States In Peninsular Malaysia Research Articles

Financial Literacy among Malaysian: Level of Financial Knowledge Score

This study aims to provide empirical evidence on the current level of financial knowledge score among households in Malaysia. A survey approach was employed to gather research data. The survey was carried out between February to May 2017 in several states in Peninsular Malaysia. The selection of respondents was based on random sampling technique with a total of 451 respondents. Data collected was descriptively analyzed. The study finds that less than 50% of the respondents achieved high score of financial knowledge. The study also observes that female respondents have much lower level of financial knowledge than male respondents. The study concludes that the current level of financial knowledge among Malaysian is still low to moderate with less than half of the respondents achieved high score .Hence, it is crucial for the relevant and responsible Malaysian authorities and agencies to formulate and implement appropriate strategies in improving Malaysian financial literacy.

Understandings of the Safety in School Concept among Secondary School Teachers

Safety at workplace is an issue that has been growing in the social context and is becoming an increasing concern of many parties that call for the need of actions to prevent injuries and other sort of dangerous situations. Safety in school, as a workplace for many, is not only the school’s management responsibility but teachers, staff as well as the students have roles to play to ensure that schools are safe. Teachers need to have knowledge and awareness of safety in schools and embrace its related concepts as depicted by Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994).This paper reports on a qualitative study, involving interviews with20 experienced secondary school teachers from the Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia. It examines the concept of safety in school from their perspectives. The interview data were analysed thematically. Among the concepts that had emerged from the analysis are safety in school as undeniably an important aspect that warrants attention from the related parties; safety in school as a condition whereby the community in the schools feel safe; and safety in schools as the awareness of being free from danger from the physical and psychosocial aspects. The results of the study provided evidence of limited conceptions of safety in school among the teachers. Hence, it indicates the need to provide teachers with relevant knowledge about matters pertaining to safety in school as described by the ministry.

The 14th General Election, the Fall of Barisan Nasional, and Political Development in Malaysia, 1957-2018

The results of the recent 2018 general election (GE14) in Malaysia were exceptional. The ruling party – Barisan Nasional (BN) – was ousted from power after over six decades of authoritarian rule, by a new opposition coalition – the Pakatan Harapan (PH). In this historic election, BN lost all the federal states in Peninsular Malaysia except for the two less developed ones of Perlis and Pahang. BN was also defeated in Sabah for the second time since its dramatic recapture in 1995. However, these results are not as surprising if one looks at the outcome from its historical and developmental perspectives. The indication of the breakdown of the one-party dominant state of Malaysia can (at least) be traced back to 10 years ago – since the 2008 general election (GE12). BN then lost several parliamentary seats in the urban centres, even with a less unified opposition. It had also lost four states on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, and had been fairly incompetent in reclaiming control over Selangor and Penang since that particular election. Five years later, in the 2013 general election (GE13), the results aggravated BN. It had lost its popular votes to the then opposition coalition – the Pakatan Rakyat (PR). The main objectives of this article, therefore, are twofold. First, it intends to shed light on the recent general elections through historical and developmental approaches by linking them to the electoral results, and political development in Malaysia, respective to GE12 and GE13. Second, it strives to make available for analysis the arguments on how the opposition pact managed to unseat BN in GE14. The analysis in this article is based on the data gathered by the author through a mixture of media studies, library research, and direct observation – as this author was one of the official observers appointed by the Election Commission of Malaysia for GE14. The main argument of this article on the breakthrough of PH to the federal government is that the opposition managed to reshape the multiparty electoral system to a “two-plus-one party system” from late 2016, which boosted the level of political competition between the two main parties in Malaysia – namely, BN and PH – in GE14. Four major factors have been identified as constituting the triumph of PH and the fall of BN in the election. These are: the existence of a credible representative and strong opposition, with the inclusion of Mahathir and two Malay/ Bumiputra (“the natives”) political parties; the rupture of the elites within the ruling regime; the presence of impactful issues surrounding Najib's administration; and, the advancement of information and communications technology as well as its impact on the emergence of a digital and much more participative society in Malaysia.

