Start-up Intentions Research Articles

Entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention among higher education students in Vietnam: do entrepreneurial self-efficacy and family support matter?

PurposeThe current study aims to explain the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention through a moderated mediation model from the lens of social cognitive career theory (SCCT). Specifically, two main objectives of this study are (1) to explore the mediation role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the relationship between entrepreneurial education and start-up intention and (2) to investigate the moderate role of family support on the effect of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a sample of 1879 students in Vietnam and SPSS PROCESS macro developed by Hayes (2012) to examine the indirect effect of entrepreneurial education on start-up intention via entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the moderated mediation effect of family support.FindingsThis study reveals that the association between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention is partially mediated via entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Also, the effect of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and start-up intention was negatively moderated by family support. Furthermore, the indirect effect of entrepreneurial education on intention to form a venture via entrepreneurial self-efficacy is also negatively moderated by family support.Originality/valueThe entrepreneurial education and start-up intention linkage remain a significant gap in the entrepreneurship literature. Therefore, this research study is expected to contribute to clarifying this linkage by utilizing the SCCT to explain how entrepreneurial education contributes to entrepreneurial intention.

디지털 정보 활용 역량과 기업가정신이 전자상거래 무역 창업의지에 미치는 영향:글로벌 마인드의 매개효과 검정

세계 경제는 코로나19 엔데믹을 앞두고 있으나 글로벌 물가 상승과 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁 등으로 인해 경기 불확실성이 가속화되고 있으며, 비대면 활성화, O2O 서비스 증가 등 급변하는 소비문화의 변화는 긴축적 고용으로 이어지고 있다. 그동안 전자상거래를 활용한 무역 창업의 중요성이 계속 강조되어 왔지만 무역창업의도를 높이기 위한 선행연구가 절대적으로 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 디지털 정보 활용 역량과 기업가정신이 전자상거래 무역 창업의도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 파악하고자 경기 소재 대학생 180명의 설문 데이터를 확보하여 SPSS 프로그램을 이용하여 실증 분석하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 디지털 정보 활용 역량은 전자상거래 무역 창업의지에 유의한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 기업가정신은 전자상거래 무역 창업의지에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되었다. 셋째, 디지털 정보 활용 역량과 기업가정신은 글로벌 마인드에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 글로벌 마인드가 전자상거래 무역 창업의지에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되었다. 다섯째, 디지털 정보 활용 역량과 기업가정신이 전자상거래 무역창업의지에 영향을 미치는 가운데 글로벌 마인드의 매개 역할을 실증 분석한 결과 매개효과 성립 조건에 부합하지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 다양한 인구통계학적 특성(성별, 전공, 학년 등)을 통제하여 독립-종속 간 영향력을 검증하였다는 차별성이 존재하며, 특정 지역의 대학생을 연구 표본으로 설계하여 연구를 수행한 점, 전자상거래 무역 창업의지에 미칠 수 있는 다양한 요인(긍정심리 자본, 성격 5요인 등)을 고려하지 않은 여러 한계점이 존재하여 연구 결과의 일반화 오류가 존재한다. 이에 향후 연구에서는 여러 계층을 바탕으로 전자상거래 무역 창업의지에 미치는 다양한 영향 요인을 파악해 볼 것이다.

A serial mediation model of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention: a social cognitive career theory approach

PurposeThis study aims to answer two questions: do self-efficacy and outcome expectations serial mediate the effect of entrepreneurial education (EE) on the intention to start a business? and how can the social cognitive career theory explain entrepreneurial intention (EI)?Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on the social cognitive career theory to examine the effect of EE on start-up intention via self-efficacy and outcome expectations by a serial mediation model. A sample of 1,232 students in Vietnam and the structural equal modelling method was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results of this study reveal that entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) significantly mediates the effect of EE on the intention to start a business. Similarly, entrepreneurial outcome expectations (EOEs) mediate the association between EE and EI. Especially, the results of serial mediation analysis show that ESE and EOEs serially mediate the EE–intention relationship.Originality/valueUnder a new perspective of social cognitive career theory, the current study is expected to contribute to clarifying the gap in the relationship between EE and EI. In addition, this study also contributes to investigating the antecedents of ESE and outcome expectations and providing empirical evidence supporting the relevance of social cognitive career theory in explaining EI.

Psychological and sociological determinants of entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors.

