State Dependence Research Articles

Alleles of State Dependence on Digital Platforms: A Dynamic Path to Purchase with Variety Seeking and Inertia

Alleles of State Dependence on Digital Platforms: A Dynamic Path to Purchase with Variety Seeking and Inertia

A Matrix Pencil Formulation for Nonconservative Realization of Scaling-Based Controllers for Feedforward-Like Systems

We develop a general matrix pencil based approach for efficient non-conservative realization of dual dynamic high-gain scaling based control designs for a class of uncertain feedforward-like nonlinear systems. It is shown that the control design can be cast into a set of matrix pencil based sub-problems capturing the detailed system structure, state dependence structure of uncertain terms, and precise roles of design freedoms in the context of detailed structures of Lyapunov inequalities. The design freedoms in the dynamic high-gain scaling based design are extracted in terms of eigenvalues of the formulated matrix pencil structures. It is seen that the proposed matrix pencil based approach greatly reduces design conservatism and algebraic complexity compared to prior results on dynamic high-gain scaling based control designs.

Carbon system state determines warming potential of emissions.

Current strategies to hold surface warming below a certain level, e. g., 1.5 or 2°C, advocate limiting total anthropogenic cumulative carbon emissions to ∼0.9 or ∼1.25 Eg C (1018 grams carbon), respectively. These allowable emission budgets are based on a near-linear relationship between cumulative emissions and warming identified in various modeling efforts. The IPCC assesses this near-linear relationship with high confidence in its Summary for Policymakers (§D1.1 and Figure SPM.10). Here we test this proportionality in specially designed simulations with a latest-generation Earth system model (ESM) that includes an interactive carbon cycle with updated terrestrial ecosystem processes, and a suite of CMIP simulations (ZecMIP, ScenarioMIP). We find that atmospheric CO2 concentrations can differ by ∼100 ppmv and surface warming by ∼0.31°C (0.46°C over land) for the same cumulated emissions (≈1.2 Eg C, approximate carbon budget for 2°C target). CO2 concentration and warming per 1 Eg of emitted carbon (Transient Climate Response to Cumulative Carbon Emissions; TCRE) depend not just on total emissions, but also on the timing of emissions, which heretofore have been mainly overlooked. A decomposition of TCRE reveals that oceanic heat uptake is compensating for some, but not all, of the pathway dependence induced by the carbon cycle response. The time dependency clearly arises due to lagged carbon sequestration processes in the oceans and specifically on land, viz., ecological succession, land-cover, and demographic changes, etc., which are still poorly represented in most ESMs. This implies a temporally evolving state of the carbon system, but one which surprisingly apportions carbon into land and ocean sinks in a manner that is independent of the emission pathway. Therefore, even though TCRE differs for different pathways with the same total emissions, it is roughly constant when related to the state of the carbon system, i. e., the amount of carbon stored in surface sinks. While this study does not fundamentally invalidate the established TCRE concept, it does uncover additional uncertainties tied to the carbon system state. Thus, efforts to better understand this state dependency with observations and refined models are needed to accurately project the impact of future emissions.

The Role of Energy in Türkiye-Russia Relations: A View from the Perspective of Mutual Dependence

Policies focusing on strategic energy resources play a key role in achieving certain goals of states by integrating them with other areas. Energy, in particular, has strategic importance and is one of the most critical issues in this context. Considering the opportunities and threats associated with strategic energy resources, the energy problem may be perceived as a chronic ailment that is difficult to solve for some states. It is also a fact that these resources increase the dependence of states. Energy is seen as a factor that forms the basis of interdependence in Turkish-Russian relations. With the increase in Türkiye’s energy needs, its energy relations with Russia have gained great importance in the 21st century. Russia, with its rich energy resources, plays an important role in Türkiye’s energy supply, and Türkiye is an important market for Russia’s energy exports. This study analyses the energy relations between Türkiye and Russia within the framework of interdependence theory. Despite the tensions in the political arena, energy relations have been and continue to be conducted according to the principle of interdependence. The study first introduces the interdependence theory and then analyses the energy policies and energy situation of both countries in detail. At the end of the study, the course of energy relations between Türkiye and Russia is analyzed, and a detailed evaluation is made.