Associations Between an 'Energy Dense, High Sugar, High Fibre and Low Fat' Dietary Pattern and Dyslipidaemia among Adolescents from Three Southern States in Peninsular Malaysia

Associations Between an 'Energy Dense, High Sugar, High Fibre and Low Fat' Dietary Pattern and Dyslipidaemia among Adolescents from Three Southern States in Peninsular Malaysia

Flood and Flash Flood Geo-Hazards in Malaysia

Floods are natural phenomena of geo-hazards that usually happened when experiencing prolonged heavy rainfalls. Floods in Malaysia can be categorized into monsoon floods and flash floods. Monsoon floods is caused of Northeast Monsoon season commences in early November and ends in March that brings heavy rainfall, particularly to the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia and western Sarawak. Flash floods usually occur in areas with rapid development by a rapid rise in water level, high velocity, and large amounts of debris. Flooding that occurred in December 2014 can be classified as worst floods that affected several states in Peninsular Malaysia, and the worst affected is Kelantan state. This disaster was recorded more than 200,000 people were affected with 21 people were killed and gives a massive impact on people, properties, agriculture, livestock, and infrastructure facilities. Following the worst floods that hit Malaysia in 2014, the opinions and views from various parties such as subject matter experts was needed to produce mitigations and prevents of the flood disaster at once to minimize vulnerability to hazard.

Bridging Barriers, Building Partners: Success of a Multistakeholder Collaborative Effort in Building and Implementing a Free Mammography Programme for Underprivileged Malaysian Women

Background and context: Research has revealed two large problems in the Malaysian breast cancer control context. First, a large disparity existed in diagnostic stages of Malaysian patients during first presentation; with a large percentage of patients presenting in Stage 3 or 4. Second, patients presenting in later stages of disease were revealed to be of lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Shortcomings are thus thought to exist in the capability of women from lower socioeconomic groups to access breast cancer screening. To address these gaps, the National Cancer Society of Malaysia conceptualized and put together a multistakeholder collaborative project. Aim: The aim of this project was to build, finance and implement a free mammography program for underprivileged Malaysian women. Strategy/Tactics: To ensure geographic equity in provision of this program, 14 individual private hospitals in 10 different states in peninsular Malaysia were negotiated with and agreed to provide the mammogram at highly competitive prices. To address transport and other costs which may have acted as a barrier for patients to attend their screening, transportation costs for groups going for their screening was also subsidized. Additional stakeholders' engaged were nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) especially those working with the economically underprivileged such as religious and other community NGOs. They were roped in as partners to spread the message, identify eligible participants and schedule visits. Some NGOs carried this out as part of their own outreach activities; reserving specific days at the screening centers for themselves. Program/Policy process: The program consisted of a free mammogram provided to Malaysian women above 40 years of age who were determined to be underprivileged; defined for this program as those having a monthly household income below the poverty line (RM5000). If the mammogram was found to be suspicious, a confirmatory breast ultrasound was also performed sans payment. Once conceptualized, the program was successfully pitched by NCSM to ETIQA Insurance, a large Malaysian insurer, who agreed to fund this project as part of their sustainable corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative. In total, the program funded mammograms for 5000 women over a period of 1 year from July 2017 to July 2018. NCSM advertised the program through various channels; including traditional media, social media, and at various outreach programs and events. Outcomes/What was learned: The program has run for 8 months and has already screened 3550 women nationwide. The multistakeholder collaborative effort has been highly successful at creating awareness on breast cancer screening and providing accurate breast cancer screening for a large number of underprivileged women, some for the first time in their lives.

Experience and Impact of a Locally-Based Peer, Volunteer Cancer Support Programme in Hospital Melaka, Melaka Malaysia

