State Of Belt Research Articles

Joint calculation of mechanical and radar characteristics of calibration folding spherical reflectors

Combined modeling of the shape of the surface of the grid canvas belt stretched on the wireframe and statistical radar characteristics of the calibration reflector has been performed. To solve the problem, a complex computer model is proposed and implemented. The model provides analysis of the stress state of the grid canvas belt forming the surface of the folding spherical reflector, numerical electrodynamic calculation of the spatial backscattering diagram and estimation of statistical radar characteristics corresponding to the arbitrary location direction in the process of observation. Using the complex computer model, the equilibrium shape of the reflecting surface has been calculated for the selected design version of the folding spherical reflector, the facet 3D electrodynamic model has been developed, spatial backscattering diagrams have been calculated and statistical RCS characteristics for various wave sizes of the object have been evaluated. The presented complex computer model may be used in studies related to analysis of radar characteristics of calibration folding spherical radar reflectors with various versions of power wireframe design.

Evaluation System of Curved Conveyor Belt Deviation State Based on the ARIMA–LSTM Combined Prediction Model

The deviation of conveyor belts is a key factor that restricts material conveying efficiency of horizontal curves. An evaluation system of the deviation state of curve conveyor belt based on the ARIMA–LSTM combined prediction model is proposed in this study to investigate the deviation state of the conveyor belt. This system has been used for detection, prediction, deviation correction, and early warning of the conveyor belt deviation state. First, the experiment system of the conveyor belt deviation was built. The conveyor belt deviation images were collected using the machine vision method, and the conveyor belt deviation state data set was established. Second, the mechanical model of curve conveyor belt deviation is presented and solved. The correctable deviation range of the idler frame under different elevations and trough angles was obtained by solving the problem. Third, the ARIMA–LSTM combined prediction model of conveyor belt deviation based on series-parallel weighing method was put forward. The analysis results showed that the ARIMA–LSTM combined prediction model is suitable for the prediction of conveyor belt deviation in terms of accuracy, fitting degree, time, and performance. Finally, the deviation state evaluation system was established to realize the visual fusion of the ARIMA–LSTM combined model in the range of correctable deviation of the idler frame. The OCSVM algorithm was used to detect the abnormal deviation of the conveyor belt. The experiment shows that the evaluation system can predict and send out early warning signals according to the detection results, provide corresponding suggestions for adjusting the deviation correction angle, and realize an efficient and intelligent solution for the evaluation of the curved section belt deviation state.

Relativistic Electron Model in the Outer Radiation Belt Using a Neural Network Approach

AbstractWe present a machine‐learning‐based model of relativistic electron fluxes >1.8 MeV using a neural network approach in the Earth's outer radiation belt. The Outer RadIation belt Electron Neural net model for Relativistic electrons (ORIENT‐R) uses only solar wind conditions and geomagnetic indices as input. For the first time, we show that the state of the outer radiation belt can be determined using only solar wind conditions and geomagnetic indices, without any initial and boundary conditions. The most important features for determining outer radiation belt dynamics are found to be AL, solar wind flow speed and density, and SYM‐H indices. ORIENT‐R reproduces out‐of‐sample relativistic electron fluxes with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and an uncertainty factor of ∼2. ORIENT‐R reproduces radiation belt dynamics during an out‐of‐sample geomagnetic storm with good agreement to the observations. In addition, ORIENT‐R was run for a completely out‐of‐sample period between March 2018 and October 2019 when the AL index ended and was replaced with the predicted AL index (lasp.colorado.edu/home/personnel/xinlin.li). It reproduces electron fluxes with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and an out‐of‐sample uncertainty factor of ∼3. Furthermore, ORIENT‐R captured the trend in the electron fluxes from low‐earth‐orbit (LEO) SAMPEX, which is a completely out‐of‐sample data set both temporally and spatially. In sum, the ORIENT‐R model can reproduce transport, acceleration, decay, and dropouts of the outer radiation belt anywhere from short timescales (i.e., geomagnetic storms) and very long timescales (i.e., solar cycle) variations.

