Dangerous State Research Articles

Definition and mathematical expression on instability domain of safety event and safety structure

Dynamic risk assessment is a main research task of process safety. One of the main methods of dynamic risk assessment is to measure the distance between the real-time state and its threshold (dangerous state). Due to the influence of temperature, pressure and other factors, the dangerous state will often be expanded into a “dangerous range” of states. At present, most of the “dangerous range” are determined subjectively or according to experiences. Based on the safety structure theory, instability domain as the scientific term of "dangerous range" is proposed, and then its mathematical expression is developed in this paper. The safety structure composed of an atomic activity factor (AAF) and an atomic environmental factor (AEF) is regarded as the smallest unit to analyze safety issues in safety structure theory. When the state of a safety structure falls into its instability domain, the state of intrinsic factor will fall into the instability domain of the safety event. This is a sufficient condition to cause an accident. In this paper, the attribute of intrinsic factor about a safety event is determined by developing the performance extension membership function of the intrinsic factor, thus the mathematical expression on instability domain of the safety event is established. Taking the instability domain of safety event as the domain of the inverse mapping of state relationship functions among environmental factors, and then the mathematical expression on atomic environmental instability domain (AEID) of safety structure is established. Taking AEID as domain of the inverse mapping of state relationship function between AAF and AEF, thus the mathematical expression on atomic activity instability domain (AAID) of safety structure is established. The instability domain of safety structure is composed of AEID and AAID together. The mathematical expression on instability domains can provide theoretical basis for the dynamic risk assessment, prediction and active control of safety accidents.

Multicriteria assessment of optimal forecasting models in decision support systems to ensure the navigation safety

When developing the Decision Support System (DSS), the operability of the internal motion and maneuvering control systems of the vessel is characterized by a large number of parameters, which should be monitored in order to achieve the expected results. The task is to develop an appropriate methodology for automatic monitoring of these systems, which, using a minimum set of sensors, makes it possible to predict the state of the vessel and change the dangerous state to the safe one. To implement the method of automatic monitoring, a set of statistical control tools is selected depending on the alleged violations and the level of correlation of parameters. The uncorrelated parameters are monitored by instruments based on the Shewhart map [1], the correlated parameters are monitored on the basis of Hotelling statistics [2]. This approach makes it possible to diagnose the pre-emergency and emergency states of ship control systems in on-line mode. The method used for multi-level integrated monitoring of the technical state of control systems in on-line mode can improve the reliability of of identification of the technical state of vessel subsystems and expandthe scope of application of monitoring and diagnostics tools. The data obtained can become the basis for the development of rational decisions in the DSS at the level of control subsystems for the vessel transfer from the dangerous to safe state.

English

Air emphysema as a consequence of dental procedures is a rare but dangerous state if not diagnosed and treated timely. It can occur incidentally or iatrogenically in many dental procedures such as restorations, endodontic and periodontal treatments, surgical and non-surgical tooth extraction, and use of air or water sprays and syringes.1-6 Subcutaneous emphysema of dental origin most commonly occurs after surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar.7 Several studies have reported that the use of high speed hand-piece during surgical extraction led to escape of air into the subcutaneous tissues. 7-10 Wilson (1983) reported subcutaneous emphysema in the eyelids after extraction of the maxillary molar teeth due to vigorous irrigation combined with air and water spray for 10 seconds.6 Subcutaneous emphysema in the cheek after extraction of the maxillary third molar without using high speed hand-piece is not a common phenomenon. In the present case, we demonstrate air emphysema in the cheek associated with hematoma after extraction of the impacted right maxillary 3rd molar. Since it was a soft tissue impaction, no hand-piece was used during the tooth removal. The purpose of this case report is to create awareness among the dental surgeons about the simple extraction procedures that may lead to air emphysema associated with hematoma.

Уголовная политика противодействия преступлениям террористической направленности в советский период

The article examines the evolution of the criminal policy related to countering crimes in the Soviet period. We pay special attention to the polysemy of the adopted normative legal acts that have a class-related component and that establish liability for counter-revolutionary crimes and especially dangerous state crimes.