Background: Melaka is a small southern state in Peninsular Malaysia. On average, the state has an annual incidence of 200 odd breast cancer patients, largely treated out of its public, subsidized, single tertiary treatment center of Hospital Melaka. Hospital Melaka is an 800-bedded hospital with multiple specialties including surgery and radiology. Though the hospital does not have a dedicated oncology department, cancer treatment is carried out via phone consultations and visiting oncologists as well as a team of on-site nursing staff who are trained to initiate and monitor treatment. Feedback from Hospital Melaka staff highlighted that there was a drop-out rate of about 30% of patients from the treatment journey. Qualitative interviews with different stakeholders including patient revealed that the drop-out may be driven by factors such as: i) fear of surgery, ii) fear of chemotherapy, iii) fear of disfigurement, iv) loss of spouse v) emotional distress and shock; and vi) delay in waiting times for different levels of diagnostics and treatment. Aim: The aim of the initiative was to reduce the rate of patients who defaulted out from the cancer treatment journey via a three-pronged approach: a) improving understanding about cancer and treatment by patients and family members; b) integrating peer-support into the clinical treatment pathway at the hospital and reduction of waiting times; and c) maintaining a continuous interaction with the patient throughout the treatment journey. Methods: The inception and deployment of a locally-based peer, volunteer support program for breast cancer patients and families as part of the formal cancer treatment process in Hospital Melaka. Volunteers were consisted of a trained mix of cancer survivors, current and retired healthcare practitioners and provided information pertaining to treatment and care aspects of breast cancer as well as emotional support and follow-up of patients via phone or in person to ensure compliance to treatment. In this study, we engaged with various stakeholders including hospital management and clinicians. Then, support group's services were formalized into the care pathway for all patients with breast cancer; with both volunteers able to send and receive patient referrals. Results: Statistically significant reductions in patient delays in decision-making to seek treatment as well as a significant decrease of 12.5% in the number of defaulters. Conclusion: A support program built with support from all stakeholders and run by volunteers and embedded within the formal care process acts as a catalyst to enhance both service delivery as well as keeping patients engaged on the cancer care journey.

Drivers of Customer Loyalty towards Islamic Subsidiary Banks in the Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia

It is undeniable that customer loyalty contributes to the sustainability and success of the banking industry. With the intense competition in the industry, banks are now trying to retain their customers with the aim to increase their revenues. As there are disagreements among the variables that influence customer loyalty, this study examined the relationships between perceived value, image, satisfaction and loyalty in an integrative model. Analysis was done on data collected from 139 bank customers in the northern states of Peninsular Malaysia using Partial Least Squares. The results of the study revealed that perceived value and bank image led customers to experience greater satisfaction, resulting in customers to be more loyal to their banks. The research outcome contributes to the body of knowledge by integrating the four variables into one model and by testing the model in the banking industry. The findings from this study may assist bank managers to formulate strategies to increase their revenues through customer loyalty.

Effect of economic vulnerability on entrepreneurial competencies among Malaysian micro-entrepreneurs

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of economic vulnerability upon entrepreneurial competencies (i.e. commitment competency, conceptual competency, opportunity recognition competency, organizing competency, relationship competency and strategic competency) among respondents from varied development initiatives established by the eKasih program (National Poverty Data Bank) in Peninsular Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Upon adopting the cross-sectional design, data were randomly gathered from selected 300 micro-entrepreneurs from the list of development organizations available in the eKasih (National Poverty Data Bank), located at four states in Peninsular Malaysia. The quantitative data were gathered by performing structured interview sessions from September until November 2017. Findings The outcomes of the study displayed that economic vulnerability has a significantly negative effect upon commitment, opportunity recognition, organizing and strategic competency. On the other hand, the results showcased that economi c vulnerability has a significantly positive effect on competency, but insignificantly positive impact upon conceptual competency. Originality/value These study outcomes appear to extend the scope of the resource-based view, apart from enriching the existing entrepreneurial competency literature, particularly within the Malaysian context. Hence, it is recommended that the government of Malaysia and development organizations should focus on maximizing the level of competency among micro-entrepreneurs as a viable approach to decrease the effect of economic vulnerability.