The current state of the pine shelter belt in the steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

xModern forest shelter belts do not fully protect arable land and most often have a different life state. In theseconditions, the preservation of forest belts, their performance of protective functions in the system of agroforestry andother complex measures remains an urgent task. The studies were carried out in a field-protective forest belt located in thevicinity of the Oktyabrsky village of the Krasnoturansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where a temporary test plotwas laid using generally accepted methods. The aim of the research was to study the current state of this forest belt by identifying the sanitary state and preservation of the stand and growth rates of Scots pine. Analysis of the current state of thestand showed that the average category of the state of trees is 1.3 points. The stand safety is 44.9%. Pine trees at the age of 28after planting have reached an average height of 11.6 m with an average diameter of 19.1 cm. The forest belt has an optimalopenwork-blown design and is capable of self-renewal naturally. To prevent further degradation of arable leached chernozems in treeless areas of the steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, it is advisable to create pine forest shelter belts.

Alongshore Classification and Morphometric Analysis of Coastal Belts: The State of Oregon, USA

Finkl, C.W. and Makowski, C., 2021. Alongshore classification and morphometric analysis of coastal belts: The state of Oregon, USA. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(2), 238–271. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Classification of the state of Oregon coastal belt (western United States) was based on the interpretation of satellite imagery using the Biophysical Cross-shore Classification System (BCCS). This seven-county, 480-km stretch was subdivided based on coastal archetypes that formed distinct bio-geomorphological and ecological sequences on both alongshore and cross-shore axes. Shore-parallel and shore-perpendicular units were concomitantly determined by cognitive inspection of satellite images, in which cross-shore archetypical sequences were observed in the first instance to have alongshore spread that could be secondarily codified in terms of alongshore catenas. Because shore-normal transects encompass marine, coastal, and terrestrial environments that have a shore-parallel width, it was possible to extrapolate cross-shore classificatory units into alongshore stretches called domains. Characterization of alongshore domains was based on conjoining archetypes into catenary sequences that typify coastal belts both alongshore and cross-shore from adjacent offshore areas to several kilometers inland. Compilation of coastal belt catenas showed that promontories and headlands, which are composed of resistant igneous and metamorphic rocks, function as anchor points along the shore and are interspersed by sedimentary (littoral) coastal belts that contain mainland and barrier beaches backed by dune, wetland, flat (estuaries), or upland archetypes. A consizement of several alongshore domain catenary sequences within a particular coastal segment thus formed an overarching super domain. Typical alongshore super domains consisted of the following sequences: Barrier-Beach-Dune (Ba-Be-Du), Barrier-Beach-Dune-Wetland (Ba-Be-Du-W), Beach-Dune-Upland (Be-Du-U), Beach-Dune-Wetland (Be-Du-W), Beach-Cliff-Upland (Be-Cl-U), Beach-Wetland-Flat (Be-W-F), and Rock-Cliff-Upland (R-Cl-U). Morphometric analysis of each county allowed the determination of specific characteristics for each super domain (e.g., alongshore length, percentage of the county coastal belt, and percentage of the Oregon coastal belt). Furthermore, archetype morphometrics were calculated to show which cross-shore archetypical features were most prevalent along the state's coastal belt. This examination of the Oregon coast showed that the alongshore classification of coastal belts on a regional scale, which is based on cross-shore biophysical interpretations, offers the opportunity to characterize offshore, inshore, and onshore eco-geomorphological features through the use of super domains and morphometric analysis. This approach to coastal classification thus serves as a blueprint for the comprehensive characterization of coastal belts worldwide.

Оценка качественных и количественных характеристик состояния лесополос Новоалександровского городского округа Ставропольского края с использованием геоинформационных технологий

