State Of Learned Helplessness Research Articles

Ignorance is not bliss: A human-centered whole-of-enterprise approach to cybersecurity preparedness

The overwhelming nature of the cybersecurity challenge, further exacerbated by continuously growing attack surfaces and artificial intelligence-enabled attacks, often drives organizations into a state of learned helplessness when employees and their leaders realize that no amount of preparedness can guarantee immunity from cyber-attacks. This sense of inevitability demotivates organizational leadership from prioritizing cybersecurity readiness. Embracing the ‘ignorance is bliss’ mindset, very often, the message from the top is to do the bare minimum to achieve cybersecurity regulatory compliance. However, the consequences of not being willing to face the challenge head-on and going above and beyond the compliance checklist can be severe. In this paper, we shed light on a whole-of-enterprise approach that focuses on engaging and optimally utilizing the competencies of individual organizational members. This human factors-focused approach is based on the fundamental premise that cybersecurity readiness is everybody’s business, and organizations must find ways of galvanizing organization-wide support and commitment. Insights gained from in-depth interviews with business leaders and subject-matter experts reveal five characteristics of a human-centered whole-of-enterprise approach to cybersecurity preparedness: (1) Enlightened and engaged leadership; (2) Capitalizing on people’s best intentions and creativity; (3) Looking inwards before looking outwards; (4) Getting ownership, responsibility, and accountability right; and (5) Measuring the right thing, incentivizing the right behavior.

Social and Humanitarian Support for the Professional Development of an Employee of the Internal Affairs Bodies

The object of research in the article is the process of professional development of an employee of the internal affairs bodies in the system of higher professional education. The subject of the study is the social and humanitarian support of the process of professional development of an employee of the internal affairs bodies. Social and humanitarian support is understood as the process of creating psychological and pedagogical conditions for optimizing the interaction of psychological and pedagogical support for self-actualization of the student's personality as a necessary condition for an in-depth understanding of modern problems of social and humanitarian knowledge and the existential orientation of the teacher's personality. The axiological component of this interaction is the creation of specific situations in the educational activities of the future employee of the internal affairs bodies, which requires him to psychologically move away from the state of learned helplessness, imitation of the understanding of the lack of subjectivity. The novelty of the research lies in the combination of problem-based learning and the student's psychological preparedness for action in extreme situations. This combination is achieved by combining modern psychological knowledge and practices with the social construction of the reality of the educational environment. The interaction of educational psychologists, professional psychologists, consultants and teachers of social and humanitarian disciplines is based on a departure from the existing reality that deforms the personality of the educational environment of higher education institutions of the power profile. The main method here is a philosophical dialogue between the student, the teacher-psychologist and the teacher of social and humanitarian disciplines. The main goal of this dialogue is the creation of groups-meetings aimed at creating a facilitative (helping) environment for self-actualization of the student's self, as a necessary psychological and pedagogical component of his professional maturity.

Pedagogical resources for the formation of optimistic worldview among modern university students

The relevance of this article is determined by the need to develop motivation to work and acquisition of knowledge among students in the current conditions of simplification of the mechanism for selection of the applicants to academic programs. The object of this research is the process of increasing students' motivation to learning in higher education institutions. The subject is the correlation between the pedagogical appraisal and the level of learning motivation of students. The goal lies in assessment of motivational potential of possible remarks of the pedagogue addressed to the student. The norm of motivational potential is considered the correspondence with the parameters of optimistic worldview. The method of conformity assessment assumes compliance with the parameters of optimistic attribution of life events described in the works of M. Seligman (personalization parameters/locus of control, stability/constancy, and generalization). The novelty lies in application of the method of forecasting the impact of various pedagogical remarks on the psychological state od a student, taking into account the attribution parameters characteristic to state of learned helplessness. The obtained results demonstrate the most common remarks of the pedagogue strengthen the pessimistic style of explaining the success and failures of students, namely students in the state of learned helplessness, and entail the low level of motivation to learning.

