State Of Mexico Research Articles

Novelties in Pitcairnia (Bromeliaceae; Pitcairnioideae): three new species from Mexico

Three new species of Pitcairnia from Mexico are proposed: P. aleserratoae was found in Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla; P. gracielae known from the Estado de Mexico and Morelos while P. pugana has been collected in Jalisco. Information on distribution, habitat and phenology is provided for each species. The new taxa are compared with P. jaliscana, P. karwinskyana, P. micheliana, P. palmeri, and P. pteropoda, species morphologically similar.

High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals New Viroid Species in Opuntia in Mexico.

In the main cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)-producing region in the State of Mexico, fruit production occupies the largest cultivated area with 15,800 ha, while 900 ha are cultivated for edible young Opuntia pads ("nopalitos") which are consumed as vegetables. Two composite samples consisting of cladodes of plants for fruit production (n = 6) and another of "nopalitos" (n = 6) showing virus-like symptoms were collected. Both sample sets were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify the viruses and viroids. The HTS results were verified using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, 86 samples including cladodes from "nopalitos", plants for fruit production, xoconostles, and some wild Opuntia were analyzed via RT-PCR with specific primers for the viruses and viroids previously detected via HTS. Three viruses were discovered [Opuntia virus 2 (OV2), cactus carlavirus 1 (CCV-1), and Opuntia potexvirus A (OPV-A)], along with a previously reported viroid [Opuntia viroid 1 (OVd-1)]. Additionally, two new viroids were identified, provisionally named the Mexican opuntia viroid (MOVd, genus Pospiviroid) and Opuntia viroid 2 (OVd-2, genus Apscaviroid). A phylogenetic analysis, pairwise identity comparison, and conserved structural elements analysis confirmed the classification of these two viroids as new species within the Pospiviroidae family. This is the first report of a pospiviroid and two apscaviroids infecting cactus pears in the world. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the virome associated with cactus pears in Mexico.

Botanical Origin and Biological Properties of Honey and Propolis from Cuautitlan, State of Mexico, Mexico.

Beekeeping is an activity that generates various products, mainly honey and propolis, with different biological activities that are studied extensively using various methodologies. The influence of various phenolic compounds, such as phenols and flavonoids, which are synthesized and concentrated differently in each product depending on the melliferous flora and sources of resources, on the manufacture of propolis or honey has been investigated. However, the analysis of these products has been performed separately and is outdated in time, and depending on the area and the flowering periods, different crops may be harvested. The analysis of the honey and propolis produced in Cuautitlan, State of Mexico, in the high plateau beekeeping zone, for a period of four years, both in the dry and rainy seasons, was proposed to determine the botanical origin of the honey and propolis. The primary pollen type in both honey and propolis was from Brassica rapa. Physicochemical tests were conducted, revealing higher concentrations of antimicrobial activity in the dry season than in the rainy season. Honey, propolis, and a vegetation extract showed activity against S. aureus, while only honey had an effect on E. coli in both seasons. For antifungal activity, only propolis collected in the rainy season had this activity. The biological properties of these products are closely related to the flora that varies both annually and between seasons, influencing the concentrations of phenolic compounds, as well as the biological activity of honey and propolis.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ANTHRACNOSE IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) IN DONATO GUERRA, MEXICO

Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. that affects the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) crop and causes significant economic losses in the farming sector. To focus control measures, it is important to understand the spatial distribution and the dynamics followed by the disease under field conditions. The use of methods derived from spatial statistics facilitates this task. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial behavior of anthracnose in Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass in Donato Guerra, a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico, using a geostatistical and spatial analysis by distance indices. Four hundred trees were selected and georeferenced in the municipal area. In order to measure the incidence, 48 fruits were selected from every tree. Using these data, the experimental semivariogram was estimated, and adjustments were made to models that explain the spatial arrangement. Maps were created using ordinary kriging, and the infection area was estimated. The maps generated show the presence of aggregation centers and a spatial distribution mostly fitting Gaussian and exponential models, with ranges fluctuating between 12 and 56 m, indicating spatial association between data. Likewise, the greatest percentage of infected areas was 98 %, while the lowest was 45 %. Geostatistics enables a precise understanding of the distribution patterns of diseases such as anthracnose in avocado-growing areas of the State of Mexico, which facilitates the implementation of integrated management programs with greater effectiveness.

Molecular Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Vaginal Swab Samples from Sheep That Aborted.