In a State of Chronic Danger: Somatic Motives in Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle

In a State of Chronic Danger: Somatic Motives in Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle

Application of outburst warning technology based on gas emission characteristics in Xiayukou Coal Mine

Early warning of coal and gas outburst based on gas emission characteristics is a more feasible and effective outburst prediction method. In order to make up for the limitations of the existing traditional contact coal and gas outburst prediction methods, the gas emission dynamic characteristics were used to carry out coal and gas outburst warnings, and the Xiayukou Coal Mine outburst warning system based on gas emission characteristics was constructed. The field application practice shows that the system can evaluate and warn the dangerous state and development trend of the working face stably and reliably. The system has tracked and inspected the tunnel length in the underground mine over 500m, and caught many abnormal gas phenomena in advance, and realized the real-time monitoring, online analysis, and intelligent early warning of coal and gas. It has extremely important practical significance for improving mine gas control and daily safe and efficient production.

Stability Analysis and Protection Measures of Large Section Tunnel in Coal Rich Weak Rock Stratum

Due to poor engineering geological conditions of Liujiazhuang tunnel on Shanghai-Kunming Passenger Dedicated Line, the large deformation of weak rock occurs repeatedly during tunnel construction. In this paper, the large-scale finite element software ABAQUS is used to simulate the construction process of a large-section tunnel in weak surrounding rock. It is found that when tunnel face passes through the coal seam, the displacement and stress simulated by the bench method increase abruptly. The maximum stress reaches up to 18 MPa, and displacement reaches 45 mm, which is about twice when without crossing coal seam. It is technically feasible to use the bench method for tunnel construction, under the condition when large settlements is allowed; additionally, the bench method has better technical and economic benefits than that of the CD method. Through the comparative analysis of onsite monitoring data and numerical simulation results, it can be seen that the tunnel is in a dangerous state when passing through the coal seam and measures such as strengthening support or auxiliary advance support should be taken immediately to control the surrounding rock and to ensure tunnel construction safety.

Delineation of flood-prone areas using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in Kuala Krai, Kelantan

Kelantan is one of the states that experience flood events annually including the Kuala Krai district. Flooding has a severe impact on roads, villages, farms, and people’s livelihoods. Early detection of flood-prone areas is essential in detecting the specific area. This study aimed to map a flood-prone area based on evaluation of terrain characteristics include elevation, aspect, slope, contour and hill shade of the Kuala Krai area. The raster data of DEM with 50 m resolution and hydrological data were evaluated to create a potential flood map. A flood-prone map is created by overlaying terrain features with flood criteria of a gentle slope with contour < 250 m and degree of slope less than 10, flat surface in aspect and consideration of hill shade factors. The map was also supported by vector data of rivers network that cross the Kuala Krai area. 56% of the Kuala Krai area facing a moderate risk of flood occurrence, while 41 % of the areas are in a dangerous state and are predicted to be at a high risk of flood. This can be concluded that the areas with low elevation, adjacent to rivers, are the places where actions need to be taken by the experts to overcome the disaster in the future.

Determination of dangerous driving behavior based on the use of information from wearable electronic devices

Monitoring the driver’s behavior in the cabin of a vehicle is an urgent task for modern automated driver support systems (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems), which belong to the class of active safety systems. Existing research and solutions in the field of modern driver assistance systems are more focused on the use of electronic devices in the form of video cameras, lasers, and radars that provide measurement information about the driver in the cabin. However, the use of wearable electronic devices that measure the heart rate, electrocardiogram, user movements, and other indicators, allows one to obtain results about the driver’s dangerous behavior more accurately and reliably. The paper proposes an approach to detecting dangerous states in the driver’s behavior in the cabin of a vehicle based on the use of information from wearable electronic devices. The study shows that it is sufficient to use heart rate measurements passed from wearable electronic devices to detect dangerous states, such as aggression and stress. The developed mobile application on the Android platform allows detecting signs of aggression and stress in the driver’s behavior using data obtained from sensors of wearable electronic devices. When the driver shows dangerous behavior in the cabin, the mobile application warns the driver by vibrating the wearable electronic device and an audio signal played by the smartphone. The developed approach is tested on a data set collected in real driving conditions on public roads in the city and on country roads in various driving conditions. Detection of signs of aggression and stress in the driver’s behavior allows one to supplement information about the driver, and thereby improve the effectiveness of driver monitoring systems in the cabin of the vehicle, aimed at preventing and reducing the risk of road accidents and improving the skills of road users. The proposed approach can be used in combination with other technologies for monitoring driver behavior when building an intelligent driver support system.