Fabrication of ZnO-encapsulated porous alumina structure utilizing a two-step anodizing technique for memristor applications

Highly ordered porous alumina thin films with various aspect ratios were fabricated by a two-step anodizing technique. The dependence of the high resistance state to low resistance state ratio on the aspect ratio of the pores was observed in the memristors utilizing porous alumina. The reduction of threshold voltage and improvement in stability were achieved by properly encapsulating i-ZnO inside the porous alumina as the switching medium. A significant improvement in the ratio of high resistance state to low resistance state was achieved by i-ZnO encapsulation in porous alumina compared to the conventional planer switching layer of ZnO alone.

The Impact of Network Status Resources on Health: Moderation by Cultural

The article is devoted to such a problem as the impact of social relations on people’s health. One of the directions in researching this issue is linked to analyzing social capital — network resources available to an individual to solve everyday problems. The conceptual basis of the research is the theory of positional network capital by N. Lin, according to which being acquainted to persons with high professional status provides an individual with access to resources that are vital for one’s health and improves its condition. Previous studies conducted in certain countries in different parts of the world generally confirm this theoretical assumption, but it remains unclear why the impact of social capital varies across countries and whether this is due to contextual factors of their socio-economic development and cultural characteristics. To clarify these issues, survey data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 2017 for 30 countries and information (statistical and aggregated) about the differences between them were used. The results of verifying the theoretical ideas about the dependence of state of health on the network resources available to an individual demonstrated that status resources really play an important role in contributing to preserving one’s health. It was also shown that the impact of status and social capital on health depends on the cultural context and is more clearly manifested when trust in other people is widespread in society.

Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor

In this article, the dependence of the operation states, dynamics, and noise of laser diodes (LD) with external optical feedback (OFB) on the linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) and spontaneous emission factor (SEF) have been investigated. We systematically studied the classification of the laser dynamics based on the bifurcation diagrams (BDs) of the photon numbers and the relative intensity noise (RIN) spectra at different levels of OFB, LEF, and SEF. The simulation results show that variations in the LEF and SEF lead to significant changes in the laser operation states and dynamics, which vary from continuous wave (CW), pulsation, and chaos states. The Hopf bifurcation (HB) point moves toward increasing/decreasing OFB intensity by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF. The laser state becomes more stable through a wide range of OFB by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF. The RIN reduces the solitary laser noise level at higher/lower values of SEF/LEF when the laser is operated under OFB. The relaxation frequency of the laser shifts toward higher values by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF through most laser states, and the RIN peak is higher than solitary laser noise by four orders of magnitude, especially in the pulsation regions. In the low-frequency region, the RIN is enhanced from one to two orders by reducing the LEF and SEF through laser states.

Abstract B075: Identifying functional allosteric binding sites using a systematic and scalable AMPS screening platform for drug discovery

Abstract Endogenous cellular metabolites have been shown to bind and regulate proteins involved in tumorigenesis. These low-affinity metabolite-protein interactions can modulate protein function through binding at allosteric sites. As an example, in normal cells, the ABL1 protein is regulated by N-terminal myristylation, which binds to a hydrophobic pocket in the C-terminal lobe of the kinase domain autoinhibiting its activity. Fusion of BCR to ABL1 leads to deletion of the N-terminal myristylation site activating BCR-ABL oncoprotein leading to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Similarly, autopalmitoylation of TEAD proteins regulates transcriptional output of Hippo signaling and tumorigenesis. Allosteric metabolite binding sites on these targets have been successfully used to generate new medicines (e.g.: Asciminib for BCR-ABL) and investigational cancer therapies (e.g.: IK-930, VT3989 for TEAD). However, there are limited approaches that can be broadly deployed to discover functional regulatory sites on precision oncology targets. Atavistik Bio has developed the AMPS (Atavistik Metabolite Protein Screening) platform that enables systematic and scalable screening of metabolites against proteins or protein complexes of interest. The AMPS platform technology integrates equilibrium dialysis with sensitive mass-spectrometry to screen a proprietary metabolite library. A state-of-the-art computational workflow coupled with deep mechanistic structure-function characterization enables us to discover novel functional allosteric modulators. To validate the platform, we have screened several precision oncology targets and characterized the AMPS metabolite hits with functional assays. For ABL1 tyrosine kinase, we have applied AMPS on distinct enzyme forms to probe the role of metabolite binding in the context of phosphorylation states and drug resistant T315I mutant forms. In addition, AMPS allows us to investigate novel metabolite sensitization of ABL1 in the presence of existing drugs Imatinib and Asciminib. Results from AMPS and follow up experiments highlight phosphorylation state dependency on myristate binding to ABL1. In conclusion, we demonstrate the AMPS platform can identify highly conserved allosteric protein-metabolite interactions to advance small molecule drug discovery efforts for new precision medicines. Citation Format: Anil K Padyana, Anna Schinzel, Gordon Murray, Joseph H LaPointe, Kaitlyn Selmer, Truc Pham, Melissa J Buskes, Shomit Sengupta, Maria-Jesus Blanco, Thomas Roddy, Marion Dorsch. Identifying functional allosteric binding sites using a systematic and scalable AMPS screening platform for drug discovery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B075.