Background: Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the etiological agent of Q fever in humans and one of the causes of abortion in small ruminants. Although coxiellosis is considered an exotic disease, there are a few reports in Mexico. Methods: The objective of this work was to determine the presence of C. burnetii DNA in vaginal samples from sheep that presented abortion and ram semen. A total of 180 vaginal exudate samples and 20 semen samples were obtained from five Central and Southern States of Mexico. Total DNA was extracted from vaginal swabs and C. burnetii was identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of the IS1111 insertion sequence. Results and Conclusion: In total, 110 (110/180) vaginal samples and 12 (12/20) semen samples were positive for C. burnetii. This is the first report of C. burnetii in sheep that aborted and in ram semen in Mexico.

Modeling Sea Level Rise Using Ensemble Techniques: Impacts on Coastal Adaptation, Freshwater Ecosystems, Agriculture and Infrastructure

Sea level rise (SLR) is a crucial indicator of climate change, primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions and the subsequent increase in global temperatures. The impact of SLR, however, varies regionally due to factors such as ocean bathymetry, resulting in distinct shifts across different areas compared to the global average. Understanding the complex factors influencing SLR across diverse spatial scales, along with the associated uncertainties, is essential. This study focuses on the East Coast of the United States and Gulf of Mexico, utilizing historical SLR data from 1993 to 2023. To forecast SLR trends from 2024 to 2103, a weighted ensemble model comprising SARIMAX, LSTM, and exponential smoothing models was employed. Additionally, using historical greenhouse gas data, an ensemble of LSTM models was used to predict real-time SLR values, achieving a testing loss of 0.005. Furthermore, conductance and dissolved oxygen (DO) values were assessed for the entire forecasting period, leveraging forecasted SLR trends to evaluate the impacts on marine life, agriculture, and infrastructure.

Microbiological quality of marketed fish and shrimp in San Luis Mextepec in the State of Mexico, Mexico.

Objectivo: Análisis de productos comunes de la pesca y de amplia comercialización en zona popular de la población de San Luis Mextepec en el estado de México; afín de determinar el peligro y potencial de riesgo a la salud por consumo de estos productos. Diseño/metodologia/enfoque: Se realizó la colecta de muestras de filete de pescado y camarón entero en pescaderías disponibles de la zona popular de comercialización de alimentos acuáticos en San Luis Mextepec en el estado de México cada semana durante un mes, evaluando su calidad microbiológica consistente en mesófilos aerobios, coliformes totales, Salmonella, hongos y levaduras. Resultados: El análisis de mesofilos aerobios en pescado y camarón indicó que no sobrepasaron los limites permisibles de la norma oficial sanitaria, mientras que coliformes en pescado el 100% de las muestras y en camarón el 50% sobrepasaron el límite permisible. Para hongos en pescado y camarón presentaron recuentos que oscilaban entre 8 y 2150 CFU/g, mientras que para levaduras los valores oscilaron entre 95 y 1010 CFU/g. Finalmente en el análisis de Salmonella spp., el 50% de muestras de pescado y camarón dieron positiva a la presencia del patógeno infringiendo el límite sanitario e indicando un riesgo a la salud para consumidores. Limitaciones/implicaciones: Este estudio debe replicarse en otras épocas del año ya que el tipo y grado de contaminación en pescados y camarones puede variar influyendo en los peligros microbiológicos y riesgo a la salud de consumidores. Conclusiones: El análisis microbiológico de pescado y camarón comercializado indicó la presencia de contaminación microbiológica que influye en su calidad e inocuidad convirtiéndose en un peligro y riesgo a la salud de consumidores.

Waiting for a Liver Transplant in New Mexico; Understanding the State's Multi-layered Adversity.

Contrary to the assumption of consistent medical care for patients with specific illnesses in the United States, research reveals vast inconsistencies and inequalities in healthcare delivery, affecting various aspects such as mental illness diagnosis and management, life expectancy differences, overall mortality rates, and healthcare accessibility due to racial, ethnic, and cultural disparities. Liver transplantation, particularly studied in the context of the state of New Mexico (NM), highlights the multilayered inherent disadvantages faced by its citizens. Despite these challenges, the new liver transplantation allocation system implemented by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) in 2020, which focuses on geographic concentric circles rather than donor service areas (DSA), cautiously raises hope for reducing these inequities. The future of decades' worth of adversity remains uncertain, but we are optimistic that New Mexicans' systemic difficulty in getting a new liver would eventually be eased.

