Johor Research Articles

Ratib al-Attas Menurut Perspektif al-Quran dan Hadis

This article aims to evaluate the source of 17 dhikr in Ratib al-Άttas based on Quran, Hadith and scholar views on the meaning and purpose of dhikr. Applications Ratib al-Attas ceremony was conducted over 90 years ago in the state of Johor. In addition, the application Ratib al-Άttas assessment and justification is given from the perspective of Islamic practices. The method used is by clarifying the position of remembrance 17 Ratib al-Άttas more reliable by practitioners; avoid confusion and misunderstanding of the doctrine of Ratib al-Attas. The results showed that all 17 dhikr Ratib al-Άttas and the practice carried out are consistent with the arguments of al-Quran and Hadith. Based on this finding several suggestions is made to encourage the expend development of dhikr al-Άttas Ratib practice among the Muslim community in Malaysia.

A community-based prospective cohort study of dengue viral infection in Malaysia: the study protocol.

BackgroundGlobally, dengue infections constitute a significant public health burden. In recent decades, Malaysia has become a dengue hyper-endemic country with the co-circulation of the four dengue virus serotypes. The cyclical dominance of sub-types contributes to a pattern of major outbreaks. The consequences can be observed in the rising incidence of reported dengue cases and dengue related deaths. Understanding the complex interaction of the dengue virus, its human hosts and the mosquito vectors at the community level may help develop strategies for addressing the problem.MethodsA prospective cohort study will be conducted in Segamat district of Johor State in Peninsular Malaysia. Researchers received approval from the Malaysian Medical Research Ethics Committee and Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee. The study will be conducted at a Malaysian based health and demographic surveillance site over a 1 year period in three different settings (urban, semi-urban and rural). The study will recruit healthy adults (male and female) aged 18 years and over, from three ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian). The sample size calculated using the Fleiss method with continuity correction is 333. Sero-surveillance of participants will be undertaken to identify asymptomatic, otherwise healthy cases; cases with dengue fever who are managed as out-patients; and cases with dengue fever admitted to a hospital. A genetic analysis of the participants will be undertaken to determine whether there is a relationship between genetic predisposition and disease severity. A detailed medical history, past history of dengue infection, vaccination history against other flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis and Yellow fever, and the family history of dengue infection will also be collected. In addition, a mosquito surveillance will be carried out simultaneously in recruitment areas to determine the molecular taxonomy of circulating vectors.DiscussionThe research findings will estimate the burden of asymptomatic and symptomatic dengue at the community level. It will also examine the relationship between virus serotypes and host genotypes, and the association of the clinical manifestation of the early phase with the entire course of illness.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0172-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Observation of pH Value in Electrokinetic Remediation using various electrolyte (MgSO4, KH2PO4 and Na(NO3)) for Barren Acidic Soil at Ayer Hitam, Johor, Malaysia

Barren acidic soil collected at Ayer Hitam, Johor Malaysia was recorded at pH value of 2.36 with relative humidity of 86%. This pH value is not suitable for the growth of any plants especially for the soil stabilization purposes. Gradation weathering within the range of 4 to 6 indicates an incomplete/partial weathering process. The soil grade in this range is known as a black shale mudstone. Beside, this also influences to a factor of the high surface water runoff at this particular soil species. As the acidic pH become a major problem for soil fertilizing hence an appropriate technique was implemented known as using ‘Electrokinetic Remediation’, EKR. This technique has a great potential in changing the soil pH value from acidic to less acidic and also kept maintain the pH at the saturated rate of electrochemical process. This research study presents the monitoring data of pH value due to the effect of various electrolyte consist of 0.5M of MgSO4, KH2PO4, and Na(NO3). Here, the distilled water (DW) was used as reference solution. The electric field was provided by dipping two pieces of identical rectangular aluminum foil as anode and cathode. The EKR was conducted under a constant voltage gradient of 50 V/m across the sample bulk at 0.14 m length measured between both electrodes. The data collection was conducted during the total period of 7 days surveillance. The variation of pH values at the remediation area between anode and cathode for various type of electrolyte indicates that there are a significant saturated value as it reaches 7 days of treatment. During the analysis, it is found that the highest pH value at the remediation area after 7 days treatment using Na(NO3), KH2PO4 and MgSO4 was 3.93, 3.33 and 3.39 respectively. Hence from the last stage of pH value observation, it can be conclude that the best electrolyte for barren soil treatment is Na(NO3) whereby it contribute to highest pH value and turn the soil to be less acidic.

