State Emergency Service Research Articles

Creation of a safe educational space in educational institutions under the conditions marital state

The article deals with an urgent problem of our time, namely the creation of a safe educational environment in educational institutions. The purpose of the article is to define the components of a safe educational environment in educational institutions and to outline the ways of implementing its creation.
 The author reveals the multifaceted concepts of "safety" and "safe educational environment" in regulatory documents and scientific and pedagogical literature.
 A number of regulatory documents are presented to help participants in the educational process effectively continue to organize training and carry out educational work, in particular, "Safe Educational Environment: New Dimensions of Security" (2022), "Recommendations on the Organization of Shelter in the Facilities of the Civil Protection Facilities Fund for Staff and Children (Pupils, Students) of Educational Institutions" (2022), "On Approval of the Concept of Security of Educational Institutions" (2023).
 The ways to create a safe environment in domestic educational institutions that implement the Concept of Security of Educational Institutions (2023) are outlined.
 Based on the analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature and regulatory documents of Ukraine, the components of a safe educational environment of an educational institution (physical, psychological, informational) are revealed and the content of each component is characterized. 
 It is concluded that the problem of creating a safe educational environment is multidimensional and requires the involvement of specialists from various fields, in particular, representatives of the National Police, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education and Science, the State Emergency Service, the Ministry of Infrastructure, city and regional government organizations, etc. The creation of a safe educational environment in educational institutions, taking into account the relevant requirements, will enable educational institutions to effectively organize the educational process in a full-time mode.
 Prospects for further research have been identified, which include the development of methodological support for advanced training courses for scientific and pedagogical staff on life safety.

Main mechanisms of state administration regarding the relevance of the development of distance education in the sphere of training of future rescuers of Ukraine during marital state

At the beginning of 2022, Ukraine became a bridgehead and a zone of active hostilities, which determined the lives of its citizens for years to come. The war had a decisive influence on all sectors, including the branches of our state, both in production and in educational processes.
 The significant events that have taken place make us think about the fact that the prospective aspects of education in the universities of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and the transformation of methods of providing quality education cannot be considered separately from the most important task of providing quality education. This applies both to young people who suffer from a lack of resources or a favorable environment for access to learning and acquiring knowledge, and to teachers and their needs for more effective mastering of new teaching methods. And finally, it concerns the educational community as a whole, including local communities, which directly depends on the continuity of education in an extremely difficult period for the entire Ukrainian community.
 So, the article defines the ways to solve the current scientific problem regarding the formation of innovative systems for the development of state management by distance learning in universities of the State Service of Ukraine for emergency situations during the period of hostilities.
 Person-oriented technologies of the information mechanism of the state management of the development of distance learning are identified, pedagogical technologies are considered, which use well-known didactic principles of distance higher education of Ukraine, taking into account the peculiarities of the training of future rescuers.
 The main principles of distance learning technology based on the state management of the development of distance educational technology, as a set of methods, forms and means of interaction with the learner, where the mastering of the educational array of knowledge is independently controlled in the process, with the aim of obtaining professional skills and abilities, have been considered and improved.
 An analysis of the foreign experience of state management of the development of distance higher education was carried out, which in turn made it possible to determine a number of advantages regarding the training of future rescuers, using distance learning in universities of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.

WORLD EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING LEADERSHIP THEORIES IN THE STRATEGY OF TRAINING FUTURE SPECIALISTS OF THE STATE EMERGENCY SERVICE

Abstract: the article studies the world experience of introducing leadership theories into the strategy of training future specialists of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. It is noted that the introduction of leadership theories into the educational process of higher education institutions with specific learning conditions will ensure the successful formation of leadership development and improvement of professional training of future specialists of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, which will effectively influence the development strategy of the civil protection system of Ukraine as a whole.

HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE OF THE LEADERSHIP PHENOMENON IN THE CONTEXT OF TRAINING FUTURE SPECIALISTS OF THE STATE EMERGENCY SERVICE OF UKRAINE

Abstract: the article studies the historical retrospective of the phenomenon of leadership by domestic and foreign scientists in the context of training future specialists of the State Emergency Service. It was noted that the formation of leadership in future specialists in higher education institutions with specific training conditions should be based on improving the system of activities of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, the formation of the necessary educational environment that will contribute to improving the legislative framework, economic mechanisms of civil protection, leadership development and improving the professional training of future specialists of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.