Tax colletion and the use of ICT through the referenced payment: the perspective of taxpayers in Texcoco, State of Mexico, in 2019

In Mexico, the Tax Administration has committed to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to avoid tax evasion and avoidance, which is why the Mexican government has proposed an information system to comply with tax obligations. This work aimed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of a new system called Referenced Payment. 110 taxpayers in the municipality of Texcoco, State of Mexico, were surveyed through directed sampling. The type of research was basic and the research approach was mixed and descriptive. SPSS software version 15.0 for Windows was used to systematize and analyze the data collected in the surveys. The results show a positive acceptance by taxpayers despite being a system that changed the way in which, for many decades, calculations and payments had been made to the treasury in Mexico.

Areas with agricultural suitability for corn cultivation State of Mexiconcy

Ensuring access to food as a priority of the sustainable development objectives requires immediate attention to crops; motivated by this, the present study shows the results of the identification of agricultural suitability zones, specifically in the cultivation of corn in the State ofMexico, using the multi‑ c riteria evaluation (MCE) that allows tomodel the territorial reality and execute the spatial process with the most important variables in the growth those crops. The identification of the processes and their regional problems gave guidelines for the weighting of each of them and define their criteria for the optimal growth of the plant. The study was carried out with the assignment of weights to the variables of altitude, temperature, precipitation, slopes and edaphology according to research on their degree of influence and dependence among them; the result is the areas with the greatest agricultural suitability for the cultivation of corn in the State of Mexico (with restriction of protected natural areas and urban areas), with a timely verification of the already existing crops and improve decision making by expanding the territory with the greatest probability of optimization and crops’ yield. This methodology proposal is intended to be replicable to other crops and/or areas in which the processes and patterns that modify the characteristics of areas from a crop to high yield are recognized.

Evolution of micro and SME's innovating senior management supply chains

Post-pandemic technology guides individuals to evolve strategic thinking by creating logistics solutions. The digital paradigm of MSMEs must innovate by linking administrative thinking with technology. Objectivity analyzes impacts on management 4.0 in supply chains, driving the individual to disrupt the logistics environment.The methodology is qualitative, descriptive. Using statistical samples. The design of the instrument consists of questionnaires that represent the main basis of impacts as an object of study, describing and analyzing survey results. The results represent 52% of MSMEs that sell online in Mexico and 48% sell through other channels, in addition productivity losses are explored with the impact of COVID-19. It is concluded that business evolution 4.0 generates adaptability to human evolution in the design of new visions of creating supply chains with a digital focus in the state of Mexico, resulting in an increase in operations by electronic commerce.Human evolution and its adaptation to a technological cognitive level is decisive to positively impact challenges in industry 4.0 and create strategies to balance occupational human wear to improve the quality of work and productive life in business entities.

Exploratory analysis of health- related indicators contained in the Sustainable Development Goals for the State of Mexico

The health- related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) serve as pivotal benchmarks for gauging the health, well- being, and overall development of a nation’s populace. This study aims to meticulously scrutinize the available SDG indicators for the State of Mexico at the municipal level, employing sophisticated techniques rooted in exploratory spatial data analysis. The primary objective is to comprehensively grasp the interplay between these indicators and their geographic distribution. This analytical approach will unveil discernible patterns encompassing clustering, dispersion, spatial self- correlation, and other geographical trends within the selected indicators. Spatial autocorrelation, notably, plays a pivotal role in discerning similarities or disparities in values and their potential correlation with geographic proximity. This analysis serves to ascertain the existence of significant spatial patterns. To accomplish this, graphical tools like maps and diagrams will be utilized. These visual representations effectively convey geographical information, thereby facilitating the communication of findings. This methodology will be particularly invaluable in pinpointing vulnerable populations. Anticipated outcomes include robust findings that can substantially inform the development agendas and guide the implementation of public health policies within the Mexican entity.

Geopyxis carolinae sp. nov. (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) from Mexico

Geopyxis is an ectomycorrhizal genus found in temperate forests. The members form yellow and orange to brown apothecia that range from 3–25 mm in diameter. Its ascospores are smooth to finely verrucous. The specimen collected from Mount Tlaloc, Texcoco, State of Mexico, was identified as Geopyxis carolinae sp. nov. This species typically forms sessile apothecia, cupuliform to discoid, and its ascospores are the largest [17–23(25) × 10–12 µm] within the genus. The species was found growing on a burnt ground associated with Abies religiosa. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS and LSU sequence data confirmed that Geopyxis carolinae is distinct from other Geopyxis spp. The new species is described, illustrated, and compared with similar taxa based on molecular and morphological data.

