperation under conditions of serious disagreement and in the absence of a well-ordered social structure. What the theory of political reconciliation has to add to nonideal theorizing is that political stability and unity (both domestically and globally) are to be based on a societal healing process that depends on institutional measures of trust-building, truth telling and forgiveness.

From Inner Peace to World Peace: Buddhist Meditation in Practice

The concept of 'peace' is defined and understood in various ways. Understanding peace as absence of violence is a limited vision. Peace encompasses happiness and harmony among living beings. In a wider understanding, peace is the nature and goal of every sentient being. Being peaceful is living in friendship with oneself and with every creature. Peace is indivisible but peril anywhere can be a threat to peace everywhere. Buddhism envisions peace as inner state of mental tranquility which spreads outward. Attaining a state of inner peace could be an inspiration to all. Buddha attained inner peace by the practice of meditation, which inspired him to work for world peace. In most of his teachings, Buddha has emphasized that the practice of vipassanā uproots mental defilements, which are, according to him, the causes of suffering and restlessness. Once a person overcomes suffering, he realizes inner peace. Inner peace projects itself outward, towards the family, friends and the larger society. This ensures peace and harmony in the outer world. Thus, world peace can be achieved through inner peace. This article presents the existing potential of this postulation based on Buddhist understanding. Buddha became a source of inspiration to all humanity as he attained peace of mind. This research talks about how mental defilements can be uprooted, how a person finds the peace of mind and how inner peace may lead towards world peace.

Sunni-Shiah Conflict Post Arabic Spring: Searching The Political Motives Behind The War on Sustainable War in Syria

The Syrian War is one of a long-standing conflict that has lasted for eight years. The difficulty of finding a peaceful spot is the cause of the conflict eradication efforts in the country. This study aims to explore the motives behind the war in Syria using the Historical approach. The results of the study and analysis found that Syria as a secular state, separating between state and religious life, besides that Syria is also a peaceful ethnoreligious state before the war-damaged the joints of life there. Bashar al Assad as Syrian president embraced the Shia teachings of the Awali sect which is a minority sect in Syria, his appointment as well as his father were supported by most of the military figures who were Sunni schools. The above explanation clearly shows that the differences in schools between Sunnis and Shiites in Syria are not the main cause of a long war. Deeper, the results of the analysis show that there are various conflicting groups in the country, namely the Syrian Government, the Syrian Democratic Forces (Rojava, SDF, QFD), the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (ISIS), Jabhat al-Nusra, and the Syrian Opposition. Difficult resolution of conflicts that occur is not only caused by the many internal warring groups that have their own goals and interests, but this is also made worse by the involvement of other countries such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Israel, Turkey, America, Britain and France that carry a variety of motives and interests, this is what makes it difficult to create a consensus that leads to peace in Syria.

A Revised Point-to-Point Calibration Approach with Adaptive Errors Correction to Weaken Initial Sensitivity of Cuff-Less Blood Pressure Estimation.

Initial calibration is a great challenge for cuff-less blood pressure (BP) measurement. The traditional one point-to-point (oPTP) calibration procedure only uses one sample/point to obtain unknown parameters of a specific model in a calm state. In fact, parameters such as pulse transit time (PTT) and BP still have slight fluctuations at rest for each subject. The conventional oPTP method had a strong sensitivity in the selection of initial value. Yet, the initial sensitivity of calibration has not been reported and investigated in cuff-less BP motoring. In this study, a mean point-to-point (mPTP) paring calibration method through averaging and balancing calm or peaceful states was proposed for the first time. Thus, based on mPTP, a factor point-to-point (fPTP) paring calibration method through introducing the penalty factor was further proposed to improve and optimize the performance of BP estimation. Using the oPTP, mPTP, and fPTP methods, a total of more than 100,000 heartbeat samples from 21 healthy subjects were tested and validated in the PTT-based BP monitoring technologies. The results showed that the mPTP and fPTP methods significantly improved the performance of estimating BP compared to the conventional oPTP method. Moreover, the mPTP and fPTP methods could be widely popularized and applied, especially the fPTP method, on estimating cuff-less diastolic blood pressure (DBP). To this extent, the fPTP method weakens the initial calibration sensitivity of cuff-less BP estimation and fills in the ambiguity for individualized calibration procedure.