Spatial Analysis in Determination Of Flood Prone Areas Using Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process at Sungai Sembrong's Catchment

Floods that struck Johor state in 2006 and 2007 and the East Coastal in 2014 have triggered a greatly impact to the flood management here in Malaysia. Accordingly, this study conducted to determine potential areas of flooding, especially in Batu Pahat district since it faces terrifying experienced with heavy flood. This objective is archived by using the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) on study area of flood risk location at the watershed area of Sungai Sembrong. GIS functions as spatial analysis is capable to produce new information based on analysis of data stored in the system. Meanwhile the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as a method for setting up in decision making concerning the existing data. By using AHP method, preparation and position of the criteria and parameters required in GIS are neater and easier to analyze. Through this study, a flood prone area in the watershed of Sungai Sembrong was identified with the help of GIS and AHP. Analysis was conducted to test two different cell sizes, which are 30 and 5. The analysis of flood prone areas were tested on both cell sizes with two different water levels and the results of the analysis were displayed by GIS. Therefore, the use of AHP and GIS are effective and able to determine the potential flood plain areas in the watershed area of Sungai Sembrong.

Pediatric cardiothoracic program in Malaysia: a study based on the outcome of the program.

Vulnerable communities in Malaysia have been facing issues of accessibility and availability for pediatric cardiac services for years due to long waiting times, high costs and a lack of pediatric cardiothoracic surgeons. To ease this situation, the government has allocated a certain amount of funds, introduced through the Pediatric Cardiothoracic Program (PCP), in which the patients are transported to the Narayana Health Institute of Cardiac Science (NH) in India to receive a heart operation following an eligibility check at MediAssist4U Sdn Bhd in Selangor, Malaysia, a facility appointed by the NH. This study aimed to determine the demographic incidence of congenital heart diseases of patients in this program and to evaluate the outcome of the program in association with post-operative mortality rate and the beneficial factors of the program. In this study, 241 patients who participated in this program from August 2008 to September 2012 were reviewed. Fisher's exact tests were applied to calculate p-values of categorical data. Out of 241, 11 patients were rejected because of their poor health condition for flight transportation to India, leaving 230 patients for analysis. The majority of patients were 1 to 4 years of age (57.8%), Malays (61.7%), from families of monthly household income less than RM 1,500 (86.5%) and with primary school-educated parents (86.5%). Patients could apply from any government hospital in Malaysia, but 34.8% of the patients were from the state of Johor. The region (Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia) of patients seeking pediatric cardiac services was significantly associated with race (p<0.001), low household income (p<0.001) and low education background of parents (p=0.004). The associations between the age group and diagnosis group (p=0.010) and between duration of hospitalization and outcome of medical management (p=0.013) were significant. Post-operative mortality rate was 1.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.5-4.4). In conclusion, the patients and the government were considered to have benefited from the PCP.

Sifat Keperibadian Guru Pendidikan Islam (GPI) Terhadap Rakan Setugas Dan Pihak Atasan Di Sekolah: Satu Kajian Kes

This article discussed the Personality Traits of Islamic Education teacher (GPI) towards fellow colleagues and school top management. This study involved several secondary schools in the State of Johor. Interviews, observations, and analysis of documents were used as a data collector instruments. All data were then arranged by using N'Vivo software version 7.0 in order to produce themes, sub-themes and schedule matrix associated with the GPI personality traits towards fellow colleagues and top management. Results of the study indicated twenty one (21) traits that can be established as a pattern and they are committed; compliance; positive thinking; well mannered; respectful; easy going; concerned; have elements of humor; responsible; a role model; sensitive; understanding; tolerance; friendly; diligent; cooperative; approachable; as a point of reference; and unprejudiced. While the other nine (9) traits cannot be established a pattern. Therefore, this study has produced a commendable Personality Traits of Islamic Education teacher (GPI) with Fellow Colleagues and School Top Management Model.Keywords: Personality Traits, Islamic Education teacher, Model of Islamic Education Teacher personality against fellow colleagues and top management.

