Abstract
Initial calibration is a great challenge for cuff-less blood pressure (BP) measurement. The traditional one point-to-point (oPTP) calibration procedure only uses one sample/point to obtain unknown parameters of a specific model in a calm state. In fact, parameters such as pulse transit time (PTT) and BP still have slight fluctuations at rest for each subject. The conventional oPTP method had a strong sensitivity in the selection of initial value. Yet, the initial sensitivity of calibration has not been reported and investigated in cuff-less BP motoring. In this study, a mean point-to-point (mPTP) paring calibration method through averaging and balancing calm or peaceful states was proposed for the first time. Thus, based on mPTP, a factor point-to-point (fPTP) paring calibration method through introducing the penalty factor was further proposed to improve and optimize the performance of BP estimation. Using the oPTP, mPTP, and fPTP methods, a total of more than 100,000 heartbeat samples from 21 healthy subjects were tested and validated in the PTT-based BP monitoring technologies. The results showed that the mPTP and fPTP methods significantly improved the performance of estimating BP compared to the conventional oPTP method. Moreover, the mPTP and fPTP methods could be widely popularized and applied, especially the fPTP method, on estimating cuff-less diastolic blood pressure (DBP). To this extent, the fPTP method weakens the initial calibration sensitivity of cuff-less BP estimation and fills in the ambiguity for individualized calibration procedure.
Highlights
Uncontrolled hypertension or high blood pressure (BP) was a major risk factor that links to the potential development of serious diseases such as stroke, hypertensive heart disease, and coronary artery disease [1]
With one point-to-point (oPTP), mean point-to-point pairing (mPTP), and factor point-to-point (fPTP) calibration methods were compared in the MK-BH and dMK-BH models for all subjects
For the three initial calibration methods, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) estimation is more accurate than the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) estimation in the MK-BH and dMK-BH models
Summary
Uncontrolled hypertension or high blood pressure (BP) was a major risk factor that links to the potential development of serious diseases such as stroke, hypertensive heart disease, and coronary artery disease [1]. Instantaneous information about BP status could be obtained from conventional standard cuff-based BP measurement, such as oscillometry [3] and auscultation. These methods were not applicable to ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) or home BP monitoring (HBPM) due to the cumbersome and discontinuous nature of cuff wrapping around the arm or leg to detect the oscillations during cuff-deflation [4] and the limited frequency of measurement [5]. The development of cuff-less BP monitoring technology was extremely urgent
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