State Of Nayarit Research Articles

RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF THE OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF NAYARIT, MEXICO

ABSTRACT Despite chronicles from the 16th century describing fertile alluvial plains and densely populated wetlands, archaeology in western Mexico has been little studied. The Directorate of Archaeological Salvage (DSA) of National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) has initiated a study of two sites in Costa Canuva, at the southern part of Nayarit state: Becerros and Naranjos. Thirty charcoal and shell samples were radiocarbon (14C) dated to determine occupation history. A Bayesian approach was used to build a chronological modeling from charcoal samples. Charcoal and shell samples found in the same context allowed us to calculate the ΔR values of marine offset for this period. In general, the archaeological sites of this area are divided into three major periods: Formative, Classic, and Postclassic. The 14C dating of Becerros recovered materials provided a chronological framework for the site’s occupation, from cal AD 169–1025, corroborating the ceramic studies in the sense that human settlement activities date from the Formative (300 BC–AD 600) to the Early Postclassic (AD 900–1200). Naranjos started in the Classic period and reached its occupancy peak in the Late Classic. The site’s occupation may have persisted for at least two centuries after the conquest of the Altiplano in 1521. The comparison of charcoal dates and associated shell samples from the Naranjos Unit gave a probability distribution for ΔR, that ranged from 118.5 to 199.5 with a mean value of 159 ± 4, slightly higher than other values obtained at nearby sites.

Government Management for Sustainable Economic Development and Innovation

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze whether efficient and effective government management promotes sustainable economic growth and innovation. It seeks to understand how the income generated through GDP per capita is related to the effectiveness and efficiency with which the government of the State of Nayarit performs. Theoretical Framework: Effective and efficient government management, which uses innovative technologies to improve public administration, is the basis of the research. The relevance of economic diversification for resilience to external events is highlighted, based on the endogenous growth theory, which emphasizes the role of innovation and human capital in economic development. Transparency and citizen participation, which are fundamental for a modern and effective government, are promoted by open government innovation. Method: A non-experimental research of quantitative type was established, in which information was collected on the study variables (Hernández et al., 2014). Subsequently, a correlational type of research was conducted, considering four socioeconomic development indicators of the Mexican Institute for Competitiveness A.C. The research was conducted in Nayarit, Mexico, considering the periods from 2021 to 2023. Subsequently, Spearman's Rho correlation was performed because the Shapiro-Wilk normality test did not meet the normality assumption. Results and Discussion: The findings reveal important relationships and implications in the theory of efficient and effective government administration; first, it shows that improvements in tax collection efficiency are directly related to economic growth and diversification in Nayarit, Mexico. On the other hand, economic growth is driven by internal factors such as investment in human capital and innovation, further suggesting that greater economic complexity can lead to lower own revenues and ultimately to a lack of technological infrastructure or adequate public policies. Implications of the research: The practical and theoretical implications of this study highlight the importance of efficient and strategic government management, the need for economic diversification policies, and the re-evaluation of economic theory in specific contexts. The differences and limitations observed suggest areas for future research and improvements in data collection. Originality/Value: The present research contributes to the line of public administration and economic development, since the results found motivate the generation of sustainable growth and economic diversification policies. The above, adds to the content on state level income and GDP, in this particular case to the state of Nayarit, Mexico.