Research concerned with the personality of entrepreneurs entails an important part of the research into the management of small and medium-sized enterprises and entrepreneurship. This research has added new knowledge about the role of entrepreneurs' personality characteristics, their family entrepreneurial background, and the local supportive entrepreneurial background in entrepreneurial start-up intentions and behaviors. Hypotheses and a model were developed and verified using structural equation modeling and regression analysis considering data from a sample of entrepreneurs and students. This research revealed that several personality and sociological factors can be important for entrepreneurship when it comes to starting a business. The most important were the Big Five personality factors openness, extraversion, and non-agreeableness and, to a smaller extent, emotional stability (non-neuroticism), and conscientiousness. The second-most important group of factors were the specific motivational characteristics entrepreneurial self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and risk-taking propensity. Sociological factors were much less important than psychological elements for establishing business.

Subjective norms and entrepreneurial intention: A moderated-serial mediation model

PURPOSE: This study aims to clarify the effect mechanism of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention. The results of how subjective norms contribute to forming start-up intention are inconsistent and unclear, which is notable in previous research. By integrating the theory of planned behavior and the theory of self-efficacy, we investigate whether entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship serially mediate the relationship between subjective norms and intention to start a business. In addition, this study examines the moderate role of entrepreneurial education on the serial indirect effect of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention via entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship. METHODOLOGY: This study utilized a sample of 958 master’s students in Vietnam to investigate a moderated-serial mediation model of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to check the reliability and validity of the scales. Then, the SPSS PROCESS macro developed by Hayes was employed to test the research model. Specifically, Model 6 was used to examine the serial indirect effect of subjective norms on start-up intention and Model 84 was implemented to investigate the moderate effect of entrepreneurial education. FINDINGS: The results of this study found that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude significantly mediate subjective norms’ effect on entrepreneurial intention. Especially, the results reveal that the serial mediation effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship was significant and entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship played a fully mediating role in the relationship between subjective norms and start-up intention. In addition, this study found that the serial mediation effect of subjective norms on start-up intention via entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude was negatively moderated by entrepreneurial education. IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study further clarify the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intention and the role of entrepreneurial education, therefore, contributing to narrowing the notable gap between this relationship. Besides, our study provides several implications for governments and policymakers to promote the intention to start a business. The finding of our study indicates that subjective norms are an important factor in promoting entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, policymakers should take some actions to promote entrepreneurial culture, such as strengthening propaganda activities to promote the image of successful entrepreneurs, praising businesses and entrepreneurs who contribute to society, and giving evidence of their contribution to the development of the country. Promoting an entrepreneurial culture may increase peer group pressure on potential entrepreneurs, thus enhancing the intention to start a business. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This study expects to contribute to a better understanding of the effect mechanism of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention and explain the role of entrepreneurial education in this relationship. This study explores the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude in the relationship between subjective norms and the intention to start a business. Additionally, this study demonstrates that entrepreneurial education weakens the serial mediation model of subjective norms on the intention to start a business.

Entrepreneurs Personal Branding, Attitudes, and Startups Success Relationships: The Mediating Role of Earlier Start-up Intentions: A Study of Small Apparel-Fashion Enterprises in the Emerging Markets

Entrepreneurs Personal Branding, Attitudes, and Startups Success Relationships: The Mediating Role of Earlier Start-up Intentions: A Study of Small Apparel-Fashion Enterprises in the Emerging Markets

The Effect of Self-Efficacy of Small Business Start-ups in Korea and China on Startup Performance: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Startup Intention and the Moderating Effect of Digital Transformation

Purpose - This study is aimed at small business start-ups in Korea and China, and examines the effect of “self-efficacy,” an individual factor that affects the start-up performance of small business owners on “startup intention” and “start-up performance”. In addition, we will also consider the mediating effect of start-up intention and the moderating effect of digital transformation. At present, due to the proliferation of digital technologies and the prolongation of COVID-19, it is difficult for small business start-ups to operate with their existing business models. Therefore, we have focused on “digital transformation” as one of the capabilities they need. We also wanted to know whether digital transformation has a positive moderating effect between start-up intention and start-up performance in small businesses of Korea and China.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - In existing research, various factors explaining the start-up performance in small business were reviewed. In this study, the self-efficacy of small business start-ups was set as the independent variable and the start-up performance as the dependent variable. In addition, the mediating effect of the start-up intention was examined. As mentioned above, we also tried to look at the moderating effect of digital transformation. After establishing a research model based on the existing research, a survey was conducted for small business start-ups in Korea and China for empirical test, and the results were analyzed.
 Findings - In the case of small business start-ups in both Koreas and China, most of the relationships among self-efficacy, start-up intention, and start-up performance showed the same results. On the other hand, in the case of the moderating effect of digital transformation, positive moderating effect was found in Korea. However, there was no moderating effect in China.
 Research Implications - In both samples from Korea and China, self-efficacy had a positive effect on startup performance through start-up intention. It is inferred that the difference in the moderating effect is due to various factors such as culture, institutions, and policies between Korea and China. Finally, academic, economic, and policy implications were suggested.