The evolution of the electronics industry in Johor (Malaysia): Strategic coupling, adaptiveness, adaptation, and the role of agency

Bringing together concepts from the global production networks and evolutionary economic geography literature, this article empirically examines the trajectory of the electrical and electronics industry in Johor (Malaysia). Based on trends in firm entries and exit as well as interviews with companies, we find limited robustness in the industry’s trajectory. While there is evidence of the role of ‘structure’ in this outcome, we argue that human agency – particularly the actions of subnational policy-makers – is key. This is manifest in a preference for fostering regional ‘adaptiveness’ through the often uncritical promotion of a diversity of economic sectors. This compromises the meaningful pursuit of regional ‘adaptation’ in the form of new and more complex branches emerging from existing industries. This arrested development, in turn, hinders an effective strategic coupling between the regional economy and multinational corporations, thus undermining regional resilience.

New Candidates for Plant-Based Repellents Against Aedes aegypti.

Based on an ethnobotanical study on use for plant species against mosquito bites in the Kota Tinggi District, Johor State, Malaysia, 3 plants selected for study, Citrus aurantifolia (leaves), Citrus grandis (fruit peel), and Alpinia galanga (rhizome), were extracted using hydrodistillation to produce essential oils. These essential oils were then formulated as a lotion using a microencapsulation process and then tested for their repellent effect against Aedes aegypti. N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) was also prepared in the same formulation and tested for repellency as controls. Four commercial plant-based repellent (KAPS(®), MozAway(®), BioZ Natural(®), and Mosiquard(®)) also were incorporated in the bioassay for comparison purposes. Bioassays revealed that at 20% concentration all repellent formulations demonstrated complete protection for 2 h and >90% for 4 h post-application. The A. galanga-based formulation provided the greatest level of protection (98.91%), which extended for 4 h post-application and was not significantly different from deet at similar concentration. When compared with commercial plant-based repellents (KAPS(®), MozAway(®), and BioZ Natural(®)), the 3 lotion formulations showed significantly better protection against Ae. aegypti bites, providing >90% protection for 4 h. In conclusion, our 3 plant-based lotion formulations provided acceptable levels of protection against host-seeking Ae. aegypti and should be developed.

Quantifying rate of deforestation and CO2 emission in Peninsular Malaysia using Palsar imageries

Increasing human population and the rapid growth of Malaysia's economy are often associated with various environmental disturbances which have been contributing to depletion of natural resources and climate change. The need for more spaces for numerous land development activities has made the existing forests suffer deforestation. The study was carried out in Peninsular Malaysia, which currently has about 5.9 million ha of forests. Phased array type L-band SAR (Palsar) and Palsar-2 images over the years 2010 and 2015, respectively were used to identify forest cover and deforestation occurrences resulted from various conversion of forests to other land uses. Forests have been identified from horizontal-vertical (HV) polarization and then classified into three major categories, which are inland, peat swamp and mangrove. Pixel subtraction technique was used to determine areas that have been changing from forests to other land uses. Forest areas have been found declined from about 6.1 million ha in year 2010 to some 5.9 million ha in 2015 due to conversion of forests to other land uses. Causes of deforestation have been identified and the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that has been emitted due to the deforestation activity has been determined in this study. Oil palm and rubber plantations expansion has been found the most prominent factor that caused deforestation in Peninsular Malaysia, especially in the states of Pahang, Terengganu, Johor and Kelantan. The rate of deforestation in the period was at 0.66% yr-1, which amounted a total of about 200,225 ha over the five years. Carbon loss was estimated at about 30.2 million Mg C, which has resulted in CO2 emission accounted at about 110.6 million Mg CO2. The rate of CO2 emission that has been resulted from deforestation was estimated at 22.1 million Mg CO2 yr-1. The study found that the use of a series of Palsar and Palsar-2 images, with a consistent, cloud-free images, are the most appropriate sensors to be used for monitoring of deforestation over the Peninsular Malaysia region.