Modeling the depressive-like state of learned helplessness in rats of different stocks

Modeling the depressive-like state of learned helplessness in rats of different stocks

Development of Personality with Learned Helplessness at Different Stages of Ontogenesis

Learned helplessness was discovered by American positivists in the 1970s. There are two approaches to learned helplessness: as a phenomenon (state) and as a process. Learned helplessness develops as a result of development deficiency or a severe impairment of one of the spheres of personality, e.g. emotions, motivation, will, or cognition. However, the ability to detect learned helplessness is not sufficient to provide timely and systemic psychological assistance. To determine the potential risk of development and aggravation of this state at different stages of ontogenetic development, i.e. as a process, is the main task of preventive diagnosis and systematic prevention of the state of learned helplessness. The research featured peculiarities of learned helplessness development at different stages of ontogenesis – from senior pre-school to adolescence. The research objective was to identify the markers of learned helplessness. Early detection made it possible to develop a special matrix of personality spheres vulnerability related to structural components of learned helplessness. The article illustrates the system of psychological assistance aimed at urgent (primary and secondary) prevention of the state of learned helplessness in children from senior pre-school age to adolescence.

Психолого-педагогические технологии работы с подростками по нивелированию проявлений выученной беспомощности

The article discusses the prerequisites for the emergence of learned helplessness in adolescents, offers psychological and pedagogical technologies for its study and prevention. Diagnostic and preventive programs are based on the selected components of learned helplessness: motivational, cognitive, and emotional. The article presents the materials of an empirical study obtained on a sample of teenagers in grades 5-6 in the number of 66 students who had a state of learned helplessness. The criteria and indicators for assigning children to a risk group based on the state of learned helplessness were marker words in the speech of a schoolchild. We used the author's questionnaire, the questionnaire “Motivation for success and fear of failure” by A.A. Rean, “Method of research of self-esteem and the level of claims” by Dembo-Rubinstein, the projective test “Nonexistent animal”, “Phillips school anxiety Test”, “Maddy's resilience Test” (adaptation by D.A. Leontiev), “Torrence creativity Test”. The study revealed the characteristics of adolescents with the phenomenon of “learned helplessness”. To overcome the conditions of learned helplessness in this category of students, the “Path to Success” program was developed and tested, recommendations were made to teachers on leveling the manifestations of learned helplessness in adolescents. To prevent and overcome the syndrome of learned helplessness, create emotional well-being of adolescents as targets of psychological influence, the formation of adequate self-esteem and the level of claims of adolescents, the development of an objective, adequate attitude to the results of their activities, orientation not to error, but to obtain new knowledge are identified.

Subjective Uncontrollability over Aversive Events Reduces Working Memory Performance and Related Large-Scale Network Interactions

Lack of control over significant events may induce a state of learned helplessness that is characterized by cognitive, motivational, and affective deficits. Although highly relevant in the pathogenesis of several mental disorders, the extent of the cognitive deficits induced by experiences of uncontrollability and the neural mechanisms underlying such deficits in humans remain poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested here whether uncontrollability over aversive events impairs subsequent working memory performance and, if so, which neural processes are involved in such deficits. We assessed working memory and the involved neurocircuitry in the MRI scanner before and after participants underwent a task in which they could either learn to avoid electric shocks or had no instrumental control over shocks. Our results show that subjective, but not objective, uncontrollability over aversive events impaired working memory performance. This impact of subjective uncontrollability was linked to altered prefrontal and parahippocampal activities and connectivity as well as decreased crosstalk between frontoparietal executive and salience networks. Our findings show that the perceived uncontrollability over aversive events, rather than the aversive events themselves or the actual, objective control over them, disrupts subsequent working memory processes, most likely through altered crosstalk between prefrontal, temporal, and parietal areas.

Serotonin and Dopamine in Biological Models of Depression

Depression in the biological models considered here can be split into two opposite patterns of changes in serotonin and dopamine levels, corresponding to passive and active stress response tactics [Selye, 1979] – ↑5HT, ↓DA and ↓5HT, ↑DA. Unavoidable pain stimulation, chronic moderate aversive stimulation, unavoidable social suppression, and learned helplessness in response to social defeats are characterized by the ↑5HT, ↓DA pattern. Aggressive behavior to an intruder, avoidance of an aggressive inhabitant, avoidance of pain stimulation, and injection of ketamine all activate the ↓5HT, ↑DA pattern. The physiological nucleus of learned helplessness and social avoidance may be the Pavlovian conditioned freezing reflex in response to a threat and the conditioned avoidance reaction, respectively. Further studies should address the following questions: how does neuron activity in the raphe nuclei change during forced swimming? Why does the increase in the serotonin level in response to antidepressants increase swimming while serotonin neurons are inhibited during swimming? Why is the increase in the serotonin level in the state of learned helplessness combined with suppression of active swimming?