Exploiting the State Dependency of Conductance Variations in Memristive Devices for Accurate In-Memory Computing

Exploiting the State Dependency of Conductance Variations in Memristive Devices for Accurate In-Memory Computing

State dependence of CO2 forcing and its implications for climate sensitivity.

When evaluating the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) changes on Earth's climate, it is widely assumed that instantaneous radiative forcing from a doubling of a given CO2 concentration (IRF2×CO2) is constant and that variances in climate sensitivity arise from differences in radiative feedbacks or dependence of these feedbacks on the climatological base state. Here, we show that the IRF2×CO2 is not constant, but rather depends on the climatological base state, increasing by about 25% for every doubling of CO2, and has increased by about 10% since the preindustrial era primarily due to the cooling within the upper stratosphere, implying a proportionate increase in climate sensitivity. This base-state dependence also explains about half of the intermodel spread in IRF2×CO2, a problem that has persisted among climate models for nearly three decades.

A state-dependent non-orthogonal elastoplastic constitutive model for sand

The state-dependent deformation behavior of sand is reinterpreted from the perspective of strain increment magnitude and direction by analyzing the existing test data. A state-dependent non-orthogonal elastoplastic constitutive model for sand is established by incorporating the state variable into plastic strain increment magnitude and direction, respectively. For the magnitude of plastic strain increment, an S-type isotropic compression hardening rule applicable in large stress ranges is proposed, which is extended into a new hardening parameter for general stress states. Furthermore, the state variable is introduced into the newly proposed hardening parameter to consider the state dependence. On the other hand, the non-orthogonal plastic flow rule is employed to determine the plastic strain increment direction. To consider its state dependence, the relationship between the state variable and the parameter controlling the plastic flow direction is established. The comparison with the test results of four types of sand demonstrates that the proposed model can reasonably capture the state-dependent deformation behaviors of plastic strain increment magnitude and direction of sand.

Modeling the diverse effects of divisive normalization on noise correlations.

Divisive normalization, a prominent descriptive model of neural activity, is employed by theories of neural coding across many different brain areas. Yet, the relationship between normalization and the statistics of neural responses beyond single neurons remains largely unexplored. Here we focus on noise correlations, a widely studied pairwise statistic, because its stimulus and state dependence plays a central role in neural coding. Existing models of covariability typically ignore normalization despite empirical evidence suggesting it affects correlation structure in neural populations. We therefore propose a pairwise stochastic divisive normalization model that accounts for the effects of normalization and other factors on covariability. We first show that normalization modulates noise correlations in qualitatively different ways depending on whether normalization is shared between neurons, and we discuss how to infer when normalization signals are shared. We then apply our model to calcium imaging data from mouse primary visual cortex (V1), and find that it accurately fits the data, often outperforming a popular alternative model of correlations. Our analysis indicates that normalization signals are often shared between V1 neurons in this dataset. Our model will enable quantifying the relation between normalization and covariability in a broad range of neural systems, which could provide new constraints on circuit mechanisms of normalization and their role in information transmission and representation.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE CREATION OF AUTONOMOUS ENERGY REGIONS IN UKRAINE