Modeling security violation processes in machine learning systems

The widespread use of machine learning, including at critical information infrastructure facilities, entails risks of security threats in the absence of reliable means of protection. The article views the processes in machine learning systems as the ones occurring in information systems susceptible to malicious influences. The results of modeling events leading to a security breach in machine learning systems operating at critical information infrastructure facilities are presented. For modeling, the technology of creating functional models SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique) and the IDEF0 (Integration definition for function modeling) methodology were used as a tool for transition from a verbal functional description of the process under study to a description in terms of mathematical representation. In order to study the scenarios of the transition of machine learning systems to a dangerous state and the numerical assessment of the probability of security violation, mathematical modeling of threats was carried out using the logical-probabilistic method. The authors obtained a visual functional model of system security violation in the form of a context diagram of the system and two levels of decomposition. The hazard function of the system is determined and the arithmetic polynomial of the probability function is derived. In further work the described models will allow researchers to develop methods and algorithms for protecting machine learning systems from malicious influences, as well as to apply them in assessing the level of security.

Online quantitative safety monitoring approach for unattended train operation system considering stochastic factors

Online safety monitoring is the key technology to the realize unattended train operation (UTO). So, online quantitative safety monitoring method is proposed to solve the state space explosion problem of the traditional model checking method. The quantitative safety level is defined to quantitatively describe the safety level of the operational state of UTO. To begin with, the composite transition graph of the linear hybrid automata (LHA) of train tracking control and the probabilistic hybrid automata (PHA) model of moving block control principles is constructed based on the composition rules between hybrid automata. Then, the reachable probability distribution of dangerous states can be obtained by verifying the established transition graph with abundant simulation results. Furthermore, the safety constrained boundary of the selected stochastic parameters in bounded time can be achieved for the corresponding quantitative safety level by using the proposed Safety Constraint Computation Algorithm. Finally, based on the performances of stochastic events evaluated by hybrid automata online, the safety status of UTO can be quantitatively monitored in real-time.

Development of load-temporal model to predict the further mechanical behaviors of tunnel structure under various boundary conditions

Prediction of the further mechanical behaviors is vitally important for tunnel engineering to prevent disasters and maintain stability. It is a challenge for most existing researches to couple multiple influence factors. This study aims to develop a novel Load-Temporal (LT) model to predict the further mechanical behaviors of structure using machine learning method, which considers the effect of both historical performance and external loads. As a case study, the developed model is employed in an underwater shield tunnel, in which a Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) is installed. Based on the monitoring data obtained from SHMS, plenty of data experiments are conducted to develop model and determine the optimal parameters. Also, the comparison analysis is adopted to indicate the prediction accuracy of proposed model is higher than that of the classical models. The predicted ability of LT model is discussed via experiments of different time scale in further. As promising applications, LT model is used to predict the mechanical behaviors under various boundary conditions, based on which to determine the dangerous states and the structural performance under these conditions.

Comprehensive evaluation of water resources security of the Huaihe Eco-economic Belt

Abstract The study of water resource security is a basic scientific issue that must be faced in the construction of the ecological environment. To examine the status of regional water resources security in the Huaihe Eco-economic Belt, this study builds a comprehensive evaluation index system based on the ‘Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response’ (DPSIR) framework, combines the entropy weight method and Lotka–Volterra symbiosis model to calculate the water resources security status from 2010 to 2018. Then the fixed effects regression model is used to analyze the factors affecting the water resources system. The results show that: (1) The status of water resources security in the Huaihe Eco-economic belt decreased from 2011 to 2017 and, thereby transitioned from a safe to a dangerous state. The coordination index of the economic system and water resource system was only −0.17 in 2017, and the partial development model benefited the economy but damaged the water resources. (2) The security status of 25 prefecture-level cities improved significantly, and the number of cities with status of alert or above increased from 11 to 15. However, there are apparent differences among the regions. The status has shifted to ‘north and south being better than east and west’. The water resources security status of Jining, Linyi, and Lu'an have improved, whereas Yancheng, Taizhou, Pingdingshan, and other cities showed rather poor development during 2017. (3) The correlation coefficient of the economic system was −0.154 and hindered the development of the water resources system. The correlation coefficients of the added value of the tertiary industry and the expenditure on energy conservation and environmental protection was 0.699 and 0.180 respectively and played a positive role in promoting the water resources system. It is necessary to optimize and adjust the industrial structure and protect the environment.