Powtórna i wielokrotna wiktymizacja jako andragogiczny wymiar doświadczeń osobistych kobiet ofiar przemocy

The issue of violent experiences and actually the consequences of these events is discussed in different contexts. One of the most important issues is to indicate lifetime stock consequences of these experiences which can appear in women who have committed murder for a life partner, and revealing in the form of personality problems manifest themselves in the form of low self-esteem, guilt, anxiety, depression, suspicion, loss of hope, emotional numbness, a sense of stigma and problems in interactions with other people. Change of identity is usually accompanied by state of learned helplessness limiting the possibility of escaping from the traumatic relationship. The main objective of the study was to analyze the consequences of violence experienced by women, and in particular an indication of the specifics of the formation of the process of revictimization and multiple and the effects that this process produces in the course of their lives affecting the self-creation and definition of the identity of the victim. The study used the method of searching secondary sources. The process of victimization is initiated traumatic experiences usually to violent character. The study has been characterized have consequences that are involving the victims through the successive phases of the process and the revictimization of the original. They cause a deeper change of identity, which turn out to be, in most cases the changes irreversible. Victims are experiencing symptoms of the syndrome of learned helplessness syndrome whipped his wife, the effect of psychological traps or Stockholm syndrome. Have been described as defense mechanisms characteristic of the victims, which block the ability to defend against traumatic experiences. Often, the inevitable result is alternating identification, during which the victim comes to the role of the perpetrator.

Communication in the Chinese doctor–patient–family relationship: a qualitative study of expectations and experiences in a breast surgery setting

Abstract Background Problems facing the doctor-patient-family relationship in China, including violence against doctors, have received international attention. Possible reasons for tension in the medical relationship include systems-level challenges such as imbalances between provider and patient populations and a biased media. Yet limited empirical work has been done to examine how interpersonal dynamics, particularly communication, between patients, their family members, and providers contribute to satisfaction or tension. The aim of this study was to identify actionable communication factors contributing to tension in the Chinese doctor–patient–family relationship among breast surgeons, surgical patients, and their family members in an urban, tertiary-level teaching hospital in Hunan Province, China. Methods We conducted a qualitative study between June and August, 2015. We recruited a convenience sample of 29 participants, including 11 breast lumpectomy inpatients, nine corresponding family members, and nine breast surgeons. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted perioperatively in Mandarin and English, with patients and family members interviewed before and after surgery when possible. Interviews were transcribed and translated into English. Transcripts were coded and a thematic analysis was applied. Findings We identified three emergent themes. First, trust deteriorated before and during the health-care experience. Second, the health-care-seeking experience for patients and family members was marked by unmet expectations for achieving a basic understanding as well as powerlessness. Third, societal pressures on doctors contributed to a state of learned helplessness. Interpretation Our findings suggest that tension between doctors, patients, and family members is associated with both interpersonal and structural challenges, with communication having an important role. Reforms at all levels are needed to promote empowerment by providing a more patient-centred experience for patients and family members while ensuring the wellbeing and security of providers. Funding Downs International Health Student Travel Fellowship, Yale School of Public Health; Office of Student Research, Yale School of Medicine.

Inescapable Stress Changes Walking Behavior in Flies - Learned Helplessness Revisited.

Like other animals flies develop a state of learned helplessness in response to unescapable aversive events. To show this, two flies, one 'master', one 'yoked', are each confined to a dark, small chamber and exposed to the same sequence of mild electric shocks. Both receive these shocks when the master fly stops walking for more than a second. Behavior in the two animals is differently affected by the shocks. Yoked flies are transiently impaired in place learning and take longer than master flies to exit from the chamber towards light. After the treatment they walk more slowly and take fewer and shorter walking bouts. The low activity is attributed to the fly's experience that its escape response, an innate behavior to terminate the electric shocks, does not help anymore. Earlier studies using heat pulses instead of electric shocks had shown similar effects. This parallel supports the interpretation that it is the uncontrollability that induces the state.