Explorando la genética de tres poblaciones de la raza Cerdo Pelón en México

The objective of this research was to carry out a molecular genetic characterization of three Hairless Pig (HP) breed populations located in México in the states of Nayarit, Oaxaca and Yucatán to identify variations, selection effects and population genetic relationships. From blood samples, a total of 163 animals from three populations of HP were successfully genotyped. Genotyped SNP data was employed to compute genetic diversity, population structure and landscape genetic analysis. The parameters of minor allele frequency (MAF), observed heterozygosity (Ho) and Wright’s fixation index (FIS) pointed out that the population of Nayarit is the one with the greatest genetic diversity (MAF: 0.362, Ho: 0.336, FIS: 0.061). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree analysis showed diversification among the three HP populations and pointed out a closer genetic relationship between the HP populations and the Iberian pig breed. The Admixture analysis showed as well common ancestry shared from commercial and Iberian breeds in the HP populations in different gradients. For the analysis of the relationships between geographic and genetic distances, Mantel test was computed and the results described a distribution pattern of the geographical locations along the genetic distances similar to the clustering pattern of the PCA and Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree analysis. The results obtained manage to present the HP poor conservation state and the need to stablish a genetic conservation program meaning an effort to prevent the loss of a significant cultural, natural and genetic resource. Keywords: genetic diversity, landscape genetics, native breeds, genetic resources.

Realidad aumentada en educación universitaria

This study presents the “Augmented Reality in University Education” project, whose objective was to develop and evaluate mobile applications with augmented reality (AR) to improve the learning of Information Technology students at the Technological University of Nayarit. The literature review offers a clear definition of AR and documents international research on its use in education, with a specific analysis in the state of Nayarit. The research methodology was of a mixed nature, with a quasi-experimental design, in the development of the applications the agile Scrum methodology was used, subsequently implementing an experimental evaluation phase to verify the functionality and effectiveness of the apps in the educational environment; Questionnaires, observations and interviews were used to collect data on usability, motivation and improvement in student learning. Three mobile applications were created for the Data Structure and Databases subjects. The results showed that the applications are functional and were valued by students in usability, motivation and usefulness as an educational complement. The conclusions highlight that the applications allow students to use interactive models to understand abstract concepts, which improves their learning experience.

Organizational diagnosis of commercial micro-enterprises in the northern region of the state of Nayarit.

Organizational diagnosis of commercial micro-enterprises in the northern region of the state of Nayarit.

Trypanosoma cruzi in Wild and Synanthropic Mammals in Two Regions of Mexico: A Fieldwork and Genetic Discrete Typing Unit Review.

Background: Marsupials and rodents are the most important wild and synanthropic hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi due to the high frequency of infection, maintenance of diverse genetic populations of the parasite, and their close proximity to interact with both transmission cycles, sylvatic and peridomestic. Our aim was to identify the discrete typing units (DTU) of T. cruzi from different wild and synanthropic hosts in two regions of Mexico and to carry out a review of historical data focusing on current knowledge on the diversity and T. cruzi DTUs of host species. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifteen samples were obtained from two areas in Tabasco and Nayarit state. The presence of T. cruzi was evaluated by PCR. Results: The 12.6% (12/95) of samples from Tabasco and 65% (13/20) from Nayarit were found to be positive for parasite DNA. All the sequences analyzed were grouped in T. cruzi DTU I; low nucleotide diversity was observed in Tabasco (π = 0.00566, and ϴ = 0.00632), while high genetic diversity was observed in Nayarit sequences, up to 8.63 (π) to 11.10 (ϴ) times greater than Tabasco sequences. Genetic flow and migration between Tabasco, and Nayarit were scarce (FST = 0.37329 and Nm = 0.42), and genetic exchange was observed only between nearby areas. The bibliographic review of hosts in Mexico, together with our data, shows a heterogeneous T. cruzi prevalence in Chiroptera and domestic animals. For Atelidae and Canids, prevalence is generally below 25%. However, a high prevalence, greater than 25% and up to 100%, was recorded in Didelphimorphia, and Rodentia. Few studies in regions of Mexico have been described as infected with the parasite; in these, the genetic group with the highest prevalence is the DTU I. Conclusion: Marsupials and rodents are important reservoirs of T. cruzi; DTU I was frequently reported; however, recent genetic and reservoir studies have demonstrated the presence of greater diversity of genetic groups.