The Effect of Entrepreneur Competency and Startup Support Policy on Startup Intention and Startup Behavior: Focusing on Senior Startup

The Effect of Entrepreneur Competency and Startup Support Policy on Startup Intention and Startup Behavior: Focusing on Senior Startup

타투합법화에 대한 타투이스트의 수용태도와 창업의도와의 네트워크 관계 분석

This study attempted to study the effects of the connection relationships between each variable by analyzing the network of relationships between the tattooist's acceptance attitude and startup intention. For this study, the data collected was interpreted through a social network analysis tool. The findings are as follows. First, for the relationship between the tattooist's acceptance attitude and the start-up intention, tattoo legalization was interpreted as significant factor influencing the start-up intention. Second, it was found that tattooists are willing to start a business, even if tattoos are not legalized. Third, despite giving happiness or pleasure to tattooists, tattoos are not yet prepared or considered due to social issues, such as tattoo legislation, confirming that initial tattoo-related startups are necessary to increase tattoo-related startups. Fourth, tattooists are expecting the legalization of tattoos within three years, and it was found that they planned their start-up intention according to that expectation. In addition, it was confirmed that tattoos are an act of giving pleasure to acquaintances around them, and these actions are recognized as correct. Finally, it was found that tattooists are in the stage of starting a business or collecting information for starting a business when tattooing is legalized.

Does the face expression recognition model under the online entrepreneurial education model important for deep learning technologies and entrepreneurial emotions?

AI's rapid development has already affected the economy and society, and it might revolutionise how goods and services are manufactured and categorized. This affects the country's production, employment rate, and competitiveness. This research aims to determine how emotions (good and negative) impact deep learning technologies and company startup intentions. The research also examined how emotion recognition influences online entrepreneurship education and how deep learning and entrepreneurship are connected In conclusion, the research is one of the pioneering efforts that provides a comprehensive grasp of the deep learning and facial recognition in entrepreneurship. 78 of 650 replies were insufficient, according to the statistics. Some individuals constantly picked 3, while others submitted blank questionnaires. The answer is inadequate. 572 surveys were utilized for study. Positive emotions affect the urge to establish a company, according to the research People who are generally happy may be able to develop their entrepreneurial expertise and be more driven to behave entrepreneurially. Positive and negative emotions have significant impact on the deep learning technology and entrepreneurial intention connection. The findings imply that individuals who often experience pleasant emotions may be better able to improve their entrepreneurial cognition and, as a consequence, their drive to engage in entrepreneurial activity. Facial recognition model in entrepreneurship significantly moderates the relationship between deep learning technology and entrepreneurial intention relationship (=0.262, p 0.001); hence, hypotheses 6, 7, and 8 are validated. This provides support to the hypothesized results, claiming that facial recognition plays a significant role in determining the relationship between the deep learning technology and entrepreneurial intention relationship. The results would be significant for university students, academicians and policymakers as they seek to link practices and outcomes. The study is among the pioneers on the issues related to deep-learning mechanism in eastern China.
 

Entrepreneurial Competencies and Business Start-up Intentions among Technical Graduates in Tanzania: The Mediating Effect of Antecedents of Theory of Planned Behaviour

Despite institutional efforts to integrate entrepreneurship courses into the mainstream education system in most developing countries, empirical evidence of whether and how they influence business start-up intentions through entrepreneurial competencies remains scarce. Against this perception, this paper explores the influence of entrepreneurial competencies on business start-up intentions. Partial Least Squares Path Modelling (PLS-PM) was used to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and business start-up intentions and how the antecedents of Theory of Planned Behaviour mediate their relationships using empirical data collected from 391 graduates who graduated between 2012 and 2017 from technical universities in the commercial city of Tanzania (Dar es Salaam). The findings reveal that entrepreneurial competencies influence attitudes toward start-ups and perceived behavioural control, jointly predicting business start-up intentions. However, their influence was more significant when mediated by attitudes toward start-ups and perceived behavioural control. Curriculum designers should design entrepreneurship programs using experiential pedagogies to facilitate learners’ acquisition of entrepreneurial competencies, attitudes towards start-ups, and perceived behavioural control.