RESEARCH OF MODERN EMERGENCY AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT FOR RESCUING PEOPLE FROM UNDER THE COLLAPSES OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

This publication highlights the relevance of the use of modern emergency rescue equipment with the help of which it is possible to more effectively rescue people from under the rubble of buildings and structures. Examples of some emergency situations during which it was possible to use modern emergency rescue equipment for more effective rescue of people from under the rubble of buildings and structures of various purposes are given. It is noted that the elimination of emergency situations and their consequences is one of the main tasks of civil protection and consists in the implementation of a complex of measures, which include emergency rescue and other urgent works, which are carried out in the event of emergency situations of man-made and natural nature and are aimed at stopping the action of dangerous factors, saving lives and preserving people's health, as well as localization of emergency zones. The term emergency rescue and other urgent works is given - these are works aimed at the search, rescue and protection of the population, the occurrence of destruction and material damage, the localization of the zone of influence of dangerous factors, the elimination of factors that make it impossible to carry out such work or threaten the lives of rescuers. Statistical data on fires in Ukraine for the period 2017-2022 are provided, as well as the annual death toll of people and children using the example of 2022. It is noted about the main types of emergency and rescue equipment used during the liquidation of emergency situations, as well as the training and qualification of units that perform such tasks. The main technical characteristics of several types of mobile devices for effective cutting of various types of building structures are analyzed. Several modifications of mobile devices, possible equipment, structure and principle of operation, as well as the functions they can perform during the liquidation of emergency situations are given It is noted that the Institute of State Administration and Scientific Research on Civil Protection conducted testing and research of modern emergency rescue equipment at the fire-testing ground. Several working points are presented regarding the practical operation of the equipment, as well as the possibilities for cutting various types of building structures. It is also determined that the relevant divisions of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine need to be equipped with such equipment. Keywords: emergency and rescue equipment, mobile apparatus, cutting, drilling under water.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE LATEST FLOODING IN THE KHERSON REGION

Problem Description and Purpose of the Study. This article examines the problem of flooding of settlements in the Kherson region. The purpose of the study is to identify the latest risks of flooding of populated areas in the Kherson region and to formulate a list of measures aimed at reducing the threats and consequences of flooding. Data & Methods. The research used data from the Kherson Regional Center for Hydrometeorology; Main Department of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in the Kherson Region; The Department of Civil Protection of the Kherson Regional State Administration, the Office of the Kakhovskaya HPP. Among the research methods, the comparative method, cartographic and geo-informational methods, correlational, expert method were used. Results. Kherson region has the largest share of irrigated land among all regions of Ukraine. This fact, as well as the presence of significant waterless areas, reductions in the relief with the release of groundwater and water loss along the main irrigation canals, leads to constant flooding of certain areas. The most affected areas arelocated in the paludal depressions and coastal lowlands. Due to the strengthening of the continentality of the climate, the precipitation regime is also changing. The territory is characterised by summer-autumn rains with daily precipitation above 30 mm, which causes sudden flooding of downgrades and rise of groundwater in these periods. In order to monitor the potential risk of flooding, it is proposed to monitor interdependence: the water level of the Kakhovka Water Reservoir – the level of groundwater. Although this dependence has a deferred character, thus it is confirmed every year. There are four irrigation systems in the region: North Crimean, Kakhovka, Inhulets and Pravoberezhia (Right-Bank). Each year, the area of irrigated land increases from 0.1 to 1.0 thousand hectares, which significantly increases the risks of flooding in combination with the frequency of heavy rainfall. In a number of settlements with a high probability of flooding, a system of vertical and horizontal drainage has been built, but it requires constant maintenance and usually does not cope with its tasks.