The transition to energy generation from renewable sources is a strategic imperative for many countries around the world. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has made the transition to renewable energy more urgent, as countries want to reduce their dependence on fossil fuel imports from Russia. One of the options for increasing energy security, independence, and environmental friendliness of energy production in Ukraine is the creation of autonomous energy regions. The deployment of decentralized infrastructure for the production of green energy is not an easy task, from an economic point of view it is associated with great prospects and problems. Therefore, the analysis of the socio-economic aspects of the full or partial transition to autonomous systems of renewable energy in the regions of Ukraine is relevant.
 The purpose of the article is to study the economic and social prospects and problems to the creation of autonomous energy regions in Ukraine based on world experience. The study identified the main problems of the energy system of Ukraine, analyzed the trends of the renewable energy production market, and considered cases of successful creation of autonomous energy regions in different countries of the world. The article formulates the main social and economic perspectives and problems to the creation of autonomous energy regions in Ukraine. 
 Based on the analyzed examples, the authors singled out the main success factors for the implementation of projects of autonomous energy regions, in particular, the involvement of the local population and business in the development of a new energy network, the creation of an "ecological brand", the possibility of exporting the generated electricity, support for ecological startups, increasing the energy efficiency of housing. The main socio-economic prospects for Ukrainian communities on this path are energy independence, reducing energy supply costs, creating jobs, developing local businesses, building an "ecological brand" increasing the investment attractiveness of the region, improving the quality of life and health of the population. The most critical problems to the successful implementation of the project of autonomous energy regions in Ukraine are the lack of a consistent policy of the central government in the field of green energy, the lack of initiatives of local authorities and communities in this area, difficulties in attracting long-term investments for the implementation of the project.
 As the majority of developed countries are still on the path to decarbonization, the need for a global recovery of Ukraine's energy infrastructure can be a chance to significantly modernize the energy system and join the leading players in the market of renewable energy and sustainable development technologies. The study is practically significant because it offers a perspective vision of the development of the energy system of Ukraine's regions to reduce the state's dependence on fossil fuel imports, increase energy efficiency and safety, and economic and social development of Ukraine's regions. Further implementation of this idea requires a study of the volumes of reserves of renewable energy sources in certain regions of Ukraine, an analysis of the means of stimulating the green energy market (for example, "green" auctions or corporate PPAs), the creation of projects of regional strategies for the transition to renewable energy, etc.

Simultaneously Incomplete and Incoherent (SII) Dynamic LDV Models: With an Application to Financing Constraints and Firms’ Decision to Innovate

We develop novel methods for establishing coherency and completeness conditions in Static and Dynamic Limited Dependent Variables (LDV) Models. We characterize the two distinct problems as “empty-region” incoherency and “overlap-region” incoherency or incompleteness and show that the two properties can co-exist. We focus on the class of models that can be Simultaneously Incomplete and Incoherent (SII). We propose estimation strategies based on Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation (CMLE) for simultaneous dynamic LDV models without imposing recursivity. Point identification is achieved through sign-restrictions on parameters or other prior assumptions that complete the underlying data process. Using as modelling framework the Panel Bivariate Probit model with State Dependence, we analyse the impact of financing constraints on innovation: ceteris paribus, a firm facing binding finance constraints is substantially less likely to undertake innovation, while the probability that a firm encounters a binding finance constraint more than doubles if the firm is innovative. In addition, a strong role for state dependence in dynamic versions of our models is established.

The role of IR inactive mode in W(CO)6 polariton relaxation process

Abstract Vibrational polaritons have shown potential in influencing chemical reactions, but the exact mechanism by which they impact vibrational energy redistribution, crucial for rational polariton chemistry design, remains unclear. In this work, we shed light on this aspect by revealing the role of solvent phonon modes in facilitating the energy relaxation process from the polaritons formed of a T 1u mode of W(CO)6 to an IR inactive E g mode. Ultrafast dynamic measurements indicate that along with the direct relaxation to the dark T 1u modes, lower polaritons also transition to an intermediate state, which then subsequently relaxes to the T 1u mode. We reason that the intermediate state could correspond to the near-in-energy Raman active E g mode, which is populated through a phonon scattering process. This proposed mechanism finds support in the observed dependence of the IR-inactive state’s population on the factors influencing phonon density of states, e.g., solvents. The significance of the Raman mode’s involvement emphasizes the importance of non-IR active modes in modifying chemical reactions and ultrafast molecular dynamics.