The article analyzes the possibility of evaluating the current state of forest protection plant in the Stavropol Territory based on remote sensing data. With the help of photogrammetric and kartometric methods, space snapshots are analyzed for the model territory of the Stavropol Territory (Novoaleksandrovsky City District). The use of geo-information technologies allowed us using a cartographic method to estimate the current state of forest belt and determine their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. In the process of digitizing and decrypting, forest belts were divided into categories by destruction. In total, 2524 forest belts with a total area of 10.95 thousand hectares were allocated during the work. As a result, it was possible to assess the qualitative state of the forest belt of the Novoaleksandrovsky urban district and reveal that entire and slightly destroyed protective forest belts are greater than in quantitative terms and in the area they occupy. Further, in the process of the study, the quantitative characteristics of the forest belt were established—the area was determined, and the length and width of all protective forest plantations of the Novoaleksandrovsky urban district was determined and entered into an attribute table. It has been established that the width of most of the protective forest belt (1281 pcs) in the area of the study is from 20 to 30 meters, and 1001 forest belts have a width of more than 30 m. The most common length of forest belt is less than 500 m. (1034 pcs.) and 500–1000 meters (680 pcs.). Square characteristics of protective forest plantations are much more inhomogeneous—so, completely scaffolding was revealed 247 pcs., With a total area of 1058 hectares. Slightly destroyed forest belt 1623 pcs. and their area are 7395 hectares. Significantly destroyed forest belt 41 pcs., with an area of 1734 hectares and fully destroyed—44 pcs., with an area of 213.8 hectares. The proposed research methodology and evaluation of protective forest plantations can be used for other territories of the Stavropol Territory for a more complete study of the state of the region of the region.

On-line intelligent evaluation of the fatigue state of a composite conveyor belt

Fatigue failure of a composite conveyor belt occurs frequently, which will finally lead to an accident. An adaptive segmentation model is established to identify the rubber surface?s fatigue failure and to evaluate the belt fatigue level by using the machine vision technology and the artificial bee colony algorithm. The results show that the damage rate of rubber surface can be correctly calculated and the fatigue failure state can be objectively evaluated.

Stress state of belt in powerful conveyorwith breakages of cable groups

Stress state of belt in powerful conveyorwith breakages of cable groups

ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING THE STRENGTH OF THE CONVEYOR BELT WITH HOLES

A model is built and the stress-strain state of a conveyor belt with regularly spaced holes for removing moisture from material and cargo is investigated. The model comprehensively takes into account the following. The tape is reinforced with parallel rectilinear, regularly spaced elements. They are interconnected by an elastic sheath. The deformation of the components of the tape obeys Hooke's law. Reinforcement elements have been partially removed in the strip along with the shell. It was found that each continuous element of the belt reinforcement adjacent to the hole is loaded to the maximum. The greatest mutual displacement of reinforcement elements is observed between a continuous element and an adjacent element with a discontinuity. The extreme value of the relative displacement is observed in the section of the end of the reinforcement elements. Cross-sections of the tape passing along the edges of the holes are dangerous in terms of the strength of the tape. These sections are curved more during the conveyor operation. An algorithm for determining the internal tensile forces of the reinforcement elements and the shear angles of the material of the elastic shell located between the reinforcement elements of the tape is formulated. The algorithm is based on solving the equilibrium equations for reinforcement elements connected by an elastic shell. It takes into account the layout and dimensions of the holes, the mechanical properties of the elements of the reinforcement and elastic shell, the design of the tape.

REQUIREMENTS FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THESE COMPONENTS OF THE CONVEYOR BELT OF THE OVERHEAD CONVEYOR

A model of a rubber conveyor belt of a suspended conveyor was built and solved by the methods of composite materials mechanics. The resistance of roller bearings is taken into account. The expressions of load distributions and displacements of the reinforcing elements of the metal cable belt are found). It is shown that in the cross section of the interaction of the tape with the rollers the most loaded are the extreme elements of reinforcement. The maximum tangential stresses act in the rubber layers close to the edge of the tape. It is proposed to provide a different shear stiffness of the rubber between the extreme and adjacent cables. It is shown that this affects the stress-strain state of the conveyor belt. The latter varies more for the first two rubber layers. The angles of shear of the rubber between the reinforcing elements change. The lengths of the tangential stress redistribution sections practically do not exceed 0.5 m. This distance is less than the pitch of the conveyor supports. The fields of change of tangential stresses do not overlap. An algorithm for determining the tangential stresses of suspended conveyor belts of different design and with different mechanical properties of their components has been developed. It is possible to change the stiffness of the bonding of the reinforcement elements by shifting by applying another rubber mixture between the extreme elements of the reinforcement or by changing (increasing) the step of their location. Both of these techniques can be used separately or as a combination in the design of the conveyor or in the preparation of repair documentation for repair. The use of these techniques provides an increase in the service life of the conveyor belt.