Patógenos causantes de la pudrición de raíz en guanábana (Annona muricata L.), en Nayarit, México

In commercial soursop orchards in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, trees with apparent symptoms of root rot are observed, without the causal agent being known. Therefore, the objective of the research was to identify the fungi that cause soursop root rot. From January 2020 to January 2021, in orchards of Compostela and San Blas, Nayarit, from two trees with symptoms of possible root rot, root sections with rot were collected. Microorganisms associated with the disease were isolated and identified to carry out pathogenicity tests in one-year-old soursop trees. Fusarium falciforme and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were identified as root pathogens, both fungi are reported for the first time in this fruit tree and for Mexico.

Pineapple cultivation under tree canopies of ancestral agroforests in Mexico

Mexico’s contemporary cultivation of pineapple, the king of tropical fruits, depends on intensive monoculture which negatively impacts the environment and human health. This represents a regression in history, as pineapple was traditionally cultivated in agroforests, which preserve the structural characteristics and ecological processes and functions of natural ecosystems. Some of these agroforestry systems remain, having been conserved for centuries by Indigenous and mestizo communities, particularly in the states of Jalisco and Nayarit, showcasing the sustainability and resilience of agroforestry. Unlike modern monoculture, pineapple agroforests incorporate diverse plant species to improve biodiversity and reduce disease, integrating pineapple with various woody species native to the subdeciduous tropical forest. They also provide shade and preserve forest cover, and limit the use of machinery, maximising the use of traditional knowledge and local technologies. The resulting agroecosystems not only sustain pineapple production but also yield additional products such as fruits, coffee, wood and fodder, contributing to food sovereignty and self-sufficiency. Despite the benefits of pineapple agroforests, they remain largely unknown at national and international levels, highlighting a need for greater recognition and support. This requires more data on the costs of establishing pineapple agroforests, as the costs are currently unclear. To encourage policymakers to promote the conservation and maintenance of pineapple agroforests, the article provides insight into their ecological and cultural significance and emphasises the importance of valuing and preserving ancestral agroforestry practices.

Learning Climate in University Students of the Northern Academic Unit of the State of Nayarit

This article contemplates an investigation related to the learning climate of the students of the Bachelor's Degree in Accounting at the UANEN. For its development, a validated learning climate survey was used that contains 15 items that measure the autonomy that the teacher grants to the students. 50 surveys were administered randomly between the morning and semi-school shifts. The general results show that the students of the Northern Academic Unit of the State of Nayarit perceive that they are given autonomy during their teaching-learning process. After data analysis and concentration of information, the results were graphed and actions that benefit the Academic Unit and therefore further improve the learning climate are generally recommended

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on jackfruit with marketing simulation at 8°C

Jackfruit is a tropical fruit and competes with traditional crops such as mango, banana, and pineapple with regard to the quantity exported from the state of Nayarit, Mexico. Because jackfruit is a climacteric fruit with a high respiration rate and ethylene production, it has a limited market due to its short shelf life. The effect of the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) post-harvest to extend the shelf life of jackfruit was studied. Physiologically mature fruits were used and 1-MCP was applied at concentrations of 300, 600, and 1000 nL·L−1; control fruit without treatment was also evaluated. The fruits were stored for 5 days at 8°C and then were stored at 25°C to simulate the commercialization of the fruit. An absolute control group stored permanently at 25°C was used. The following analyses were carried out: physiologic and physicochemical factors, antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, total carotenoids, total soluble phenols, and sensory evaluation of the fruits when ripe. The climacteric peak for the absolute controls and fruit treated with 1-MCP (300, 600, and 1000 nL·L−1) occurred on days 3, 14, 17, and 17 respectively, prolonging the climacteric peak by an average of 13 days. The maximum rates of ethylene production were reported on days 3, 15, 17, and 17 in the same order, prolonging this by an average of 13 days. The treatment with 1-MCP (600 nL·L−1) extended the shelf life of jackfruit by 9 days compared with the absolute control, preserving the physicochemical, phytochemical, and sensory characteristics for up to 17 days of storage, confirming that the application of 1-MCP post-harvest is effective, providing the opportunity to increase the export destinations of Mexican jackfruit.
 Keywords: Jackfruit; 1-Methylcyclopropene; Marketing conditions; Physiologic and physicochemical parameters; Total soluble phenols; Antioxidant capacity