State dependence in immunization and the role of discouragement

We investigate whether having a child immunized at a prior schedule genuinely increases the likelihood of vaccinating the child at the subsequent schedule. We use longitudinal data from the Growing Up in New Zealand study and apply a dynamic random-effects model that also controls for the initial immunization status. Prior to any covariate-adjusted estimations, our data shows that almost 96% of the children immunized at the previous schedule are also immunized at the subsequent schedule. In comparison, only 29% of children who were not immunized at the prior schedule receive immunization at the next milestone, thereby indicating an unadjusted state dependence in immunization of 67 percentage points (p.p.). Upon controlling for relevant covariates and unobserved heterogeneities, the genuine state dependence in immunization is, on average, estimated to be 20 p.p. Importantly, the magnitude of the state dependence is greater for Māori (by 5 p.p.) and also greater for mothers that report being discouraged from having their child immunized during the antenatal period (by 10 p.p.).

Paving the way out of destitution: Does resilience capacity matter? Panel data evidence from rural Ethiopia

This paper examines the effect of shocks on destitution, vulnerability to destitution, and its dynamics and how resilience mediates the relationship between shocks and destitution based on three waves of the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey and applying econometric models. Alkire and Foster's intensity approach and the Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis approach were employed to compute the destitution and resilience indices. The findings show that destitution and households vulnerable to becoming destitute have increased over time due to concurrent and recurrent exposure to shocks. The result also reveals that the distribution of the destitute exhibits a distinct spatial heterogeneity among regions more vulnerable, tending to have many destitute. We also find a genuine state dependence on destitution. Therefore, a destitute in the preceding year is more likely to be destitute in the subsequent years. The econometric results confirm that enhancing the rural non-farm economy and investing in irrigation, market, and road infrastructure have a role in reducing destitution. However, shocks, land fragmentation, loans, female headship, and dependency ratio put households at the most significant risk of destitution. Results also show that commercialization and literacy reduce destitution. Building resilience capacity also emerged as the vital mediator in escaping destitution in the presence of shocks. The spatial disparity highlights the need for strategies designed using a territorial approach. Critical for policy uptake, the findings suggest putting in place coherent preemptive and redemptive policies to have a far-reaching impact on reducing destitution and vulnerability.

Abstract 16997: Cardiomyocyte-Autonomous and Microtubule Dependent Mechanisms Are Sufficient to Mediate Load-Dependent T-Tubule Remodeling

Background: Mechanical overload is an established contributor to T-tubule (TT) remodeling and associated dyssynchronous Ca 2+ release leading to abnormal excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyopathies. We examined the induction of pathological TT remodeling in isolated cardiomyocytes and the involvement of microtubules (MT) in this process. Methods: Adult rat ventricular myocytes (aRVMs) were cultured with applied variable in vitro load for 48hrs at either physiological (10kPa) or pathological (50kPa) stiffness, using custom magnetorheological elastomers with tunable stiffness. Cells were stained with Di-8-ANEPPS and Fluo-4-AM and imaged using confocal microscopy. Field stimulation of cells allowed for Ca 2+ transient acquisition via line scans. Protein expression changes were determined via Western blotting. IF staining allowed for visualization of the MT network and relevant TT proteins (TCAP, JPH2, BIN1). MT and tyrosination state dependency of remodeling was investigated by 1μM nocodazole (MT depolymerizer), taxol (MT stabilizer), and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) treatments to alter the MT network accordingly. Results: Compared to the physiological stiffness group, aRVMs subjected to pathologically increased stiffness exhibited a 14.7% decrease in density, 18.9% decrease in regularity, and a 26.6% increase in luminal dimension of the TT system, along with an increase in longitudinal elements (p<0.05). The changes in both Ca 2+ handling parameters and protein expression resembled those typical of the in vivo myopathic phenotype. This included a 21.7% decrease in amplitude, along with a 33.7%, 29.8% and 21.1% increase in time to peak (TTP), variance in TTP, and the signal decay tau, respectively (p<0.05). Treatment of pathologically loaded cells with taxol worsened TT remodeling, specifically with respect to TT density which decreased by 12.5% compared to nontreatment cells, and longitudinal elements which increased by 24%. Increased MT tyrosination through TTL treatment showed a 37% recovery in TT density in cells cultured at pathological stiffness compared to nontreatment cells (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that load-induced TT remodeling occurs via a cardiomyocyte autonomous, MT-dependent mechanism.