Гостре отруєння аміаком: механізми токсичності, клінічні прояви, стратегія лікування та реабілітації постраждалих

RESUME. Almost the entire territory of Ukraine is bombarded by missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles, cities and industrial enterprises are destroyed. This increased the potential wide release risk of toxic gases, including ammonia, and the occurrence of mass poisonings. In such a difficult time and situation, it is necessary to summarize modern literary data and the results of the research on the mechanisms of the toxic ammonia action, clinical manifestations of acute poisoning, and treatment strategies. Purpose. To summarize and conduct a scientific analysis of modern literary data and the research on ammonia toxicity, diagnosis of clinical manifestations and treatment strategy. Materials and Methods. Information data from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, the American Health Service – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), materials from scientific libraries PubMed, Medline, Elsevier and data from the research. Content analysis, system and comparative analyzes were used. Results and Conclusions. A scientific analysis of modern publications and the research on the toxicity of gaseous and liquid ammonia, mechanisms of its toxic action, diagnosis principles of bronchopulmonary system lesions, skin, eyes, nervous system and treatment strategy are presented. Key Words: gaseous ammonia, mechanisms of toxic action, acute poisoning, diagnosis, treatment.

ДО ПИТАННЯ УТОЧНЕННЯ КРИТЕРІЇВ ДОСТОВІРНОСТІ, ЯКІ ВИКОРИСТОВУЮТЬ ПРИ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОМУ ПРОСТОРОВО-ЧАСОВОМУ КОНТРОЛІ ДАНИХ МЕТЕОРОЛОГІЧНИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ

In order to ensure a reliability of data on a state of surface layer of atmosphere, data of meteorological observations conducted on the network of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine are subject to regular multi-level technical and critical control. The entire set of errors in data of meteorological measurements, according to a nature of their manifestation, are divided into two groups: 1) random errors associated with instantaneous pulsations of measured meteorological valuables and their distortion during their further collection and processing; 2) systematic errors, which depend on defect in a devices design, their technical condition, as well as errors caused by violation of measurement technique and an influence of local features on measured meteorological valuables. In order to separate measurement errors from the manifestation of natural features of weather processes, all observational data coming from meteorological stations are subject to regular critical control, during which their reliability, that is, suitability for further use, is established. There are two main types of critical control of measurement data – intra-station and spatio-temporal. The basis of intra-station control is an analysis of values of interrelated meteorological values measured on one station. This is done at hydrometeorological stations with a help of special computer programs. Spatial-temporal control consists in comparing averaged over a certain period of time (decade, month) values of spatial fields of meteorological variables around a station, the data of which is checked/controlled. Local distortions of the field of meteorological values under an influence of local natural factors can be partially eliminated if we compare not values of meteorological values themselves, but their deviations from a climatic norm. Carrying out manual spatio-temporal control is a long and routine work, especially when it comes to analyzing a change in time of data observational inconsistencies. This made it necessary to conduct a study on improving the method of automated spatio-temporal data control of meteorological observations, and to present obtained results in a form of a normative document to be implemented in the activitiy of hydrometeorological organizations of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. Such research was carried out at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute for 2020-2022. The purpose of the publication is to present scientific and methodological foundations of development and main provisions of the normative document “Clarification of reliability criteria used during automated spatio-temporal control of data from meteorological observations of stations. Methodical recommendations”, as well as the computer program “MeteoControl”, which forms a database of non-connections and calculates statistical characteristics, are needed for analyzing the array of non-connections and making a decision on the feasibility of changing the reliability criteria. The developed regulatory document provides a number of recommendations for specifying reliability criteria of meteorological observation data, in particular: 1) specification of a reliability criteria for all meteorological variables that are determined on a network of stations should be carried out at least once every 5 years; 2) before clarifying reliability criteria, it is necessary to assess an extent to which a current reliability criteria reveal a data, as well as to establish how many stations and how often in recent years have discrepancies that exceed a current reliability criterion; 3) before making a decision to change a reliability criterion for all stations, it is advisable to find out how, in connection with an introduction of new reliability criterion, a number of stations that will require additional analysis will change, or vice versa – whose data will be considered reliable despite to their dubious or erroneous values.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ЗАХИСТУ ОБ’ЄКТІВ КРИТИЧНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ УКРАЇНИ