An overview of fungal taxonomic, functional, and genetic diversity in coastal and oceanic biomes in megadiverse Mexico

Abstract A comprehensive literature review of mycodiversity in sandy beaches and oceanic environments in Mexico is presented through the analysis of published works from 1949 to early 2023. In addition, four unexplored sandy beaches in the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California were sampled in order to fill knowledge gaps in terms of sampling biases. Marine fungi of Mexico were reported from water column, sediment, and debris samples collected in sandy beaches, open ocean, deep-sea plains, hydrothermal vents, and oxygen minimum zones in the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of California, and the Caribbean Sea. The taxonomic, functional, and genetic diversity, as well as distribution patterns and potential use of marine fungal genetic resources are discussed. A list of 126 species in 83 genera, 40 families, 25 orders, 12 classes, three phyla and one subphylum (excluding non-cultured taxa) of marine fungi is documented from Mexico. Lastly, we identified areas that would benefit from additional research, including the exploration of further deep-sea biomes in the Pacific Ocean, and coastal areas covering ecoregions in the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Michoacán, and Oaxaca.

Changes in the productivity of services granted by the open high school of the State of Nayarit derived from the pandemic

Changes in the productivity of services granted by the open high school of the State of Nayarit derived from the pandemic

ENSO Impact on Summer Precipitation and Moisture Fluxes over the Mexican Altiplano

In the warm season, El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes periods with more rain in Northern Mexico during its positive phase, while less rainfall is recorded in the southern regions during the negative phase. This research study evaluates the variability of summer (July–September) precipitation and moisture fluxes under different ENSO scenarios in the Mexican Altiplano and coast of the state of Nayarit. The catchment of Rio San Pedro-Mezquital (SPM-RB) connects both regions. Using the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), the years that signal change from El Niño to La Niña (1998), neutral conditions (2005), and strong (moderate) La Niña (1999) were selected to get an insight of ENSO impact on summer precipitation. For anomalies in the Altiplano, two additional contrasting years were analyzed—2006 (mostly dry) and 2010 (wet)—to determine moisture sources. Summer rainfall conditions in 1998 and 1999 had an opposite behavior between coastal Nayarit (wet) and the Altiplano (dry), while in 2005, rainfall deficits were observed in both regions. The moisture fluxes showed large divergence areas over central Mexico and the Southeastern United States in years of intense drought (1998 and 1999) caused by two high-pressure cells at middle levels of the troposphere (500 hPa). The moisture transport mechanisms into the Altiplano were related to atmospheric circulation at the upper level (200 hPa). The variations of the moisture fluxes from 2006 to 2010 are less strong at middle levels. The Eastern Pacific moisture convergence along the western coast of Mexico favors above-average rainfall anomalies in the coastal region but below-average anomalies in the Altiplano.

Identification and characterization of microsatellites in isolates of Peronospora tabacina collected in tobaccoproducing states of Mexico

Peronospora tabacina is considered the main limiting factor in tobacco production worldwide. In Mexico, information on the genetic diversity of this pathogen is scarce; therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate 12 microsatellites in 20 isolates collected in the states of Nayarit, Chiapas, and Veracruz. PCR amplification and sequencing of these microsatellites were performed; as well as the alignment and comparison of the sequences deposited in the GenBank database. A total of 19 isolates showed amplification for the 12 microsatellites evaluated, while in one of the isolates, the amplification of two microsatellites was not observed, it being possible to determine that P. tabacina isolates present in Nayarit, Chiapas, and Veracruz are genetically homogeneous. Regions of dinucleotides were observed, most corresponding to (GT)n repeat motifs or (TG)n variations, as well as (AC)n, (CA)n, (AT)n and (AG)n motifs. The isolates analyzed in this study can be considered products of clonal lines, therefore no genetic diversity was found in these isolates.