Sources of competitive advantage for Malaysian micro-enterprises

PurposeEntrepreneurial activities are embedded within the networks of social relationships, which facilitate the flow of crucial information and resources. This study aims to examine the effect of social capital (i.e. structural, cognitive and relational), entrepreneurial competencies (i.e. commitment, conceptual and organizing) and micro-enterprise innovativeness (i.e. innovativeness and absorptive capacity) on the competitive advantages of the micro-enterprises owned and managed by women micro-entrepreneurs in Peninsular Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative data from 417 women micro-entrepreneurs from six selected states in Peninsular Malaysia through structured interview. For data analysis, this study adopted variance-based structural equation modeling, i.e. PLS-SEM.FindingsThe findings of this study revealed a significant positive effect of social capital on entrepreneurial competencies, innovativeness and competitive advantage. The findings also revealed a significant positive effect of entrepreneurial competencies on innovativeness and competitive advantage.Originality/valueThe government and other development agencies working toward enterprise development in Malaysia should therefore focus on designing a platform for women micro-entrepreneurs to promote the development of structural and relational social capital, which foster the flow of crucial information and resources necessary for suitable micro-enterprise performance.

Development programs, household income and economic vulnerability

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to improve the socio-economic condition of low-income households in Malaysia, many products and services are available, including access to working capital and enterprise development training programs. This study examined the impact of access to working capital and micro-enterprise development training programs on household income and economic vulnerability among participants of development initiatives in the eKasih (national poverty data bank) in Peninsular Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachAdopting a cross-sectional design, the authors collected data randomly from the selected 300 micro-entrepreneurs from the list of development organizations available in the eKasih (national poverty data bank) located in four states of Peninsular Malaysia. Quantitative data were collected through structured interviews with the respondents from October to November 2017.FindingsBoth the length of participation and total amount of economic loan were found to increase the household income. However, there was no positive and significant impact of total number of training hours on household income. Interestingly, length of participation was found to reduce the level of economic vulnerability, except total amount of economic loan, and total number of training hours.Originality/valueDespite the overwhelming empirical evidence, the findings indicated that the impact of enterprise development training programs was inconclusive. The effect of total amount of loan on economic vulnerability was also inconclusive. Hence, both policy makers and development organizations should understand how their programs benefit the poor households that can be improved through new implementation strategies.

Spatial Flood Vulnerability Assessment in Peninsular Malaysia using Data Envelopment Analysis (Dea)

Flood has caused an enormous negative impact on the environment and the population safety in Malaysia. Many areas are found to be vulnerable to flood due to heavy rainfall during monsoon seasons. However, not many studies were done to identify how vulnerable the prone areas are affected. This study focused on developing flood vulnerability measurement in Peninsular Malaysian states. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied on a set of secondary data consisting of several input and output variables across 11 years from 2004 to 2014. The flood vulnerability index for each dimension was computed based on three aspects of flood vulnerability dimensions, i.e. the Population Vulnerability, the Social Vulnerability and the Biophysical Vulnerability. The result showed that Johor was the most vulnerable state among all the states in Peninsular Malaysia in terms of the Population Vulnerability. Meanwhile, Kelantan was the most vulnerable state in the Social Vulnerability and Kedah was the most vulnerable state in the Biophysical Vulnerability. The assessment of flood vulnerability can provide multi-information that may well contribute to a deeper understanding of flood disaster scenario in Malaysia.

Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Competitive Advantages, Enterprise Performance and Sustainability

This study investigated the effect of economic vulnerability upon competitive advantages, performance, and sustainability of micro-enterprises owned and managed by micro-entrepreneurs who participate in varied development initiatives in Peninsular Malaysia. Upon adopting the cross-sectional design, data were randomly collected from selected 300 micro-entrepreneurs from the eKasih program (national poverty data bank) located in four states of Peninsular Malaysia. The quantitative data were collected by conducting structured interview sessions with the respondents held from September until November 2017. The findings revealed that the state of economic vulnerability among the respondents had a significantly negative effect on the aspects of competitive advantages, performance, and sustainability among micro-enterprises in Peninsular Malaysia. Despite of the widely acknowledged and empirically examined effects of socioeconomic antecedents upon micro-enterprise performance, the focus on the effect of a more comprehensive measure of socioeconomic condition, that is, economic vulnerability, among low-income households appears to be scant. Hence, the outcomes of this study are able to provide critical insights for development organizations pertaining to development programs and their effectiveness on economically vulnerable, particularly among low-income households in Peninsular Malaysia.