It was determined that in the conditions of armed confrontation on the territory of Ukraine, crisis situations constantly arise, threatening the safety of critical infrastructure facilities. In connection with the armed aggression on the territory of Ukraine, significant losses were caused, namely more than 30 % of critical infrastructure objects were damaged. Therefore, the armed aggression against Ukraine became an impetus for large-scale and structural reforms in the sphere of security and defense of Ukraine. In this aspect, the task of forming a system of protection of critical infrastructure objects of Ukraine arises. Issues of substantiation of the system of protection of critical infrastructure objects at the state level were almost not studied, which determined the relevance of this scientific study. The analysis of legal acts regulating the powers of the components of the security and defense sector of Ukraine, which are relied upon for the formation and/or implementation of state policy in the field of critical infrastructure protection, proved that to date the largest contribution to ensuring the security of critical infrastructure objects of Ukraine is in parts of the immediate protection and defense are carried out by units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine. In the field of cyber security of critical infrastructure facilities, as well as reconnaissance and subversive activities, the main efforts are made by the bodies and units of the Security Service of Ukraine and the National Police of Ukraine, while units and units of the National Service of Ukraine also participate. When the issues of prevention and liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations due to accidents at critical infrastructure facilities are already raised, the State Emergency Service of Ukraine already plays the "first violin", but units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine also take a direct part in similar crisis situations. Therefore, the invaluable role and place of the National Guard of Ukraine in the protection of critical infrastructure objects of Ukraine became the motivation for conducting this study. It has been established that the Concept of creating a state critical infrastructure protection system for the creation of an organizational and institutional structure for the functioning of the state critical infrastructure protection system provides for the implementation of a number of measures at the national, regional, branch level, as well as at the local and object level, which to date are still almost not fulfilled Therefore, the organization of critical infrastructure security is a complex process that includes not only security mechanisms, but also coordination and management aspects. For the effective functioning of this system, highly qualified specialists in training, retraining and practical experience are needed. The directions of further scientific research will be aimed at the development of conceptual models of the functioning of the forces and means of formations of the National Guard of Ukraine among the components of the security and defense sector of Ukraine regarding the performance of tasks for the protection of critical infrastructure objects of Ukraine both in peacetime and during crisis situations, and also in the conditions of the special period.

Determination conceptual possibilities of the development of the phenomena of professional and psychological well-being among s pecialists of the State Emergency Service

Introduction. The complexity of the rescuer profession is determined by the constant action of various significant professional factors, extraordinary professional tasks, quite significant psychophysical and psychophysiological overloads, which determines the need for the presence of certain professional and personal qualities of a specialist of the State Emergency Service and requires the possession of high moral and ethical and professional personal traits, the formation of which completely depends on the relevant professional conditions of the rescuer's activity, which determine the production of a comfortable personal and professional environment and well-being. The aim of the study. According to the results of modern world and domestic literary sources, define and analyze the structural components of the phenomenon of professional well-being, as the main component of the personal psychological of specialists of the State Emergency Service. Research materials and methods. A search was conducted for modern domestic and international literary sources, using the search electronic database Medline, Google Scholar and PubMed, scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science for the last 10 years. Their systematic analysis and generalization was performed regarding the problem of determining the structural components of the phenomenon of professional well-being, as the main component of personal psychological. Conclusions. Taking into account the results of modern research by international and domestic scientists, the main approaches to determining the structural characteristics of the concept of personal psychological well-being are distinguished based on literary data. The structural components of the phenomenon of professional well-being, as the main component of personal psychological well-being, are established, which allow it to be separated into an independent element and considered as an independent phenomenon. The need to develop generalized model-conceptual principles of professional well-being within the limits of modern domestic organizational psychology is determined.

ПРОПОЗИЦІЇ ЩОДО ОЦІНКИ РИЗИКІВ УРАЖЕННЯ РЯТУВАЛЬНИКІВ ПІД ЧАС РОЗБОРУ ЗАВАЛІВ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ В УМОВАХ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ДІЙ