An optimized ANN model based on genetic algorithm for predicting ripping production

Due to the environmental constraints and the limitations on blasting, ripping as a ground loosening and breaking method has become more popular in both mining and civil engineering applications. As a result, a more applicable rippability model is required to predict ripping production (Q) before conducting such tests. In this research, a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) optimized by artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict ripping production results obtained from three sites in Johor state, Malaysia. It should be noted that the mentioned hybrid model was first time applied in this field. In this regard, 74 ripping tests were investigated in the studied areas and the relevant parameters were also measured. A series of GA–ANN models were conducted in order to propose a hybrid model with a higher accuracy level. To demonstrate the performance capacity of the hybrid GA–ANN model, a pre-developed ANN model was also proposed and results of predictive models were compared using several performance indices. The results revealed higher accuracy of the proposed hybrid GA–ANN model in estimating Q compared to ANN technique. As an example, root-mean-square error values of 0.092 and 0.131 for testing datasets of GA–ANN and ANN techniques, respectively, express the superiority of the newly developed model in predicting ripping production.

Statistical analysis of electric field parameters for negative lightning in Malaysia

This paper presents a comparative study on the electric field and its derivative parameters of negative lightning in Malaysia and other regions. This study is the first in Malaysia where the parameters of negative electric field and its derivative are thoroughly analyzed. 104 negative lightning flashes containing 277 negative return strokes occurring within 10–100km from the measuring station and recorded during monsoon period in the state of Johor, Malaysia had been analyzed. It was found that 73% of the recorded flashes are multiple strokes with an average multiplicity of 2.6 strokes per flash. For first return strokes, the arithmetic mean (AM) of initial peak electric field and the AM of initial peak electric field derivative are 21.8V/m and 11.3V/m/µs, respectively. The initial peaks of electric field and its derivative for first return strokes are larger than those for the subsequent return strokes. Comparison of overall results with those obtained earlier in Sri Lanka, Germany, Sweden, Japan, Florida indicates that several electric field and its derivative parameters are affected by propagation media and geographical region. Similarity of results with other countries having the same climatic condition is also observed.

Determination of minimum inter‐event time for storm characterisation in Johor, Malaysia

Rainfall events are important in the analysis and design of hydraulic structures. To obtain valid statistical results, choosing an accurate minimum inter‐event time (MIT) value is very important. However, an independent event is difficult to identify. The determination of MIT was done using two approaches; the first used an autocorrelation analysis, and the second examined the relationship between the estimated MIT and the observed average annual number of rainfall events. An autocorrelation analysis was performed by determining the lag time when an autocorrelation coefficient is sufficiently close to zero, and the examination approach was done by observing the time when further increase in MIT does not result in significant changes in the number of events observed. The analysis used hourly rainfall data from 15 stations in the state of Johor, Malaysia from the years 2007 to 2011. Both methods produced an MIT value of 8 h. The characteristics of each storm, that is, depth, duration and intensity, were determined and fitted into various distribution models. Rainfall depth, duration and intensity are best fitted by the lognormal distribution using Anderson Darling, whereas gamma is the best distribution for rainfall duration and intensity, and Weibull distribution is the best for rainfall depth based on the Akaike Information Criterion.

Relation between the Ottoman Empire and the Johor Sultanate: Perception and Influence

The relationship between the Malay World and the Middle East, including Ottoman Empire is a very interesting subject to discuss. The said region became an attention to the Malay society to gain education and knowledge as well as claiming experience in reform movement and the expansion of politics. This paper work will discuss the relationship between Ottoman Empire and Johor Sultanate. As the last empire that accepts the British Resident, Johor Sultanate had been seen as the Malay Empire that has the strength of its own especially during the Sultan Abu Bakar’s reign. The relationship between Ottoman Empire and Johor Sultanate starts during Sultan Abu Bakar’s reign when he visited Istanbul on his way to visit Europe. As the result of the connection between these two empires, it can be seen that Ottoman Empire were given respect as they were the capital of an Islamic empire. The thought flourish and became an influence to the community of Malay of Johor and can be identified through the poems such as ‘Syair Sultan Abu Bakar’ and ‘Syair Almarhum Baginda Sultan Abu Bakar in Johor State’ as well as the introduction to Majalah Ahkam Johore. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2s1p405