Learned Helplessness in Public Administration: The Case of San Diego City

Learned helplessness is a psychological and cognitive process and state of mind when an individual remains unresponsive to new stimuli because of past experiences of (perceived) failure, which prevent subsequent learning. The state of learned helplessness could have an adverse effect on the employee productivity and could hinder adequately utilizing the human resources that are so critical to entities. It is shown that learned helplessness lies behind many problems such as unwillingness to work and perform operations or tasks as a matter of form; inability to engage in new and innovative thinking and practices; and incapability to go beyond routine works and operation. The objective of the present study is to identify factors that lead to learned helplessness among public sector employees. Specifically this article examines the relationship between the San Diego Municipal employees’ seniority level, position and demographic characteristics and their levels of learned helplessness. The survey results indicate that learned helplessness is correlated with the position, seniority, education and age of public sector employees; however gender was not correlated with helplessness. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2p151

Behavioural and physiological responses of captive wombats ( Lasiorhinus latifrons) to regular handling by humans

The response of animals to handling by humans has been extensively evaluated in domesticated livestock, but rarely examined in wildlife species. Twelve captive wombats ( Lasiorhinus latifrons) were subjected to two treatments in a replicated design: (1) daily handling, involving 15 min of tactile contact 5 d/wk for 12 wk and (2) no-handling, involving no contact apart from that received during routine husbandry. The effect of handling was assessed via overt responses to human approach and touch, a stressor, and a novel stimulus. Daily handling reduced the wombat's flight distance in response to human approach; more in the first handling replicate (−0.16 ± 0.02 m/wk) than in the second (−0.06 ± 0.02 m/wk). A behavioural reactivity score also declined faster in the first than second handling replicate. Synthetic ACTH was used to validate the measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites in L. latifrons by EIA. Faecal cortisol metabolite secretion consistently increased in reaction to a handling procedure involving forced human contact (indicating a lack of habituation) but the magnitude of this response was not reduced by regular handling. Regular handling therefore changed the human–wombat relationship by lowering reactivity to and avoidance of the human handler, but did reduce the stress response, suggesting that the wombats entered into a state of learned helplessness.

Chronic Pain is a Chronic Condition, Not Just a Symptom

Presented at the Kaiser Permanente Primary Care 2005 conference, Maui, Hawaii, March 20–25, 2005, as Whitten C, Evans C. Chronic pain management in primary care. Conservative estimates indicate that 60 million Americans suffer from some type of persistent or recurrent pain sufficient to significantly affect their lives.1 The Kaiser Permanente (KP) member population includes many patients with chronic pain, and this cohort is generally characterized by a high level of utilizing medical services. Compared with other conditions addressed by the Care Management Institute (CMI), chronic pain more adversely affects quality of life, functional status, and productivity.1 Recent measurement of the KP chronic pain cohort2 by CMI showed chronic pain in 5.1% of adult KP members. This incidence can be compared with the incidence of other conditions diagnosed in the KP population: diabetes, in 7.7% of the population; depression, in 6.5%; coronary artery disease, in 3.2%; persistent asthma, in 2.0%; and heart failure, in 1.6%. According to the recent CMI Annual Population Care Management Report,3 about a third of patients with moderate to severe impairment from a chronic condition would benefit from care management, and another third would benefit from case management (Figure 1). About 50% of these impaired patients require only support for self-care. As Figure 1 shows, patients who are moderately to severely impaired by chronic pain often demonstrate poor pain control, clinically significant deconditioning and physical impairment, and often a lack of coping skills. A state of learned helplessness may develop and substantially alter a person's lifestyle. Figure 1 Illustration shows levels of care needed by patients impaired by chronic medical conditions. Percentages indicate proportion of patients with indicated level of need and are taken from the 2002 Annual Population Care Management Report3 of the Kaiser Permanente ... The population with chronic pain has a high incidence of comorbid conditions. For example, 27.7% of members with chronic pain also had documented depression during 2000, whereas 6.5% of all adult members had depression. Compared with utilization by nonafflicted KP members, utilization of resources by KP members with chronic pain is much higher. For example, this utilization2 is 3.7 times higher than the HEDIS inpatient admission benchmark is 2.7 times higher than the HEDIS emergency visit benchmark includes four times more outpatient visits produces pharmacy costs that are 3.5 times higher. Chronic pain is a chronic condition with its own pathological changes, its own set of clinical and behavioral characteristics, and its own subset of effective approaches to treatment regardless of etiology. To promote healing, we teach acutely injured patients to rest passively and to focus on their pain as a gauge of when to become more active. However, treating chronic pain in the same way you treat acute pain is a prescription for failure. Ironically, the patient with chronic pain should not focus on pain but instead should focus on adequate pain control to allow improved functioning and independence. Care plans should aim to simplify medication regimens, decrease pain-related behavior, increase patient and family coping skills, improve sleep, restore daily activities (such as household chores and social engagements), and resume vocational activity. Use of a multimodal approach has proven highly effective in both the KP Northern California Regional programs4 and the KP Northwest Region's Vohs Award-winning program.5 Help your patients with chronic pain to return to improved function and independence by following four basic principles of pain management. These principles include good communication between patient and clinician support for the active role of the patient in treatment optimal medication management use of a multimodal approach (Figure 2).6 Figure 2 Multimodal model of care for the whole patient shows modalities that should be included in a coordinated, multimodal, multidisciplinary treatment plan. Self care by the patient is central to the success of this—or any—treatment plan. However, the degree of appropriate intervention in each category varies with acuity. The KP CMI Chronic Pain Workgroup developed evidence-based guidelines, models of care, and tools for use by clinicians and members to help primary care practitioners to effectively manage chronic pain in their patients. These tools can be found online at http://cl.kp.org/pkc/national/cmi/programs/chronicpain. The earlier you identify and treat a higher-risk patient, the more likely you will be to prevent development of pathologic changes, and the better the clinical outcome will be.