Purpose. Improving the safety of rescuers during the performance of assigned tasks by determining the risks of injury and choosing directions for injury prevention. Methodology. The work used a complex research method, which includes an analysis of literary sources, a review of accidents in the units of the State Emergency Service, and an assessment of the risks of injury to rescuers. Results. As a result of the review of literary sources, the possibilities of risk assessment during the performance of tasks as assigned have been analyzed. It was decided to assess the risks of injury to personnel as a result of multiplying the probability of an event by its consequence. An assessment of the risks of injury to rescuers during the dismantling of the rubble of building structures has been carried out using a risk assessment matrix. The result of the identification of hazards, assessment of the probability and severity of the consequences is a quantitative assessment of the risk of occurrence of dangerous events during the liquidation of the consequences of the collapse of building structures, demolition of rubble. Indicators of risk assessment for certain types of hazards, which are more than a certain value, require a review of the existing ones and the adoption of additional measures to reduce injuries. The method of risk assessment, which consists of determining the zone of damage to people, is more informative when performing tasks as assigned by rescuers, which is the direction of further research. Risk assessment information can be used by unit managers and rescue managers to make decisions about the use of measures and means of reducing the impact of hazards on personnel. Scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the fact that for the first time, for the conditions of emergency and rescue operations, an assessment of the risks of injury to rescuers has been carried out using a risk matrix. Practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using the principles and approaches to the assessment of the risks of injury to rescuers during emergency rescue operations and the development of measures to reduce injuries.

Аналіз та розроблення концептуальної моделі управління життєвим циклом спеціалізованого програмного забезпечення безпеко-орієнтованого спрямування

A comprehensive examination of the process of developing specialized safety-oriented software is conducted. The incongruity of the presently known development methodologies with the circumstances in which innovative safety-oriented software systems are created is unveiled. For this reason, the purpose of this article is to investigate the existing methods and formulate novel approaches to managing the life cycle of specialized software (safety-oriented services), which are relevant to the specific requirements of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and align with the principles of a flexible software life cycle management methodology. A thorough exploration is conducted on the current agile methods and approaches employed in the development of critical services, specifically in sectors such as military, railway, aerospace, medical, and other domains of operation. The aim is to establish the merits of flexibility in fostering innovation within specialized safety-oriented software. The fundamental concepts of agile methods for software system life cycle management are synergistically integrated, taking into consideration the unique requirements of rescue service development. Furthermore, the existing empirical data on the feasibility and advantages of implementing agile methods in the security industry are expanded upon. Especially, the agile Scrum method is enhanced through the proposal of employing the mathematical framework of graph theory (network planning method) to automate the planning stage and identify critical functions, including the critical path, the early execution time of events, the late execution times of events, and reserved time for tasks. This method aids in developing a minimum viable product for a safety-oriented system. A conceptual model of the life cycle management process for safety-oriented services has been meticulously developed. This model is predicated on a flexible approach to software development, which aims to automate the tasks performed by project teams and enhance the overall efficacy of specialized software development. On its basis, it is proposed to develop a decision support system for managing the life cycle of safety-oriented software systems development, which is relevant for the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.

УКРАЇНСЬКА НАУКОВА ГІДРОЛОГІЧНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ: ІСТОРІЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ, СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ПРІОРИТЕТИ РОЗВИТКУ

The purpose of this article is to acquaint the general public of scientists, educators and practitioners who work in the field of hydrology, use and protection of surface waters of the land with the formation and development of Ukrainian scientific terminology, as well as the developments in this direction of research during the period of independence of Ukraine, which were carried out in the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute the Institute of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and at the Department of Hydrology and Hydroecology of the Faculty of Geography of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University. The history of the formation of Ukrainian scientific hydrological terminology over the last more than 150-year period largely reflects the complex historical process of the formation of Ukraine as an independent state. Despite the difficulties of development at certain historical stages, terminological activity on the territory of modern Ukraine developed, acting as a powerful factor in the establishment of its own style of Ukrainian scientific language, which can satisfy the demand of a wide range of scientists and practitioners working in the field of studying, using and protecting surface waters. In Ukraine, teams of scientists and educators have formed, which have significant achievements in the development of Ukrainian hydrological terminology. It is important not to neglect this direction of research in the future. This especially applies to the implementation of terms in practical activities. Among the measures that can contribute to this, it is possible to name the inclusion of issues of hydrological terminology in the programs of scientific and scientific-practical events held in Ukraine on water issues, as well as programs of course events for improving the qualifications of specialists working in enterprises, institutions and organizations of the hydrometeorological service, water management, environmental protection. The article was prepared based on the results of the authors’ work on the development of hydrological normative, educational and scientific reference literature, as well as the study of relevant Ukrainian and foreign literary sources. Achievements, problematic issues are shown, and priority tasks for development in this direction of research are outlined.