Genetic diversity of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus strains from the Central Pacific citrus region in Mexico

Huanglongbing (HLB) is associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). It is a destructive disease of citrus. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of 90 strains of CLas infecting eight citrus species trees from the Central Pacific in Mexico. Genetic diversity among CLas was estimated by fourteen variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTRs) loci. Three loci were polymorphic, SSR00 and SSR077 amplified four alleles each, while the locus SSR-A amplified two alleles, and the other loci only one allele per locus, resulting in a total of 21 alleles. Dendrogram analysis showed two clusters. No clear genetic structure was found in relation to geographical origin or host. The cluster I was mostly constituted by the majority of CLas strains (82%), but the cluster II comprised twelve strains of CLas collected in Tecoman location, State of Colima, and were obtained from different citrus hosts species. The frequency of 17 haplotypes among strains of CLas from the states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima and Michoacán was analyzed; in Colima 14 haplotypes were determinated, while in Michoacan all strains were identified in one haplotype. These results indicate a large genetic diversity among the strains of CLas present in the Central Pacific region in Mexico.

Utopía y realidad de turismo municipal en el estado de Nayarit

This research seeks to analyze what is the tourist reality of the state of Nayarit and of each of the municipalities that make it up and in turn wants to know if municipal tourism is practiced correctly in the state. The main objective is to know the current state of tourist activity in the most important municipalities of said state to develop municipal tourism. A detailed investigation was carried out where various sources of consultation were used as a methodology, in which the use of the platform of the Institute of transparency and access to public information of the state of Nayarit stands out, and in turn a questionnaire was applied to the municipal tourism addresses. of said place. The information was processed and as a result it was obtained that in the state of Nayarit, municipal tourism has only been developed on the southern coast of the state, this is due to the polarization of tourism by the government and investors who have only focused on develop the Riviera Nayarit brand mainly in the municipality of Bahía de Banderas and in turn leaving aside the other municipalities of the state. As main findings it is obtained that in the state of Nayarit municipal tourism is not practiced correctly since there is a municipal administration focused on an optimal issue for tourism development, nor a plan on real development and no coordination against the different directions of the city council, to achieve advances in the matter of tourism; and the various municipalities do not have the trained personnel to direct the tourism directorates since they have little knowledge in tourism to prepare a good municipal tourism development plan.

Análisis de varianza en modalidad hídrica para la producción de maíz grano en México: caso de Jalisco, Sinaloa y Nayarit

The cultivation and production of grain maize constitute an important opportunity to promote the socio-economic and agricultural development of the communities of Mexico. According to the National Agricultural Planning 2017-2030 related to corn grain proposed by the federal government through the Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development (SADER); pointed as a producing region with production potential to the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Jalisco. Grouped by the territorial structure that produces corn grain that predominates in this region. Same that contributed 35% of the national production of this grain in 2021. In order to find significant differences in the yield of corn in water modalities (irrigation and temporal), the analysis of variances for the proposed case of the states that make up the Western Territorial Region is addressed. With a temporality from 2008 to 2018. According to the analysis of variance of a ten-year cohort, it is concluded that in the Western Territory Region it was observed that the average yield of irrigated grain maize production is 1.6 times greater than that of temporary. In the case of Sinaloa, it corresponds to 5.7, in Jalisco to 1.3, and in Nayarit to 1.6 times greater than the irrigation than the storm. This corresponds to and justifies a policy that supports the optimal use of water resources, through irrigation channels or hunting that includes benefits for small producers and not only in agroextractivism.