A Tractable Linearization-Based Approximated Solution Methodology to Stochastic Multi-Period AC Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow

The growing presence of renewable energy sources (RES), energy storage systems (ESSs) and flexible loads (FLs) in power systems necessitates a new approach to N-1 security in day-ahead operation planning considering stochasticity and time coupling. To this end, a comprehensive approach based on stochastic multi-period AC security-constrained optimal power flow (S-MP-AC-SCOPF) was proposed recently in a form of a large-scale non-linear programming problem, which is not scalable. This paper proposes the first-time new tractable solution methodology for the most complete AC-SCOPF problem to date: S-MP-AC-SCOPF. As other main novelty, the proposed methodology achieves tractability by solving sequentially a limited number of different linear approximations of the full S-MP-AC-SCOPF problem. These linear approximations differ in terms of: state dependency regarding losses approximation, carefully reduced sets of constraints or tightening of critical constraints. The performance of the methodology is demonstrated in power system models of Sweden and Portugal. Extensive numerical experiments have shown that the methodology is able to reduce progressively until complete removal the number of violated thermal or voltage constraints. It leads to reasonably accurate solution with small optimality gap within few iterations and is at least 85% faster than the competitor IPOPT solver.

ABOUT THE PATHOGENETIC BASIS, FEATURES OF THE CLINICAL COURSE AND THE SELECTIVE APPROACH TO THE SELECTION OF INTERVENTION DEPENDING ON THE PHASES OF THE CLINICAL COURSE OF PERSISTENT TRAUMATIC SUBDURAL HYDROMAS

The work is based on an analysis of surgical treatment of 57 victims with a persistent form of traumatic subdural hydromas. The pathogenetic basis and features of the clinical course of persistent hydromas and their neurological symptoms were clarified. The often observed phasic nature of the clinical course of persistent subdural hydromas has been noted; describes neurological symptoms characteristic of the transition from the pure, uncomplicated phase of subdural hydromas to the complicated, persistent clinical phase. Using the method of in-depth analysis of intraoperative surgical findings and clinical observations of neurological signs, the dependence of the pathoanatomical states of the brain on the prolonged compressive influence of volumetrically accumulating fluid in the subdural cavity was established. It is clarified that the persistent clinical form more often occurs with inertial injuries and with the valve mechanism of hydroma formation. It has been established that pure, uncomplicated traumatic subdural hydromas occur in 4-5% of cases among various clinical and anatomical forms of severe traumatic brain injury. Among them, in 31.5% of cases, pure, uncomplicated subdural hydromas take on a protracted clinical course - they become severe, persistent phase (in 57 cases among 181 of our observations) with frequent death - in 24 (42.1%) cases among 57 cases of complicated, persistent forms of traumatic subdural hydromas. Based on significant clinical material (57 observations), it was established that in the persistent clinical phase, the only indication is osteoplastic craniotomy with intraoperative straightening of the collapsed brain by injection into the lateral ventricle, through the inferior horn, up to 10-15 ml. distilled solution or 20-25 cc. air with the creation at the end of the intervention of additional, subapponeurotic reserve spaces, by detaching the apponeurotic skin flap from the periosteum of the skull around the burr hole, to a depth of 10-15 cm, for the “waste” of the cerebrospinal fluid collecting in the subdural cavity, in order to prevent conditions for mass the effect of compression and dislocation of the brain. Along with the indicated innovative surgical method, it is recommended that, in order to improve volumetric cerebral blood flow and enhance brain perfusion, resuscitation measures include means that enhance the left ventricular volumetric output of blood. In the case of a complicated, persistent form of subdural hydromas, repeated intervention should be strongly preferred to the microcraniotomy method, expectant management and prolonged resuscitation measures, including forced dehydration therapy.