Planning and acting in dynamic environments: identifying and avoiding dangerous situations

ABSTRACT In dynamic environments, external events might occur and modify the environment without consent of intelligent agents. Plans of the agents might hence be disrupted and, worse, the agents might end up in dead-end states and no longer be able to achieve their goals. Hence, the agents should monitor the environment during plan execution and if they encounter a dangerous situation they should (reactively) act to escape from it. In this paper, we introduce the notion of dangerous states that the agent might encounter during its plan execution in dynamic environments. We present a method for computing lower bound of dangerousness of a state after applying a sequence of actions. That method is leveraged in identifying situations in which the agent has to start acting to avoid danger. We present two types of such behaviour – purely reactive and proactive (eliminating the source of danger). The introduced concepts for planning with dangerous states are implemented and tested in two scenarios – a simple RPG-like game, called Dark Dungeon, and a platform game inspired by the Perestroika video game. The results show that reasoning with dangerous states achieves better success rate (reaching the goals) than naive planning or rule-based techniques.

Road traffic safety in Ukraine: state and development prospects

Introduction. The issue of road traffic safety has been studied by many modern scientists. However, despite the research, this issue remains relevant to this day, both theoretically and practically. This is due to the fact that the concept of road traffic safety is not currently enshrined in law, and there is no unanimity among scientists on its content. Moreover, the relevance of the practical component is evidenced by the fact that over the past three years a number of important regulations in the field of road traffic safety and procedures for their implementation have been developed. The purpose of the paper is to determine the state of road traffic safety in Ukraine. In accordance with the goal, the main objectives of this study are to formulate a definition of “traffic”, “road traffic safety”, outlining their elements; determining the state of road traffic safety in Ukraine and further development trends, establishing the main directions of implementation of state policy in the field of road traffic safety. Results. Covering the issue of road safety, it should be noted that the current legislation of Ukraine does not provide a definition of this concept, but in 2016 there was an attempt to legislate both the legal category of “road traffic safety” and a number of closely related to it. Thus, the authors of the draft Law on Road Traffic and Safety defined traffic as “the process of traffic on roads and other places where it is not prohibited by the draft law”, and road traffic safety as “a state of the road system, due to which the appropriate level of protection of road users from road accidents and their negative consequences is determined and achieved”. It should be emphasized that road traffic safety is achieved through the application of appropriate measures of organizational, administrative, socio-economic and technical nature, which are enshrined in regulations and which are aimed at ensuring the proper and safe level road traffic safety for all its participants. It should be noted that neither the Ukrainian legislator nor the state executive bodies reduce the state of danger on the roads of Ukraine, so they are constantly developing appropriate programs and taking measures to increase the level of road traffic safety. Thus, in 2020, a state program was approved, the main goal of which is to reduce the level of accidents on the roads and the severity, first of all, of the socio-economic consequences of road accidents. Conclusion. According to the legislation of Ukraine, road traffic safety should be understood as a set of socio-economic and organizational-technical measures to ensure road traffic safety and road user, prevention of road traffic accidents and elimination or minimization of their negative consequences.

The essence of a helpless state of a person as an important component in the investigation of crimes

The modern legal framework, despite the definition of a helpless state in the corresponding provisions of criminal, administrative, and civil legislation, does not answer the question of what exactly should be understood by such a state due to the lack of any definitions or interpretations of this concept. This determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of this study is to develop an interpretation of a helpless or other life-threatening condition, with the subsequent possibility of the corresponding improvement of the current legislation of Ukraine. The leading method of research is the method of comparative legal analysis. The study analyses the definitions of the concept of a helpless state of a person available in legal and scientific sources. Based on the results of the study, the author’s position on the essence of the concept of a helpless state is presented. The causes that can act as factors of a helpless state are identified. It is noted that the helpless state of a person, under certain conditions, can transform into a dangerous state of a person, as a result of which there is a threat of violation of citizens’ rights. The authors conclude that a helpless state is not only a physical or mental state in which a person can be located, but also a physiological state (psychophysiological), as its factor, acts as a component of the content of a helpless state. Identification of the scope and content of the rights of citizens in need of external security due to the presence of the relevant citizens, owners of these rights in a helpless or other life-threatening state, another task of solving which requires prior clarification of the essence of the helpless state or related states. Based on the analysis, the authors propose an original definition of the helpless state, as well as determine its features