Solar powered dryers in agricultural produce processing for sustainable rural development worldwide: A case study from Nayarit-Mexico

• Essential parameters of Sustainable Development Goal – 12 are introduced • A specific case study for farm production in Nayarit State, Mexico is presented • Prospects for solar powered solar drying is illustrated for sustainable development • Large-scale solar drying integrates recent innovations, applicable worldwide. Nayarit state on the Mexican Pacific Coast has a land area of 27,850 km 2 and a coastline of 290 km. The state represents 1.4% of the national territory, of which 438,400 hectares are currently dedicated for agricultural use. Nayarit is home to 1.23 million people, and produces tropical fruits such as mango, 316,750 metric tons and soursop 15,400 tons (May-July); pineapple, 34,250 tons (March-April); bananas 27,800 and jackfruit, 23,250 tons. Presently these add up to a total of 500,000 tons of yearly tropical fruit harvest amidst an increasing public awareness that these hold essential nutritional ingredients to help the population maintain its health and well-being. However, the water content in the produce of typically above 80% w/w, leads to bacterial and fungal activity. Consequently, a notable fraction of the produce perishes in a short period of time before they reach the consumer. Globally, such loss is 1.3 billion tons every year, as defined by the food loss index (FLI) and the food waste index (FWI). According to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-12 of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), both FLI and FWI should be reduced to one-half its current levels by the year 2030. To meet this goal, a significant fraction of the farm produce may be set apart for drying in solar powered dryers at the farm-site. With an aperture of 36 m 2 each, letting in UV filtered solar radiation and with an electric grid-integrated PV system, we estimate that 3500 of such dryers can produce nearly 480,000 kg of dried farm produce per day. This production represents 25% of the harvest, recovering also a significant amount of potable water released from the produce while drying. Thus, rural areas would produce dried farm products utilizing renewable energy; supply these worldwide, and benefit themselves from sustainable development.

Estadios fenológicos de crecimiento de árboles de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) utilizando la escala BBCH extendida

The soursop is a species of tropical fruit well accepted by consumers due to its creamy white pulp and excellent flavor. Currently, Mexico is the largest producer and consumer; however, the agronomic practices in use were established without a systematic knowledge of A. muricata L. phenology. The objective of this work then, was to conduct such a study in two of the main producing regions of Mexico: Tepic and Compostela (both in the state of Nayarit). For this, a total of 20 ungrafted trees were selected and their growth stages described using the extended BBCH-scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie). Overall, eight main phenological stages were identified over the course of a year. These were: the development of buds (stage 0), leaves (stage 1),and shoots (stage 3), the emergence of flowers (stage 5), flowering (stage 6), fruit development and maturity (stages 7-8), and senescence of branches (stage 9). In addition, 37 secondary growth stages were also described and quantified. The highest number of vegetative shoots occurred from March-July, 2017 and the biggest increase in floral structures from July–September, 2017. Fruit setting to physiological maturity took an average of 114 days in both Tepic and Compostela, with the most intense defoliation occurring in October, 2017 in the former (Tepic) and in December, 2016 in the latter (Compostela). Hopefully, improved agronomic practices will be established using this information, as well as suitable protocols for future physiological studies.

Comparative Study of Four Jackfruit Genotypes: Morphology, Physiology and Physicochemical Characterization

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a climacteric fruit native to India which, due to its edaphoclimatic adaptability, is also found in Mexico, the main exporter of the fruit in Latin America. Despite this, information on the characterization of jackfruit genotypes in Mexico is limited; therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out morphological, physiological, and physicochemical characterization of four jackfruit genotypes, locally known as “Agüitada”, “Licenciada”, “Rumina”, and “Virtud”, which are cultivated in Nayarit, Mexico. Morphological analyses revealed 17 traits with significant differences among the genotypes. The respiration rate showed the maximum production of CO2 in the “Agüitada” genotype, with 123.99 mL of CO2 kg−1·h−1 at day 2 of storage. The “Rumina” and “Licenciada” genotypes had yellow bulbs while “Agüitada” and “Virtud” had orange bulbs. A principal component analysis revealed different behaviors of the fruits throughout their storage. In general, a wide diversity was revealed among the jackfruit genotypes which are cultivated in the state of Nayarit, Mexico. This study may be useful for their future use in breeding programs.