Consistency and Generalizability of Dietary Patterns in a Multiethnic Working Population

BackgroundDietary pattern analysis is a complementary method to nutrient analysis in evaluating overall diet–disease hypotheses. Although studies have been conducted to derive dietary patterns among Malaysians, their consistency across subgroups has not been examined. ObjectiveThe study aimed to derive dietary patterns empirically and to examine the consistency and generalizability of patterns across sex, ethnicity, and urban status in a working population. DesignThis was a cross-sectional study using data from the Clustering of Lifestyle Risk Factors and Understanding its Association with Stress on Health and Well-Being among School Teachers in Malaysia study collected between August 2014 and November 2015. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. Participants/settingParticipants were teachers from selected public schools from three states in Peninsular Malaysia (n=4,618). Main outcome measuresDietary patterns derived using factor analysis. Statistical analyses performedSeparate factor analysis was conducted by sex, ethnicity, and urban status to identify dietary patterns. Eigenvalue >2, scree plot, Velicer’s minimum average partial analysis, and Horn’s parallel analysis were used to determine the number of factors to retain. The interpretability of each dietary pattern was evaluated. The consistency and generalizability of dietary patterns across subgroups were assessed using the Tucker congruence coefficient. ResultsThere was no subgroup-specific dietary pattern found. Thus, dietary patterns were derived using the pooled sample in the final model. Two dietary patterns (Western and Prudent) were derived. The Western dietary pattern explained 15.4% of total variance, characterized by high intakes of refined grains, animal-based foods, added fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as fast food. The Prudent dietary pattern explained 11.1% of total variance and was loaded with pulses, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. ConclusionsThe derived Western and Prudent dietary patterns were consistent and generalizable across subgroups of sex, ethnicity, and urban status. Further research is needed to explore associations between these dietary patterns and chronic diseases.

THE IMPACT OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND RURAL POVERTY ON HEALTH CARE BEHAVIOR: CASE STUDIES IN THE POOR HOUSING COMMUNITY IN KEDAH, MALAYSIA.

Numerous studies have found that health-seeking behavior depends on the individual\\\'s socio-cultural differences, demographic profiles, level of economic conditions, religiousness and religious affiliations, and the availability of health care providers. Existing literature indicates that health status and health behavior among poor and low-income groups was found to be very low and vulnerable under conditions. This study examines health status and health care seeking behaviors in households of a resettlement housing unit Kampung (village) Sadek founded by the Kedah Regional Development Authority (KEDA), in Kedah (North East state in Peninsular Malaysia), Malaysia. Total 21 households sampled were interviewed face to face using the random sampling procedure. The open-ended questionnaire was administered to cover the various issues, including the demographic and economic profile, health behavior and religiosity, to investigate the nature and extent of health care behavior by beneficiaries of resettlement in hospitals and alternative treatment (traditional and spiritual). The results showed that health resettlement recipients seeking behavior are shown to public hospitals / clinics and traditional healers. The results indicate that the respondents experienced the acute condition of poor health, suffered several types of diseases. Due to the numerous barriers to accessing modern health services, households were linked to traditional health providers (indigenous to nature consist primarily of two traditional providers such as bomoh and religious authority Imam). This article proposes few recommendations including hospitals/clinics should be incorporated near the resettlement area of housing because their majority of the means of transportation is on foot to visit public health service and KEDA authority must take an initiative, such as the mobile clinic services during the weekend so that in addition to poor people go the hospital / clinic rather the service comes to the poor.

Effective Leadership as the Mediator between Emotional Quotient and Teachers’ Work Performance: A Study in National Secondary School in Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia

Effective Leadership as the Mediator between Emotional Quotient and Teachers’ Work Performance: A Study in National Secondary School in Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia

Techno-economic analysis of 1 MWp grid connected solar PV plant in Malaysia

ABSTRACTMost of the public and private technical universities in Malaysia have considerably abundant free areas, which could be a better place for equipping the renewable energy harvesters. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the feasibility of developing a solar PV plant at two different campuses of Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). This paper proposes 1 MW solar PV power plant at the Pekan Campus (Rural Campus), and Gambang (Suburban Campus) of UMP located in the east coast state of Pahang, which is biggest among other states in Peninsular Malaysia. The technical viability of the proposed crystalline technology based PV plant with open rack or free stand mounting position is analysed using PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographical Information Systems) and PV Watts’s software. The economic and environmental aspects of the proposed plant are also analysed based on standard parameters. The proposed plant of 1 MWp Solar PV plant can generate around 1390 MWh, of electricity per annum with a GHG emission reduction of 818.71 tCO2 per annum. The PV power plant can contribute in meeting 5% of total energy requirements of the campus. The technical performance obtained through PVGIS is quite comparable with the PV Watts results.