After intensive care--what then?

The total dependence that, from necessity, must be the lot of an intensive care patient can lead to a state of learned helplessness as they recover. In addition, the physical frailty of these patients further confounds their first attempts at independence. It is at this stage that patients need clear information about the road ahead and in a form that they can refer back to as needed when they are discharged to the general wards and then home. As many intensive care patients have little or no memory of the intensive care unit (ICU) afterwards and only gradually come to understand how ill they have been, the provision of an information booklet on discharge to the general wards seemed likely to be the most sensible approach. The booklet addresses topics such as transfer to the wards and possible problems patient might face during their convalescence. In addition common sense advice is offered to help patients regain their independence and control of their own health. The information is presented in a clear concise way and the booklet is liberally illustrated with cartoons. Relatives are encouraged to read the booklet as well and provisional results have shown it to be well received by both patients and relatives.

Bright light blocks the capacity of inescapable swim stress to supersensitize a central muscarinic mechanism

Clinical and basic researchers have proposed that muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms mediate some effects of chronic stress. Chronic inescapable (forced) swim stress depletes brain biogenic amines and is used to produce learned helplessness in rats. Behavioral and biochemical characteristics of animals in the state of learned helplessness lead some investigators to believe this condition provides a useful animal model of depression. Inescapable swim stress also produces supersensitivity to the hypothermic effect of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine in the rat. The authors previously demonstrated that bright light potently induces subsensitivity of a central muscarinic mechanism involved in the regulation of core temperature under a variety of circumstances. They now report using a repeated measures design that inescapable swim stress of five days duration produces supersensitivity to oxotremorine (increase in thermic response of 405%). This supersensitivity is reversed within five days by treatment with bright light, despite continuation of daily swim stress. Daily inescapable swim stress was continued beyond cessation of treatment with bright light. Five days later, supersensitivity to the hypothermic effect of oxotremorine was once again evident.

Perception of contingency and mental retardation.

It is argued that the general learning difficulties exhibited by mentally retarded persons are similar in many respects to the learning difficulties of nonretarded persons who are in a state of learned helplessness (Seligman, 1975) or who are external in locus of control orientation. It is suggested that studies of locus of control and learned helplessness as theoretical constructs both directly concern the perceiving of relationships between behavior and outcomes, and that a systematic investigation of perception of contingency might increase our understanding of some of the learning difficulties of mentally retarded persons. An overview is given of the results of the few studies that have addressed perception of contingency and mental retardation, and suggestions for future research are offered.

The Behavior of Communicating: An Analysis of the 22 kHz Call of Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

synposis. The 22 kHz vocalization of male rats (R. norvegicus) occurs in a wide variety of social contexts. It is, for example, emitted during sexual and aggressive encounters. In this article, we put forth the idea that although the specific meaning ofthe signal varies from one social situation to another, the message is similar?the animal is in a refractory, withdrawn, or helpless state. To demonstrate that the signal produced in one behavioral context could function appropriately in another, we showed that a male rat, emitting the 22 kHz call because of just having copulated, is treated by an aggressive male as if he were submissive. To highlight the communality between the refractory states ofthe vocalizing animal in various social contexts, we demonstrated that a postejaculatory male (during the time that he would be calling) behaves in a fashion similar to that of an animal that is in a state of learned helplessness.