Patient satisfaction and medication adherence assessment amongst patients at the diabetes medication therapy adherence clinic

AimsTo determine the satisfaction and current adherence status of patients with diabetes mellitus at the diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic and the relationship between patient satisfaction and adherence. MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at three government hospitals in the state of Johor, Malaysia. Patient's satisfaction was measured using the Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Care Questionnaire; medication adherence was measured using the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. ResultsOf n=165 patients, 87.0% of patients were satisfied with DMTAC service (score 60–100) with mean scores of 76.8. On the basis of MMAS, 29.1% had a medium rate and 26.1% had a high rate of adherence. Females are 3.02 times more satisfied with the pharmaceutical service compared to males (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.12–8.24, p<0.05) and non-Malays are less satisfied with pharmaceutical care provided during DMTAC compared to Malays (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12–0.85, p<0.05). Older patients age group ≥60 years were 3.29 times more likely to adhere to their medications (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.10–9.86, p<0.05). Females were the most adherent compared to males (OR 2.33, 95%CI 1.10–4.93, p<0.05) and patients with secondary level of education were 2.72 times more adherent to their medications compared to those in primary school and no formal education (OR 2.72, 95%CI 1.13–6.55, p<0.05). There is a significant (p<0.01), positive fair correlation (r=0.377) between satisfaction and adherence. ConclusionPatients were highly satisfied with DMTAC service, while their adherence levels were low. There is an association between patient satisfaction and adherence.

Export Promotion, Sales and Profits: A Structural Equation Modelling

Export promotion can be a differentiator for sales and profits. More research works are needed to explicitly delve into developing concrete models and multi-dimensional scales to strengthen the theoretical foundations for measuring export performance. This study uses SEM to model on export promotion, firm's quality reputation, product and service quality for generating sales with profit. The respondents were the Johor State manufacturing exporters selected from the Federation of Malaysia Manufacturers Directory based on Krejcie and Morgan sampling plan. Respondents answered a self-administered survey questionnaire. Results indicated that the observable variable of export promotion comprises of management of sales promotion activities, selecting and participating in relevant trade fairs, preparation of product literature, and evaluating channel performance. The latent variables that have loaded highly into enhancing firm's quality are improving products, providing better service quality and gaining reputation. The latent variables of sales performance that loaded in the observable measure of export sales are export sales efficiency and export sales growth. Profits measure was found to comprise of export profitability and profit margin. Structural equation modelling of good fitting has shown that export promotion enhances firm's quality and will lead to higher sales with profits. Future research and practical implications are reported. Keyword : export, export promotion, products, service quality, export performance

Types of Deviant Behavior among Football Fans in Malaysia

Many research has been carry out about football hooliganism or deviant behaviour among football fans especially in western country. The issue has been discussed since 1980s but until now, there is still existing of misbehaviour (deviant) among football fans around the world. But in Malaysia, there are no research has been done to explain about deviant behaviour among football fans. Football fans in Malaysia also facing misbehaviour such as deviant while watching live at the stadium, the numbers of incidents of deviant behaviour among football fans increase day by day. Therefore, this research has been carrying out to have an academic explanation why the fans behave like that and what type of deviant behaviour normally occur. Numbers of 600 football fans from state of Kelantan, Perak, Selangor and Johor were chosen to be respondents. Respondents around age 18-50 years old were involved within this study. The data showed that the respondents involved with verbal and physical behaviour while watching football at the stadium. A total of 77.8% of respondents said they were talking bad about the opponent team and their fans (trying to provoke the opponent fans). Throwing the objects such as rocks, firecrackers, flares and bottles always happens at the stadium. The throwing incidents happen usually because of dissatisfaction toward referee decisions. Besides that, the respondents also involved with fighting against opponents fans (36.7 %). All the behaviours either verbal’s or physicals were not happen if these fans have a spirit of sportsmanship and learn to be a professional fans. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n1s1p59