Pyrethroid Resistance Status of Aedes (Stegomyia) Aegypti (Linneaus) from Dengue Endemic Areas in Peninsular Malaysia

Vector control is still the principal method to control dengue and chemical insecticides, especially the pyrethroids such as permethrin are the forerunners of mosquito control agent. Intensive and extensive use of pyrethroids often result in resistance, thereby hampering control efforts. The present study was conducted to evaluate the susceptible status of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue against permethrin. A nationwide mosquito sampling via ovitrapping was conducted in 12 dengue hotspots across 5 states in Peninsular Malaysia. Field collected Aedes eggs were hatched and reared until L3 larval and further identified it species. Adult F0 Aedes aegypti were reared until F1 progeny and the female were used in adult assay, performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) protocol as to determine the resistance level. The laboratory strain maintained for more than 1000 generations that were susceptible to permethrin served as the control strain. Evaluation of resistance ratio was assessed by comparing the knockdown rate with laboratory susceptible strain. In this present study, 70% ofAe. aegypti population from dengue hotspots was highly resistance to permethrin. The study clearly demonstrated that widespread of permethrin resistant Ae. aegypti in Malaysian mosquito’s population, indicating the need of implementing an efficient pyrethroid resistance management.

Development of daily rainfall erosivity model for Kelantan state, Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract The study was conducted to develop a rainfall erosivity model for tropical climates to estimate daily rainfall erosivity and determine the most effective power law relationship between rainfall erosivity and daily precipitation. Thirty minute resolution rainfall data recorded in 55 stations of a state in Peninsular Malaysia were analysed. Using three precipitation limits of 0.1, 5.0 and 12.7 mm, the behaviour of rainfall on average annual rainfall erosivity gave ranges of 10,264–54,284, 8,151.5–48,301 and 4,958–39,938 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 y−1 respectively. It was found that the number of individual events, occurring within a day, were more in the area compared other types of events for all precipitation limits (0.1, 0.5 and 12.0 mm). Spatio-temporal variation of monthly coefficient values of power law relationship was found with the highest R2 in the range of 0.93–0.94 for 0.1 mm precipitation limit. Out of 55 stations, 15 were selected for model development and assessment. On the basis of importance of smaller events, a 0.1 mm precipitation limit was selected for the proposed model. The proposed model was found good for monthly and annual rainfall erosivity estimation apart from few limitations. Furthermore, the validity of the proposed model was checked for different parts of the area.

Evaluation of wet indices using standard precipitation index: A case study of Terengganu states

In line with the current climate conditions, the study of prolonged precipitation is imperative as it may predict the flood events in the future. In 2014, Terengganu is amongst the state in Peninsular Malaysia was affected by floods and it experienced three waves of floods during the monsoon seasons. In this research study, Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to analyse the monthly precipitation data for two selected rain gauge stations in Terengganu over the period of forty-five years from 1970 to 2014. The objective of this study is to monitor the extreme wet conditions that eventually could cause the occurrence of floods. Comparisons were made using 3-month, 6-month, 24-month and 48-month time scales. SPI time series is calculated from precipitation index data for two rain-gauge stations in Terengganu. The shortest of time scales of SPI indicate the condition of moisture in short and medium terms, which is then used to estimate the seasonal precipitation. The longest time scales reveal patterns of long-term precipitation before the flood events. The result clearly shows that the annual trends of the wet events for longest periods are regularly experienced in wet conditions compare to drought conditions and predicted to have a higher probability of flood disaster. SK Kuala Telemong station has recorded the highest SPI values for the wet event in the entire periods, which the shortest time scales is 3.43 and longest term of time scales closer to three (2.90) in this analysis.