Dynamic Behaviour of a Conveyor Belt Considering Non-Uniform Bulk Material Distribution for Speed Control

For the conveyor belt, variable material flow influences the energy efficiency of the speed control technology significantly. The fluctuation of material flow on the conveyor belt will lead to the detrimental vibrations on both the belt and the conveyor while the conveyor works at certain speeds. In order to improve the model inaccuracy caused by the uniform bulk material flow assumption in the current conveyor belt model, the paper establishes a high-precision dynamic model that can consider speed control of a conveyor belt under non-uniform bulk material transportation. In this dynamic model, a non-uniform bulk material distribution model is firstly proposed based on laser scanning technology. Then, a high-precision longitudinal dynamic model is proposed to investigate the dynamic behavior of a belt conveyor. Considering the micro-units of actual load on a conveyor belt, it can well describe the transient state of the conveyor belt. These models can be used to determine the optimal speed for safety and energy conservation in operation. Experimental results are used to validate the proposed dynamic model for analyzing belt mechanical behavior under non-uniform bulk material distribution on the belt. The results show that the proposed models can be used for optimizing the operating procedures of belt conveyor systems.

Mathematical model of the stress-strain state of belt with the load of tubular belt conveyer

The article developed a mathematical model of the stress-strain state of a tubular conveyor belt filled with bulk load. In this case, the belt is considered as a thin elastic inextensible cylindrical shell, and the bulk load in the belt is in the limit state. A system of differential equilibrium equations for a tubular belt with a bulk load with respect to forces and bending moments in a belt was obtained, which, when simplified, was reduced to a fourth-order differential equation for belt deflections. Based on this mathematical model, analytical dependencies of the deflections of the tubular conveyor belt on the parameters of the conveyor, the radius and properties of the belt, as well as the properties of the bulk load are obtained and analyzed. As a result, the maximum allowable distance between the roller supports of the tubular conveyor is determined. It was found that the allowable distance between the roller bearings is directly proportional to the tension of the belt and inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the belt and the bulk weight of the load. The research results can be used in the design of tubular belt conveyors transporting bulk load.

Современное состояние полезащитной полосы с участием дуба

Shelterbelt forests are one of the most important factors of ecological optimization of agrolandscape. The research purpose is to analyse the current state of the forest belt with the involvement of English oak (Quercus robur L.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) in the vicinity of Zolotaryovka village (Stanichno-Luganskiy district of Lugansk region, Ukraine) and development of necessary measures for belt’s regeneration. Archival data on the time of planting and age of the studied object were not found out. Shelterbelts in Lugansk region were created in accordance with Stalin’s plan for the transformation of nature, which was designed for the period from 1949 till 1965. We laid out two permanent trial plots due to the branch standard OST 56-69–83 in the studied plantation. We determined the composition of the shelterbelt, the diameter and mean height of trees and their condition by Kraft using the results of the enumerative inventory. The vital status of trees was estimated based on the “Sanitary regulations in the forests of the Russian Federation”. Undergrowth of Norway maple, Tatarian maple and mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) is the most numerous under the canopy of parent plantations. These species originally were not in the stand composition of the shelterbelt. It has been found that in the stand there is a forest-forming process aimed at formation of a forest biocenosis with predominance of Norway maple. The decisive factor affecting the condition of oak trees in the shelterbelts is the condition of their last rows. The survival rate of oak depends on the fall of Norway maple with the natural formation of forest stand in the plantation created by the corridor or ordinary way. It was revealed that it is necessary to carry out increment felling in the rows of Norway maple in order to improve the conditions for growth and development of English oak in the studied plantation. If a set of measures for promotion of tree regeneration in the shelterbelt is not carried out, then in the future there may be a change of English oak to Norway maple and Tatarian maple trees.For citation: Gribacheva O.V. The Current State of the Shelterbelt Featuring English Oak (Quercus robur L.) and Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 4, pp. 34–44. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.4.34