Processes of Autonomy of Craftsmen Women Who Produce Ceramics in the Rural Context of Noreste Mexiquense

Objective: This study aims to recognize the situation of gender inequality of the artisan women of Santa María Canchesdá, Temascalcingo in the northeast of the State of Mexico. Theoretical Framework: Based on analysis categories of gender, territory and crafts. Method: In this study, the qualitative case study approach with a gender perspective was used, using field research techniques such as participant observation and in-depth semi-structured interviews. Results and Discussion: The results show that the participation of women in the ceramic making process is central to the local economy, but also, rural women artisans with their work have initiated processes of autonomy that would be repositioning them against the men of the community. Implications of the Research: It seeks to identify the real participation that women have in the social reproduction of their artisan homes and the expansion of the activity in the community. Originality/Value: Expand the literature on women potters, regarding the productive and reproductive work they carry out, through empirical evidence of their daily work both in pottery and ceramist workshops and at home, especially in indigenous localities.

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep during the period 2018-2021 in the State of Mexico, Mexico

La verminosis gastroentérica de los pequeños rumiantes, como la de otras especies de animales productivos, repercute notablemente en la salud y el desarrollo pecuario. Con el objetivo de determinar las parasitosis gastrointestinales diagnosticadas en ovinos durante el periodo 2018 al 2021 del Estado de México se obtuvieron y analizaron los reportes de muestras del área de parasitología (resultados emitidos de diagnóstico por flotación) del CIESA. Para el análisis de registros, valoración de casos y su clasificación se consideró: número de caso, número de animales en la unidad de producción, procedencia y tipo de unidad de producción. Para el reporte de resultados se utilizó estadística descriptiva. La procedencia de las muestras fue de varias áreas productoras de ovinos. Para el año 2018 el número de muestras fue de 63, para el 2019 fueron 49, en el 2020 diez, y cuatro para el 2021, dando un total de 126 muestras. Las razas correspondieron a: Suffolk, Hamshiere, Dorper, Kathadin e híbridos. En el análisis coproparasitoscópico se encontró: 5 muestras negativas; con una parasitosis leve 67; con una parasitosis moderada 33, y 21 con una parasitosis severa. De las parasitosis gastroentéricas se encontró una positividad del 96.03 %, y por especie de nematodos gastroentéricos se encontró: Chabertia 91 (72,72 %); Cooperia 28 (22,22 %); Haemonchus 25 (19.84 %); Nematodirus 8 (6,34 %), y a Trichostrongylus spp 4 muestras (3,17 %). Otras parasitosis observadas, fueron: Eimeria spp con 84,92 %; Moniezia spp 22,22 %; 17,46 % a Dictyocaulus, y 13,49 % a Trichuris. Por lo tanto, en el manejo sanitario de los rebaños se requiere un mejor control parasitario y aplicar medidas de control alternativas por la aparición de parásitos resistentes a los antihelmínticos.

Presence of Indicator Bacteria and Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species in Packaged Ice Cubes in Central Mexico

This study aimed to determine the bacteriological quality and presence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEP) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species in 85 packaged ice samples from 12 different states of central Mexico. Three samples had a pH of 9.8 and therefore fell outside of the acceptable range for pH. All samples were positive for aerobic-mesophilic bacteria, with limits ranging from 1 to 3.47 log CFU/mL. In total, 35, 11, and 3 ice samples were positive for total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and E. coli, respectively. In the samples, the TC concentration ranged from <1.1 to >23 MPN/100 mL and from <1.1 to 23 MPN/100 mL for FC and E. coli. In total, 38 (44.7%) ice samples were outside of Mexico's official guidelines. None of the 12 E. coli strains isolated from the three ice samples belonged to DEP. NTM were recovered from 20 ice samples and included M. neoaurum (n = 7), M. porcinum (n = 2), M. flavescens (n = 2), M. fortuitum (n = 1), M. abscessus (n = 1), M. senegalense (n = 1), M. conceptionense (n = 1), and M. sp. (n = 1). In the remaining four samples, two NTM were isolated simultaneously. Thus, we recommend that producers should evaluate the microbiological quality of purified water used as a raw material as well as that of the final product, the ice should be packed in thick bags to avoid stretching and tearing during transportation or storage to prevent environmental contamination of ice, personnel involved in the production, and handling of ice should be trained in relative hygiene matters and how ice-machines should be cleaned and disinfected and the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points must be applied throughout the chain of production. Finally, regular inspection by the authorities is also of great importance. These recommendations can be applied in different countries with low microbiological quality packaged ice.