ANALYSIS OF THE SUBJECT BRANCH OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE RISKS OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the subject area of public emergency risk management. One of the activities of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine to reduce the risk and reduce the consequences of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes is the creation of a system for monitoring and forecasting emergency situations and coordinating work in this field.

Assessing dynamics of the environmental state of the Siversky Donets’ basin within Kharkiv region

The purpose of this article is determining the assessment of the ecological state of the Siversky Donets basin, its changes within Kharkiv region for the period 1991-2020. Basic material. The topic of climate change and, in particular, its impact on various natural components and the state of the territory as a whole is one of the leading topics of modern science, as the problem is global in nature and has not bypassed Ukraine. For the last decades, Ukrainian scientists have actively studied climate changes, and currently, at the all-Ukrainian level, the impact of these changes on the state of natural complexes and natural components is more than sufficiently covered. This study is of a regional nature, and does not even cover the entire Kharkiv region, but only a large part of it - the Siversky Donets’ basin. It is important to see how climatic changes, changes in the water regime and ecological indicators occur precisely on the example of this basin, taking into account the recommendations of the European Water directive of 2003 regarding the need to implement the basin principle both in the management of water resources and in the study of watercourses. The Siversky Donets’ is the longest river in Kharkiv region and one of the longest in Ukraine. It plays an important role in the water supply of the second most populous city in Ukraine - Kharkiv. The ecological state of the territory is a complex and multi-valued indicator, illustrating a set of indicators of natural components’ state at a certain point of time, or during a certain period. In this work, we consider the ecological state from the point of view of dynamics, that is, a period of 30 years - from 1991 to 2020. The basis for this study was the data of the Kharkiv Regional Center for Hydrometeorology of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, as well as the data from space cameras and the Regional Office of Water Resources in Kharkiv region. The main task of the study was to form a methodology for calculating the dynamics of the ecological state of the Siversky Donets’ basin within Kharkiv region by calculating the integrated indicator of the dynamics of the ecological state (IPDES). The preceding stage is a statistical analysis of the dynamics of a number of meteorological, hydrological and environmental indicators during 1991-2020, comparing them with the previous period - 1961-1990, which is the old climatic norm according to the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization, while the period of 1991 -2020 is the new climate norm. Conclusions and further research. The conducted research allowed the authors to develop a series of cartographic works, describing the nature of climatological, hydrological, and ecological changes in the studied territory. The results of statistical data processing made it possible to identify trend lines in the changes of the involved indicators. The authors created a method for calculating the dynamics of the ecological state for this territory as well. Considering all the achievements of this work, it is promising to expand the studied territory to the size of the entire Kharkiv region, as well as to deepen the prognostic component of the study, using several options for creating scenarios for the future course of climatological, hydrological and ecological parameters.

On improving the tactics of searching for missing children under circumstances indicating murder

The article reveals typical organizational and procedural deficiencies that occur during tactical operations to search for missing children. At the same time, situations where there are grounds to believe that abduction and murder of a child have been committed have been analyzed. The peculiarity of the specified tactical operations is connected with the necessity of interaction of forces and means of various agencies, in particular, the National Police, the National Guard, and the State Emergency Service. Cadets, hunters, foresters, volunteers, local residents and other community representatives are also involved in them.
 Proposals for effective planning and conducting of search activities are given, as the efforts of services and units of different specialization and subordination are combined. Special attention was paid in the study to recommendations for ensuring the effective work of canine experts during large-scale searches for people. The capabilities and specialization of service dogs in search operations are determined.
 It is noted that the progress and results of search operations are accompanied by wide publicity through mass media and social networks. The negative consequences of the premature formation of public resonance around the events and the reasons for the danger of this factor for the process of crime investigation are revealed.
 The focus of the study is on recommendations for avoiding and minimizing flaws during search operations. The presented proposals are based on data from the analysis of the practice of investigating the serial murders committed by Serhiy Tkach and Andriy Chikotylo, the circumstances of the search for Daryna Lukyanenko in the village of Ivanivka, Odesa region in June 2019, and other examples from investigative and operational practice.
 The results of the conducted research may be of interest to persons who directly participate in operations to search for missing people, in particular, to police officers, rescue services, volunteers, dog handlers. Separately formulated recommendations can also be used when teaching the educational course of criminology and special courses in this discipline.

APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE PROFESSIONALS

Reforming the system of educational institutions of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in Ukraine is aimed at forming the professional competence of a new generation of future fire safety and civil defense specialists using innovative training technologies capable of effectively performing assigned tasks.
 Currently, the problem of forming the modern content of departmental education, implementing effective innovative learning technologies and creating a favorable environment for mastering the latest professional competence in the training of future fire safety and civil protection specialists is being actualized.
 The most important task of the educational system today is the formation of a new approach in which the following needs are expressed: active cognitive activity of those who are taught, partnership relations between teachers and those who are taught, an individual approach to learning - revealing the cognitive potential of an individual through the use of reserves laid down by nature.
 The problem of formation of professional competence of future specialists (from the standpoint of its continuity) in any field is in the field of view of many sciences.
 Of particular importance today is the development of the professional and pedagogical competence of the teachers of departmental educational institutions, which train future fire safety and civil defense specialists with the introduction of innovative learning technologies.
 A modern teacher of a departmental educational institution needs flexibility and non-standard thinking, the ability to adapt to rapid changes in life, the ability to creatively approach the organization of the educational process and achieve high work results. An important condition for intellectual and professional improvement is the mastery of motivational, technological, methodical, psychological-pedagogical, intellectual and communicative competences.
 Participation in master classes and professional trainings contribute to increasing the level of professional and pedagogical competence; updating the content of advanced training and internship; improvement of methodical competence in the inter-course period; participation in competitions of professional skills; mastering information and telecommunication technologies.
 The article, based on a theoretical study, scientifically substantiates the need for the formation of professional competence in the application of innovative learning technologies in the preparation of future fire safety and civil defense specialists using innovative learning technologies.

FIRST INVESTIGATIONS OF DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES AS A CONSEQUENCE OF COMBAT ACTIONS

On February 24, 2022, a large-scale invasion of the troops of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine took place. In particular, active hostilities took place on the territory of Kyiv region within the boundaries of the settlements and surrounding them Borodyanka, Makariv, Gostomel, Irpin, Bucha, Vorzel, etc.
 The result was the destruction and damage of a large number of buildings and structures, which suffered shock-explosive and fire damage, not typical for operation in peacetime conditions. It is also necessary to distinguish between direct damage to structures from the impact of ammunition (missiles, shells, mortar mines, large-caliber bullets, etc.) and secondary damage from the action of an explosive air wave. Destruction in places has a large-scale and systemic nature, when, for example, as a result of fire and temperature deformations during heating, cracks develop on the walls in other areas.
 There are also hidden defects, when, for example, internal delamination of brickwork occurs due to impacts. Since state institutions and units of the State Emergency Service did not work in populated areas that were under occupation, the fires did not go out and this led to the deepening of their consequences. For the first time after the de-occupation of the northern regions of Ukraine, the problem of restoring buildings and structures of both critical infrastructure and housing arose, and this problem is relevant during the subsequent liberation of other regions of Ukraine from occupation.
 From April until now, works on conducting surveys of buildings and structures in accordance with the accepted methods and regulations of the Ministry of Regional Building of Ukraine have been ongoing. Although in fact each case is unique, certain regularities can be found in determining the nature of damage and their classification for the purpose of choosing methods of strengthening and repairing structures.
 In many ways, the quality of the assessment depends on the experience of the expert and the design engineer performing the survey. Thus, in the first months, when surveys were conducted by leading organizations, including state research institutes, conclusions were given about the partial dismantling of buildings and structures, which, when alternative surveys were conducted, turned out to be hasty and erroneous.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНІ ПЕДАГОГІЧНІ УМОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ З ПОЖЕЖНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ЗВО ДСНС УКРАЇНИ