조리외식전공 대학생의 외식 창업자역량이 창업준비행동, 창업의도에 미치는 영향

In this study, first, it was found that it had a significant effect on both the relationship between the technical competence, creative competence, and founder preparation behavior of college students majoring in cooking and dining. Second, it was found that it had a significant effect on both the relationship between technical competency, creative competency, and start-up intention. Third, it was found that the start-up preparation behavior had a significant effect on the start-up intention. Finally, it was verified that the group with high self-efficacy in the relationship between creative competency, start-up preparation behavior, and start-up intention had a moderating effect based on the effect of start-up will and problem-solving ability rather than the group with low self-efficacy. Therefore, it is judged that an efficient education support policy should be prepared to strengthen founder competency.

Entrepreneurial fear of failure and the attitude-intention-behavior gap in entrepreneurship: A moderated mediation model

Although studies have suggested strong correlations between attitude, intention and actual behaviour across various domains, the study on entrepreneurial attitude–intention–behaviour links has received scant attention. Moreover, recent studies have claimed that investigating the negative moderation effects of entrepreneurial fear of failure on the entrepreneurial process can help explain why many prospective entrepreneurs do not translate the start-up attitude and initial intention into actual entrepreneurial action. In this study, a moderated mediation model, using the data from 611 master's degree students in Vietnam, has been developed to bridge the attitude–intention–behaviour gap in entrepreneurship and examine the moderation effect of entrepreneurial fear of failure on the entrepreneurial process. Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were approached to examine the consistent reliability and validity of constructs, and then hierarchical regression and PROCESS macro approach were used to estimate the direct, moderated and mediated coefficient paths. The findings reveal that start-up intentions act as a partial mediator in the entrepreneurial attitude–action link, while the effect of start-up intentions on entrepreneurial actions becomes weaker when entrepreneurial fear of failure is high. Moreover, the indirect effect of entrepreneurial attitude on actual behaviour through start-up intention is negatively moderated by entrepreneurial fear of failure. Our findings significantly contribute to extant understandings and create a paradigm for further studies in the entrepreneurship literature.

온라인 창업교육 플랫폼 만족 및 창업의도에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

Based on the success model of the information system, this study analyzed whether factors influencing satisfaction with online start-up education and whether they influence start-up intention through start-up education satisfaction. In addition, it was verified whether there was a difference according to the purpose of completion of start-up education. In this study, a survey was conducted on those who completed online start-up education, and 1086 samples were used for analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that system quality, information quality, and service quality had a statistically significant effect on start-up education satisfaction, and start-up education satisfaction had an effect on start-up intention. It was also verified that there are differences in influencing factors depending on the purpose of completion. In the mandatory completion group, system quality, information quality, and service quality were all found to have an effect on start-up education satisfaction. However in the autonomous completion group, the effect between service quality and start-up education satisfaction was not significant. Based on the results of this study, meaningful academic and managerial implications were provided in related fields.

Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention of University Undergraduate Students in Benue State Nigeria

This study examined the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention of university undergraduate students in Benue State, Nigeria. The study specifically examined the effect of entrepreneurship education on start-up intention and innovation intention among university undergraduate students in Benue State, Nigeria. The adopted the cross-sectional survey design involving university undergraduates in three universities in Benue State. The population of the study comprised of 957 final year students from Faculty of Management Sciences from JS Tarka University Makurdi (224), Benue State University Makurdi (631) and University of Mkar, Mkar (102). Applying Taro Yamene’s formula, a sample size of 282 was realized. The study employed questionnaire as the major instrument for data collection. The items on the questionnaire were all measured on a 5-point scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. Result of pilot study showed that the reliability for each of the constructs was above 0.70. Simple linear regression analysis was used in testing the data gathered from the survey. Analysis was done with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23). Findings revealed that entrepreneurship education has significant positive effect on start-up intention and innovation intention of university undergraduate students in Benue State, Nigeria. The study concludes that university undergraduate students’ intentions toward entrepreneurship can be enhanced using entrepreneurship education. This study is an initial call to elaborate an appropriate model of entrepreneurship education in universities in Benue State that will present a more practical and effective entrepreneurship education

Selfish personalities influencing start-up intention and motivation: a study of Vietnam

This research explores the influences of selfish personalities of the Dark Triad on start-up intention and motives based on a sample of 400 university students in Vietnam, discovering mixed effects of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. A high level of narcissism and Machiavellianism leads to high start-up intention. There is a negative relationship of Machiavellianism with pro-social motive and a positive association with selfish entrepreneurship. In addition, narcissism is positively associated with pro-social start-up motives. This study has found no effect of psychopathy but a positive link to selfish entrepreneurial motivation. Implications have been suggested for educators and investors.