CRUZAS SIMPLES PROGENITORAS E HÍBRIDO TRILINEAL DE MAÍZ H-53 AE: DENSIDADES Y PRODUCTIVIDAD

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;. The use of improved seeds in Mexico is limited. To increase its use and improve its supply, it is necessary to promote the generation of micro-enterprises; for this, the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) work in a coordinated manner on the development of new varieties. &lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;. To determine the seed productivity by effect of the population density of the trilinear hybrid of H-53 AE maize and its simple progenitor crosses in two environments of Valles Altos. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology&lt;/strong&gt;. In the spring-summer cycle of 2014, in Cuautitlán Izcalli and Texcoco, State of Mexico, three genotypes were evaluated: the simple female cross androsterile (M53AE x M59) and fertile version (M53F x M59), as well as the trilineal hybrid H-53 AE. Population densities were 55,000, 70,000, and 85,000 ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; plants, respectively. The variables evaluated were male and female flowering, plant and ear height, volumetric weight, weight of 200 grains, ear length, grains per row, dry matter percentage, and grain percentage. The experimental design employed a factorial design with random complete blocks, and the Tukey method was used for mean comparison. &lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;. The simple crosses, androsterile and fertile, exceeded the performance of the hybrid trilineal H-53 AE (7280 Kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). The population density where genotypes expressed a higher yield was 70, 000 ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; plants, with 8602 Kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, significantly different to 7813 Kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, and 7748 Kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for 85,000 and 55, 000 ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; plants, respectively. &lt;strong&gt;Implications&lt;/strong&gt;. Further analysis of other environmental factors should be carried out to strengthen the recommendation of the evaluated trilinear hybrid. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion. &lt;/strong&gt;The best responses were presented in the population density of 70,000 plants ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, and the highest average yield of three genotypes and three population densities with 8768 Kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; was in the FESC environment (Cuautitlán Izcalli).&lt;/p&gt;

Innovation Capacities of Mexican States

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the innovation performance of Mexican states to identify the factors that explain the unequal performance of Mexican states in terms of innovation generation. Theoretical Framework: The study design is based on the regional innovation capabilities (RICs) proposed by Muller et al (2008). Method: The impact of the RICs on the generation of innovations in Mexican states is analyzed using 17 indicators under a multiple regression model based on data from official Mexican sources for each of the 32 states. Results and Discussion: The results show that regional technology absorption capacity is the factor that has the greatest impact on the innovation performance of Mexico's states. Research Implications: These results highlight the relevance of factors associated with technological learning for the patenting rate performance of Mexican states. These implications could include the designers and decision-makers of public policies on science and technology, as well as the institutions that produce research and development. Originality/Value: This research can be a very particular reference for future research to address and propose new conceptual frameworks for the study of regional inequalities in the generation of innovations. In addition, this study evidences the need for greater availability of data related to innovation processes in the country.

Productive potential: tools that contribute to the food sovereignty of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the State of Mexico

Productive potential: tools that contribute to the food sovereignty of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the State of Mexico

Conflicto y resistencia en la gestión del agua: El caso de la corriente Coxcacuaco y las comunidades nahuas de Texcoco

This text examines the federalization of the Coxcacoaco River in the municipality of Texcoco (State of Mexico, Mexico) since the publication of its regulations in 1926. The policy of controlling access, management and distribution of water for irrigated agriculture was rejected by the populations of La Purificación Tepetitla and San Jerónimo Amanalco, who defended their ancient rights over water and springs that they considered communal. Analysis of this struggle sheds new light on the impact of the diverse and changing norms concerning water use during the twentieth century. It also improves understanding of the origin of the water conflicts in the Texcoco region and why the communities fought to maintain their irrigation systems and traditions. The primary sources for this article were the Archivo Histórico y Biblioteca Central del Agua, and field work involving visits to the springs of San Jerónimo Amanalco and two tours of the Coxcacuaco channel in the company of three local residents.