Detection of early dangerous state in deep water of indoor swimming pool based on surveillance video

Detection of early dangerous state in deep water of indoor swimming pool based on surveillance video

A Review Study on Cellulitis

Cellulitis is a clinical condition which is characterised by reddishness, soreness, localized pain, erythema, swelling and formation of abscess in the leg, pyrexia and an increase in the heartbeat. It is the infection of the sub-cutaneous tissue and dermal layer usually found complicating a wound or ulcer. It is considered an infectious disease as it causes morbidity and mortality. It is also called skin diseases, as the skin is involved and lacks sharp demarcation from uninvolved skin. Cellulitis spreads rapidly and is pyogenic in nature and is frequently associated with lymphangitis and fever. Streptococci (streptococci pyogenes) and staphylococcus aureus are the two species which causes cellulitis. Five types of cellulitis can be classified they are facial cellulitis, periorbital cellulitis, breast cellulitis, perianal cellulitis. Diagnosis of cellulitis is based on morphological features of the lesion and a CT scan is required for determining cellulitis. By the visual inspection, the cellulitis is spotted. The common risk factor for cellulitis is oedema. If the cellulitis patient has Diabetes Mellitus or injury in the skin or any inflammation in the liver, they are considered to be in a dangerous state. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are prescribed to decrease the clinical features. Clindamycin, Dicloxacillin are antibiotics that are administered to cure cellulitis. This review discusses the general information regarding cellulitis, its clinical indications, pathophysiology, microbiology and its treatment.

The Effectiveness of Imposing the Death Penalty for Corruption Perpetrators as a Solution for Handling Corruption during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The first objective of this study is to determine the extent to which the government has made efforts to prevent and eradicate corruption, the second is to determine the effectiveness of the imposition of the death penalty for corruption perpetrators as a solution for handling corruption during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a juridical-normative approach where the main data source is secondary data in the form of written materials about the law which are then analyzed quantitatively with the aim of producing descriptive analytical data. From this research, it is found that efforts to prevent and eradicate the criminal act of corruption in Indonesia are carried out through prevention and prosecution efforts. Indonesia has entered the state level in a state of danger as regulated in the explanation of Article 2 subsection (2) of the Law on criminal act of corruption regarding certain circumstances due to various kinds of policies issued by the government regarding the Covid-19 pandemic, so that the implementation of the death penalty for corruption perpetrators, especially in the Covid-19 pandemic situation, has a preventive effect on public officials who will commit corruption.

Analysis of Dangerous Sea States in the Northwestern Mediterranean Area

Extreme sea waves, although rare, can be notably dangerous when associated with energetic sea states and can generate risks for the navigation. In the last few years, they have been the object of extensive research from the scientific community that helped with understanding the main physical aspects; however, the estimate of extreme waves probability in operational forecasts is still debated. In this study, we analyzed a number of sea-states that occurred in a precise area of the Mediterranean sea, near the location of a reported accident, with the objective of relating the probability of extreme events with different sea state conditions. For this purpose, we performed phase-resolving simulations of wave spectra obtained from a WaveWatch III hindcast, using a Higher Order Spectral Method. We produced statistics of the sea-surface elevation field, calculating crest distributions and the probability of extreme events from the analysis of a long time-series of the surface elevation. We found a good matching between the distributions of the numerically simulated field and theory, namely Tayfun second- and third- order ones, in contrast with a significant underestimate given by the Rayleigh distribution. We then related spectral quantities like angular spreading and wave steepness to the probability of occurrence of extreme events finding an enhanced probability for high mean steepness seas and narrow spectra, in accordance with literature results, finding also that the case study of the reported accident was not amongst the most dangerous. Finally, we related the skewness and kurtosis of the surface elevation to the wave steepness to explain the discrepancy between theoretical and numerical distributions.