Microthermometric evidence for the formation of Permian VHMS deposits in Tasik Chini area, Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia

The VHMS deposits of Tasik Chini area are located in the Pahang State of Central Belt, Peninsular Malaysia. The deposits occur in a package of Permian volcanics within mixed volcano-sedimentary sequence, and have been exploited from the Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits. They have many similarities with Kuroko-style massive sulfide deposits. The host rocks at both deposits are felsic volcanic rocks of rhyolitic to rhyodacitic composition. Mineralization occurs as distinct ore zonation forming a stringer to massive sulfide zone at the footwall followed by barite lenses and exhalite layers (Fe + Mn ± Si ore) at the stratigraphic top. The sulfide phases are characterized by pyrite as the major sulfide mineral, with subordinate chalcopyrite, sphalerite and rare galena; traces of gold, silver- and Sn-bearing minerals occur in the massive sulfide and barite ores. Primary fluid inclusions within quartz and barite occur as two types: (1) type I: two phase, liquid-vapour inclusions without daughter minerals, and (2) type II: three phase, liquid CO2-bearing carbonic inclusions. These three phase inclusions include liquid H2O, liquid CO2 and vapour CO2, with variable CO2 content, and often decrepitate before complete homogenization. Microthermometric measurements of the type I inclusions show that the temperature of homogenization (Th) varies between 180 °C and 310 °C with salinities ranging from 1.0 to 15.0 wt% NaCl equivalent in the quartz samples. Homogenization temperatures (Th) of 190 °C to 300 °C and salinities between 1.0 and 13.0 wt% NaCl equivalent are recorded from the barite samples. Type II inclusions have an initial melting temperature range of −57.1 °C to −57.5 °C, clathrate melting temperature (Tmclathrate) of 7.4 °C to 8.0 °C and CO2 homogenization temperature (ThCO2) between 30.1 °C and 30.3 °C, and salinity ranging from 4.0 to 5.1 wt% NaCl equivalent. Densities, pressure and depth of ore forming fluids range from 0.711 to 0.970 g/cm3, 12 to 93 bars, and ∼1500 m depth of seawater. Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis shows the presence of CO2 in the carbonic inclusions. The fluid inclusion results suggest that the main ore fluid during the formation of the Tasik Chini VHMS deposit is a seawater-dominated fluid, but contribution from a modified seawater or possibly magmatic origin is also indicated by higher salinities relative to seawater (3.2 wt% NaCl) and the presence of CO2. Taking into account the regional geodynamic evolution, it is also concluded that the formation of VHMS deposits in the Tasik Chini area occurred in a back-arc geotectonic setting.

Determination of the maximum allowable distance between the roller conveyors of a tubular belt conveyor

The article developed a mathematical model of the stress-strain state of a tubular conveyor belt filled with bulk load. In this case, the belt is considered as a thin elastic inextensible cylindrical shell, and the bulk load in the belt is in the limit state. A system of differential equilibrium equations for a tubular belt with a bulk load with respect to forces and bending moments in a belt was obtained, which, when simplified, was reduced to a fourth-order differential equation for belt deflections. Based on this mathematical model, analytical dependencies of the deflections of the tubular conveyor belt on the parameters of the conveyor, the radius and properties of the belt, as well as the properties of the bulk load are obtained and analyzed. As a result, the maximum allowable distance between the roller supports of the tubular conveyor is determined. It was found that the allowable distance between the roller bearings is directly proportional to the tension of the belt and inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the belt and the bulk weight of the load. The research results can be used in the design of tubular belt conveyors transporting bulk load.

Deep convolutional neural network-based in-process tool condition monitoring in abrasive belt grinding

Abrasive belt grinding has attracted attention in recent years in both industry and academia due to the rapid development of abrasive belts. In-process tool condition monitoring in abrasive belt grinding is difficult due to the large and unknown number of abrasive grains with variable and stochastic cutting geometries especially when the monitoring utilizes complicated sound signal for functionality. To monitor the wear of an abrasive belt, a new method using the deep convolutional neural network(DCNN) is proposed to identify the wear state of an abrasive belt based on sound signals. To comprehensively evaluate the recognition result of the belt wear state, one-level accuracy and precision are proposed, and the accuracy, one-level accuracy and precision of the method proposed in this paper are 82.2%, 97.6%, and 0.863, respectively. Compared with traditional methods, the results of this study infer that this method based on the DCNN can automatically and simultaneously search for the features of grinding sounds that are sensitive to belt wear in two dimensions, the time-domain and frequency-domain. The above characteristics of the DCNN are very suitable for extracting the features of the nonstationary sound signals that are produced by the alternate cutting process of multiple abrasive grains.