Factors influencing the start-up intentions of urban women in India: a theory of planned behaviour based approach

Factors influencing the start-up intentions of urban women in India: a theory of planned behaviour based approach

A springboard for entrepreneurs? Gig and sharing economy and entrepreneurship in Russia

PurposeThe growing popularity of gig and sharing economy changes not only consumption models but also employment patterns. This study aims to analyze the potential entrepreneurial nature of gig and sharing economy initiatives. As such, the authors compare the entrepreneurial intentions of gig and sharing economy workers to the general population. Further, the authors consider commonalities and differences in terms of the driving forces of both intentions to start-up and participation in gig and sharing economy, treating them as connected phenomena. Finally, the authors look into gig and sharing economy experience as a direct antecedent to entrepreneurial intentions formation.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical settings for this study are derived from the sample of 1,257 individuals who participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey 2018 in Russia. Methodologically, the authors rely on analysis of variance-test and binary logistic regression analysis to test the study hypotheses.FindingsThe results indicate that entrepreneurial intentions of gig and sharing economy workers are significantly higher when compared to the general population. In terms of antecedents to gig and sharing economy participation and startup intentions, similar effects of age, entrepreneurial social capital, prior entrepreneurial exit and intrapreneurial experience were revealed, while perceived self-efficacy was associated only with engagement into digital platforms. Finally, gig and sharing economy experience showed significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial intentions formation.Originality/valueThis study represents a first substantive effort to systematize antecedents to gig and sharing economy participation through an entrepreneurship perspective. Beyond that, this research adds to the contextualization of entrepreneurship literature stream, further defining the mechanism of entrepreneurial intentions formation in empirical settings of an emerging market with a relatively low propensity of population to develop intentions to start-up.

Fuelling the Start-ups: Nexus of Crowdfunding Awareness, Perceived Parental Influence, and Internet Familiarity on Start-up Intention

The lack of initial capital has long been reported as a prominent barrier for entrepreneurial start-ups. Contrary to this, crowdfunding is treated as a “magic hand” for solving the numerous financial demands of netizens. Yet, knowledge on crowdfunding has not been tested for its capacity to affect start-up intentions. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the present study aimed at assessing the impact of Awareness of Crowdfunding (ACF), the Perceived Parental Influence (PPI), and the Internet Familiarity (IF) on Start-up Intention (SI). The quantitative inquiry, in the deductive paradigm, deployed a field survey to test the hypotheses. A sample of interns was randomly drawn based on the management faculty of a state university of Sri Lanka (N = 236). A self-administrative questionnaire served as the data collecting tool while a five-point Likert scale ranked the responses. Results of structural equation modelling confirmed the claims. Awareness of crowdfunding and perceived parental influence significantly predicted the start-up intention of interns. Theoretically, findings imply the potentiality of modelling awareness of crowdfunding as a predictor of start-up intention while these confirmed the predictive role of perceived paternal influence towards start-up intention empirically. The results call for implementing sound awareness programmes on crowdfunding for potential and early-career entrepreneurs.

A Study on the Influence Factors on the Startup Behavior of Prospective Start-ups of Social Enterprises : Social Support, Government Trust, and Social Enterprise Start-up Intentions

본 연구는 사회적기업 예비 창업가가 사회적기업 창업행동을 하는데 있어 사회적지지, 정부신뢰, 사회적기업 창업의도의 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 사회적기업 창업 관련 교육 수강자, 사회적기업가 육성사업 참여자 등 사회적기업 창업 관심자를 대상으로 설문을 진행하였고, 단순회기분석을 통해 검증하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회적지지의 하부요인 중 정서적지지와 물질적지지는 사회적기업 창업행동에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 정부신뢰의 하부요인 중 일관성, 공정성은 사회적기업 창업행동에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 사회적기업 창업의도의 하부요인 중 창업의도, 기회발견은 사회적기업 창업행동에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과로 첫째, 사회적기업 예비 창업자에 대한 교육 및 보육 지원사업 설계 시 창업자에 대한 심리지원이나 사업개발비, 사무공간 등 물질적 지원이 긍정적이다. 팀워크 훈련, 협업 경험 제공 등을 제공하여 조직력에 의한 경쟁력 확보로 생존 가능성을 높임으로써 정책효과를 극대화 할 것이다. 둘째, 정부와 사회적기업간 상호의존을 인정하고 신뢰자본으로 발전할 수 있는 노력이 서로에게 필요할 것이다. 정부가 사회적기업 관련 안정적 행정 전달체계를 구축 할 때 사회적기업 창업행동에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것이다. 셋째, 사회적기업 관심자에 교육이나 지원사업 설계시 마인드 제고 프로그램과 함께 아이템 선정, 비즈니스 모델 등 창업에 있어 구체적인 방법론을 제공할 때 사회적기업 창업행동에 긍정적 영항을 미칠 것이다.