The authors proves the importance of the formation of research competence of specialists of fire safety institutions of higher education of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. It is noted that the formation of their readiness for scientific and research activities, which is in a broad sense the task of the presented research, will contribute to the development of pedagogical conditions for the formation of research competence of future rescuers. A theoretical analysis of the interpretation of the concepts «condition» and «pedagogical condition» was carried out. Three classes of pedagogical conditions have been identified that ensure the formation of research competence of future fire safety specialists in professional training, in particular: organizational, psychological-pedagogical and methodical. The essence of the pedagogical conditions of the organizational class is analyzed in detail. They include the following pedagogical conditions: evaluation of the educational space; ensuring academic integrity; creation of information support for scientific research of specialists; ensuring the participation of specialists in conferences, symposia, exhibitions, competitions, etc., the obligation to publish research results. The skin from isolated conditions is comprehensively characterized, namely: the essence of the concept of «evaluation» is revealed, the development of the evaluation movement in the world and in our country is described, the possibilities and prospects of using positive foreign experience in Ukrainian education are visible, the peculiarities of evaluation in the context of conducting a competency-based approach in education and formation of research competence are shown; on the basis of legal acts, the concept of «academic integrity» is revealed and its importance in the education system is substantiated, on the basis of the conducted survey, the insufficient level of academic integrity measures and knowledge about it among students of higher education is shown, theoretical ways of solving this problem are proposed; the important role of information technologies in modern education is substantiated, the advantages of their active use in the educational process and the features of the innovative development of professional education are described; the importance of compliance with the requirements for writing scientific publications is emphasized, attention is drawn to typical errors in the preparation of such materials. Key words: research competence, fire safety specialist, research activity, pedagogical condition, evaluation, academic integrity, information technology.

Газоподібний хлор: молекулярні механізми токсичності, клінічні прояви, діагностичні біомаркери та сучасна лікувальна стратегія

The hostilities on the territory of our state are accompanied by the destruction of the infrastructure of cities and industrial enterprises, which critically increased the risk of toxic gas emissions (including chlorine) and the occurrence of mass poisoning. Aim. To summarize modern knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of chlorine gas toxicity, clinical biomarkers of the toxic process, and modern treatment strategy. Material and Methods. Information data of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the State Emergency Service of Ukraine (SES of Ukraine), the American Health Service (CDC), the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), materials of scientific libraries PubMed, Medline, Elsevier. Content analysis, systematic and comparative analysis were used. Results and their Discussion. Chemical accidents with the release of chlorine and the occurrence of mass poisonings are registered in various countries. Until now, the mechanisms of the toxic action of chlorine remain completely unstudied, especially at the level of intracellular structures. The results of recent studies demonstrate that irritant and irritant-necrotic effects are not directly caused by chlorine molecules, but by their hydration products – hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. These acids directly provide a high production of reactive superoxides and nitrogen oxidants, which form oxidative stress in the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the bronchopulmonary structure in deeper tissues. The destruction of the cells of the ciliated epithelium occurs, the functioning of ion channels is disturbed and the permeability of cell membranes increases, inflammatory reactions develop: hyperemia, edema, bronchospasm, and surfactant destruction. These processes are facilitated by a massive release of biologically active substances – proinflammatory cytokines – IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, nuclear factor (NF-KB), 8-isoprostane and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-β) – one of the main biomarkers of oxidative stress. These processes cause: damage to intracellular structures – mitochondria; imbalance in the functioning of the signaling molecule cAMP and disruption of autophagy processes; a decrease in the energy potential of cells with the development of endothelial dysfunction, a violation of the vascular mechanisms of NO homeostasis, both in the cells of the respiratory tract and outside the lungs, which contributes to anatomical damage and impaired function of the organs of the cardiovascular system and kidneys. Conclusion. The mechanism of the toxic action of chlorine at the level of intracellular structures undoubtedly requires further study. Another relevant direction of research may be the search for new sensitive biomarkers of the toxic process, which will allow us to objectively assess the severity of poisoning and increase the effectiveness of the rather complex process of treating patients, in the absence of antidotes. Key Words: chlorine gas, toxicity, mechanism of action, acute poisoning, treatment of poisoning.