Stress-Strain State of a Flat Tractive-Bearing Element of a Lifting and Transporting Machine at Operational Changes of its Parameters

Main indicators of a stress-strain state of a rubber-cable belt, the rubber-cable rope for a random placement pattern and the size of the part with broken cables, including partially removed cables, with cable breakages and their random amount, different conditions of belt interaction in its cross-sections of connection to structural elements of a conveyor and a lifting machine to ensure control of its tractive ability during the life cycle. Performed researches clarify the idea of the interaction mechanism of reinforcing elements in composite materials of layered structure with hard and soft layers. Obtained results can be used for development and justification of a unified technology of creation and engineering support of operation of lifting and transporting machines with flat tractive-bearing elements with increased life-span, level of efficiency and operational safety in systems of extraction, transportation and processing of minerals.

Evaluation of the deflected mode of the monolithic span pieces and preassembled slabs combined action

In single-story industrial buildings, the cost of roof covering comprises 40-55% of the total cost of the buildings. Therefore, research, development and application of new structural forms of reinforced concrete rafter structures, that allow to reduce material consumption and reduce the sub-assembly weight of structures, are the main tasks in the field of improving the existing generic solutions. The article suggests a method for estimating the relieving effect in the rafter structure as the result of combined deformation of the roof slabs with the end arrises. Calculated and experimental method for determining the stress and strain state of the rafter structure upper belt and the roof slabs with regard to their rigid connection has been proposed. A model of a highly effective roof structure providing a significant reduction in the construction height of the roofing and the cubic content of the building at the same time allowing to include the end arrises and a part of the slabs shelves with the help of the monolithic concrete has been proposed. The proposed prefabricated monolithic concrete rafter structure and its rigid connection with ribbed slabs allows to reduce the consumption of the prestressed slabs reinforcement by 50%.

Application design of piezoelectric effect in cabin seat belt status indication

During the special operation stage of the aircraft, if the passengers did not fasten their safety belts in accordance with the requirements, it may bring unexpected injury, resulting in unnecessary losses. So if there is a corresponding system can help the crew to accurately confirm the state of the safety belts of the passengers under special circumstances, what we said before can be avoided. The seat belt status indicator system is designed based on the piezoelectric effect can help the crew to know the state of the safety belt clearly, to ensure the effectiveness of their work.

Climate Model Biases in the Width of the Tropical Belt

Abstract Earth’s arid subtropics are situated at the edges of the tropical belt, which encircles the planet along the equator and covers half of its surface area. The climate of the tropical belt is strongly influenced by the Hadley cells, with their subsidence and easterly trade winds both sustaining the aridity at the belt’s edges. The understanding of Earth’s past, present, and future climates is contingent on understanding the dynamics influencing this region. An important but unanswered question is how realistically climate models reproduce the mean state of the tropical belt. This study augments the existing literature by examining the mean width and seasonality of the tropical belt in climate models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) and experiments from the second phase of the Chemistry–Climate Model Validation (CCMVal-2) activity of the Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (SPARC) project. While the models overall reproduce the structure of the tropical belt width’s seasonal cycle, they underestimate its amplitude and cannot consistently reproduce the seasonal cycle lag between the Northern Hemisphere Hadley cell edge and subtropical jet latitudes found in observations. Additionally, up to 50% of the intermodel variation in mean tropical belt width can be attributed to model horizontal resolution, with finer resolution leading to a narrower tropical belt. Finer resolution is associated with an equatorward shift and intensification of subtropical eddy momentum flux convergence, which via the Coriolis torque explains essentially all of the grid-size bias and a large fraction of the total intermodel variation in Hadley cell width.