Eradicating Squatters through Resettlement Programme: A Conceptual Paper

The existence of had caused many issues including poverty, increasing social problems, drug addiction, criminal and low education level. Sadly, the State of Johor is still among a few other states in Peninsular Malaysia with the highest numbers of squatter families. These squatter settlements are not only inhabited by the local people, but consist of foreigners too. The environmental condition is not fitting, with poor sewage system and unplanned housing construction. Consequently, these issues had caused bad images and perception to the general public, as well as to the tourists. In Malaysia, Resettlement Programme is one of the most significant mechanisms in tackling squatters settlements issue. Hence, the Johor State Government had taken various approaches in trying to eradicate the squatter settlements by relocating them to new locations with planned and better housing. This conceptual paper aims to examine the current literature and assess previous similar study in order to establish an understanding of the crucial provision of resettlement area in trying to eliminate squatters. It employs a qualitative design through assessment related literature and studies. The results confirmed for a further review of resettlement program. Findings from this study further suggest a comprehensive study of the issues revealed.

PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF SUBURBAN LOCAL YOUTH TOWARDS CAREER IN OIL PALM PLANTATION

The rapid expansion of oil palm plantation in Malaysia in 1990, 2.03 million hectares to 5.39 million hectares in 2014 (Malaysia Palm Oil Board 2015) caused required high labour intensive in this sector. More than 78 % of labor (Azman 2014) in this sectors mainly came from Indonesia, Bangladesh and Philippines. Malaysia has become the main attention for the foreign labours to work in this country due to the wages more competitive and generative working condition especially the plantation sector provide the conducive accommodation compared to their origin country. The pressing issue now is the rising social issues of the illegal foreign workers and influx of the foreign workers without work permit. One of the best solutions is hire the local youth to works in oil palm plantation. The main problem is compounded by the fact that it is difficult to hire the local youth workers due to the migration of local youth from government settlers scheme oil palm plantation located in the sub urban area. As a result this scheme area dominated with foreign labour. This study which was conducted in the State of Johore wants to find the push and pull factors\towards the career in oil palm plantation which involved the repulsion, inclination and attraction based on their perceptions .A survey method through questionnaire was used to collect data from 278 of local youth between 16 years to 40 years old as focused respondents which were selected using random sampling method. Descriptive analysis was applied based on their demographic factors and the involvement of the local youth in oil palm plantation. Keywords : Career in Oil Palm, Perceptions, Push and Pull Factors, Suburban Local Youth,

Isolation of Sulphate Reduction Bacteria (SRB) to Improve Compress Strength and Water Penetration of Bio-Concrete

The objective of this study is to isolate sulphate reduction bacteria (SRB) from acid mire water collected at Sg Pelepah Kota Tinggi, Johor Malaysia. The isolation process was conducted in high alkaline and anaerobic conditions to sustain the bacteria in concrete environment. Properties tests such as compressive strength and water penetration were conducted. The result showed that optimal growth condition of sulphate reduction bacteria is pH 9-10. It was also observed that the bacteria is a coccus shape after gram staining process. The bacteria was used after 10 days of culturing prior to growth curve measurement. The liquid culture containing sulphate reduction bacteria were used at 1%, 3% and 5% as replacement ratio of water content. Concrete specimens were cured in the air conditions for 7, 14 and 28 days. Maximum increment on compressive strength was 13.0% and decrement in water penetration was 8.5% occurred with 5% of SRB. The enhancement in compressive strength and water penetration performance was due to calcium precipitation within concrete pores. Image of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) showed bacteria sustained and survived in concrete environment by reducing diameter of pores in concrete specimens.

OPTIMAL DESIGN OF RAIN GAUGE NETWORK IN JOHOR BY USING GEOSTATISTICS AND PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

This study proposes particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach to determine the optimal number and locations for the optimal rain gauge network in Johor state. The existing network of 84 rain gauges in Johor is also restructured into new locations by using daily rainfall, humidity, solar radiation, temperature and wind speed data collected during the monsoon season (November - February) of 1975 until 2008. This study used the combination of geostatistics method (variance-reduction method) and particle swarm optimization as the algorithm of optimization during the restructured proses. The numerical result shows that the new rain gauge location provides minimum value of estimated variance. This shows that the proposed method can serve as an analysis tool for a decision making to assist hydrologist in the selection of prime sites for the installation of rain gauge stations.